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152 Artificial Photosynthesis

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**8** 

**Friend or Foe? Exploring the Factors that** 

**and Negative Effects on Photosynthesis** 

**in Response to Insect Herbivory** 

Carla Vanessa Sánchez Hernández2 and Axel Tiessen1 *<sup>1</sup>Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav -* 

*<sup>2</sup>Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias,* 

*Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco,* 

John Paul Délano Frier1,

*Irapuato, Guanajuato,* 

 *México* 

**Determine the Difference Between Positive** 

Photosynthesis is a central process for the survival of plants, providing essential elements for growth and reproduction. As its name implies, the excitation of chlorophyll by photons, initiates an electron current that results in the generation of NADPH and ATP, which are subsequently used by the plant to sustain growth and development. However, precise and challenging energy equilibrium between the synthesis of NADPH and ATP and the downstream reactions that consume them must be maintained to ensure that the photosynthetic process runs efficiently. This balancing act is not trivial considering the necessity to integrate extremely rapid, temperature-independent photochemical reactions with relatively slow, temperature-dependent biochemical reactions. In addition, the equilibrium can be perturbed with relative ease when plants face adverse ambient conditions, including biotic stresses, leading to negative effects on the photosynthetic apparatus and concomitant disruption of the orderly transfer of electrons to their proper final acceptors. To avoid or minimize damage, plants have developed several strategies to

Together with many other biotic stresses, insect herbivory is known to alter photosynthetic activity and/or photosynthetic gene expression levels in affected plants. The effects are predominantly negative, although compensatory responses are not uncommon. Both positive and negative effects can be detected in injured and adjacent, intact, plant tissue, which may include, in some species, photosynthetically active stems in addition to leaves. Indirect effects on photosynthesis have been clearly demonstrated with the use of fluorescence and thermal imaging system techniques. The negative insect herbivory-derived effects on photosynthesis are frequently explained by a theoretical framework constructed on the argument that the resource-rich photosynthetic apparatus is sacrificed to provide the metabolic precursors and energy needed for the proper deployment of the resource-

maintain stability, the details of which will be explored in this chapter.

**1. Introduction** 
