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**6** 

*Israel* 

**The Enhancement of Photosynthesis** 

*2The Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan,* 

As early as 1953, reports documenting the enhancement of photosynthesis by plants when exposed to flashing light, as compared to the same photon dose under continuous light, were published (Kok, 1953; Myers, 1953). Using the unicellular green alga *Chlorella,* the effects of varying frequencies and dark/light duration ratios on photosynthetic rates were described. Such results have kindled research on their role in nature and their application in various photobioreactors and algal mass culture facilities, aimed at the production of valuable carotenoids, lipids, and additional products of commercial interest, such as biodiesel. The present review discusses the characteristics of the fluctuating underwater light field in natural waters, bioreactors, and ponds, and summarizes their effects on

Based on the advances in the understanding of the various mechanisms and processes affecting the efficiency and yields of photosynthesis, we discuss their interaction with

e. In addition, the enhancement phenomenon is examined in relation to the intensity of

In the context of the present review, it is appropriate to list and compare the different terms and definitions used in the description and study of fluctuating light fields (Table 1). In the

In many forests with closed canopies, only a small fraction (0.5-5%) of the solar radiation incident above the canopy reaches the understory. Understory plants in these forests experience a highly dynamic light environment, with brief, often unpredictable periods of direct solar irradiance (sunflecks), punctuating the dim and diffuse background irradiance.

following review, the term 'fluctuating light' is used for clarity and consistency.

continuous and intermittent light. The following are examined:

b. Photodynamic damage to the 32kd protein of Photosystem II (PSII)

**1. Introduction**

photosynthesis and growth.

c. The xanthophyll cycle d. Thermal-energy dissipation

the ambient light

**1.2.1 Canopy** 

a. Post-illumination enhanced respiration

**1.2 Fluctuating light in terrestrial ecosystems** 

David Iluz1,2,Irit Alexandrovich1 and Zvy Dubinsky1 *1The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences,* 

**by Fluctuating Light** 

*Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan* 

