**5. Conclusion**

This chapter explored the highly complex mechanisms employed by plants to adapt to the ever-changing conditions of an environment that is becoming progressively more unpredictable as the consequences of global warming become painfully apparent. Much progress has been made in the identification of many important players in this vital regulatory process, but many areas remain obscure and will require active research to be elucidated. The manifold relationships between plants and insect herbivores from the photosynthetic perspective were also examined. From this perusal it is clearly evident that almost all contact with insects, even when no damage is involved, as in some oviposition processes or in tritrophic interactions that indirectly benefit the plant, will have an impact on photosynthesis. This highlights the importance of the photosynthetic process in plantinsect interactions, which can be variously manipulated to either favor or impair the plant, or the insect or both.
