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**9** 

*Spain* 

**Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging** 

**for Early Assessment of Photosynthesis** 

*Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia* 

Plants are frequently exposed to environmental stress both in natural and agricultural conditions and it is common for more than one abiotic stress to occur at a given time; for example, drought, heat and high illumination. The concept of stress is intimately associated with that of stress tolerance, which is the plant's ability to cope with an unfavourable environment. Plants exhibit great variations in their tolerance to stress. Some plants show sufficient developmental plasticity to respond to a range of light regimes, growing as sun plants in sunny areas and as shade plants in shady habitats. However, other species of plants are adapted to sunny environments or to shaded environments, and they show different levels of tolerance to high illumination. Generally, sun plants support exposure to high light better than shade plants, which experience photoinhibition (Bray et al., 2000;

Abiotic stress limits crop productivity and plays a major role in determining the distribution of plant species across different types of environments. Thus, understanding the physiological processes that underlie stress injury and the tolerance mechanisms of plants to environmental stress is of immense importance for both agriculture and the environment. Tolerance to environmental stresses results from integrated events occurring at all organization levels, from the anatomical and morphological to the cellular, biochemical and molecular level. At the biochemical level, plants alter their metabolism in various ways to accommodate environmental stress, with photosynthesis being the most important of these

The photosynthetic apparatus in the plants absorbs large amounts of light energy and processes it into chemical energy. The absorption of photons excites the pigment molecules and this excitation energy is used in the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, though part of the excitation energy is dissipated by fluorescence (emission of photons by chlorophyll molecules) and heat emission, principally in the antenna system. These three processes (photochemistry, fluorescence and thermal energy dissipation) compete in the dissipation of the excitation energy, while the total energy dissipated is the sum of all three (Long et al., 1994). Estimation of these processes in different conditions will permit us

Levitt, 1980; Osmond, 1994; Saura & Quiles, 2008; Wentworth et al., 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

ways.

María José Quiles, Helena Ibáñez and Romualdo Muñoz

**Tolerance to Drought, Heat** 

**and High Illumination** 

