**Meet the editor**

Professor Mahin Khatami immigrated to USA in 1969 after training in Chemistry (BS) and Science Education (MS) in Iran. She received her MA in Biochemistry from SUNY at Buffalo, and PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) in 1980. As a junior academician, she is considered most productive scientist in USA for publishing 39 scientific articles and

book chapters, and over 60 abstracts in the first decade of her career. She also published a first report on inflammation-induced developmental phases of immune dysfunction that lead to tumorigenesis. Before retiring in 2009, her position title was Assistant Director for Technology Program Development, Office of Technology and Industrial Relations, Office of Director, NCI/NIH.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

**Part 1 Role of Immune System in Acute** 

Chapter 1 **Dementia – A Complete Literature** 

Chapter 2 **Cachexia – The Interplay Between** 

Andrea Stofkova

Vijay Kumar

Chapter 4 **Psoriasis and Diabetes 83** 

**and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases 1** 

Deepak Sharma and Garuav Sharma

**Review on Various Mechanisms Involves in Pathogenesis and an Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin Induced Alzheimer's Disease 3**  Sidharth Mehan, Rimpi Arora, Vandana Sehgal,

Chapter 3 **Innate Immune System in Sepsis Immunopathogenesis** 

Ermira Vasili, Migena Vargu, Genc Burazeri, Katerina Hysi, Elna Cano and Brikena Bezati

Michael G. Crooks, Imran Aslam and Simon P. Hart

**Degeneration – Implications for Therapy 129** 

Sang-Soo Lee, P. Edward Purdue and Ju-Suk Nam

Chapter 8 **Acute Appendicitis – Propedeutics and Diagnosis 171** 

Chapter 5 **Inflammation and Pulmonary Fibrosis 99** 

Chapter 7 **Inflammatory Periprosthetic Bone Loss 151** 

Chapter 6 **Inflammation in Age-Related Macular** 

Mei Chen and Heping Xu

Andy Petroianu

**the Immune System, Brain Control and Metabolism 27** 

**and Its Modulation as a Future Therapeutic Approach 57** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**



X Contents


## Preface

In the 19th century, Rudolph Virchow noted that **"***the signs of inflammation are four; redness and swelling, with heat and pain***"**. Since this historical observation, a role for inflammation in the induction, progression and manifestation of wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia or major trauma, many allergies such as asthma, emphysema, ocular and skin allergies, or ageassociated chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, and many cancers, has been documented in the literature. However, obscure and fuzzy understanding on the role that acute and chronic (persistent or subclinical, unresolved) inflammation plays in preventing disease or inducing many potentially interrelated illnesses has slowed down progress in preventing or treating these chronic diseases or cancer. For example, continuous controversies and debates in the literature, on whether inflammation is protective in preventing cancer or it is a risk in carcinogenesis, have been costly for cancer patients, despite the tremendous public investment in war against cancer for over four decades. In recent years, acute inflammation has been defined as an evolutionary inherent property of immune system, possessing 2 biologically opposing arms, 'Yin' (apoptosis, growth-arresting, or tumoricidal) and 'Yang' (wound healing, growth-promoting or tumorigenic), processes that protect the body against foreign external or internal elements throughout life. Unresolved inflammation has been further suggested as the loss of balance between 'Yin' and 'Yang' that would lead to altered dynamics of immune responses, expression and co-expression of exaggerated mismatched mediators in the susceptible tissues, creating immunological chaos ('immune tsunami') and damaging the architectural integrity and function of tissues that are naturally immuneresponsive or immune-privileged, and initiating a wide range of inflammatory diseases or tumorigenesis (Khatami 2008, 2009, 2011).

In recent years, the interest in multidisciplinary fields of inflammatory diseases has intensified. Specifically, over the last decades, the number of federally funded projects and related networks or technologies that focus on the role of inflammation in cancer research has significantly increased. This book is a collection of comprehensive reviews contributed by experts in diverse fields of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, with emphasis on current pharmacological and therapeutic options. Interested professionals are also encouraged to review the excellent contributions

#### X Preface

made by experts in a second book entitled *'Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer'*, which deals with immunobiology and clinical perspectives of mechanisms of immune inflammatory responses in the genesis and progression of a number of inflammatory diseases and cancers, as well as perspectives for design of clinical trials, therapeutic approaches, and for diagnosis or prevention of disabling diseases, particularly as aging population is increasing globally.

Editor is grateful to all contributing authors for developing comprehensive chapters on multidisciplinary fields of inflammatory diseases. This book is dedicated to the loving memory of my parents, Kazem and Badri-Zaman Khatami. The invaluable support and encouragement of the following professionals and friends is greatly appreciated: John H. Rockey, MD, PhD, mentor/friend and senior colleague at the University of Pennsylvania, who shaped my early career and who trained me in experimental models of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases which resulted in the 'accidental' discoveries in 1980's, suggestive of the first evidence for a direct association between inflammation and tumorigenesis; Edward J. Massaro, PhD, from the Environmental Agency and Editor in Chief, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, my mentor at the State University of New York at Buffalo and a long time colleague and friend who encouraged me professionally throughout the years; and John H. Bayens, PhD, Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina and long time colleague who generously supported my work in multidisciplinary fields of inflammation, diabetes and cancer research. The author also wishes to pay tribute to the memory of her good friend and colleague Shirin (Shirley) Mirsepassi (Tollouie), MD, pathologist (1944-2011) whose true friendship and support were above and beyond the call of duty.

> *'There are many mirrors reflecting the light, but though all the mirrors are shattered, the light will still remain' Rumi*

> > **Mahin Khatami, Ph.D.**  Inflammation, Aging and Cancer Research National Cancer Institute (Retired) The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA

X Preface

aging population is increasing globally.

beyond the call of duty.

made by experts in a second book entitled *'Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer'*, which deals with immunobiology and clinical perspectives of mechanisms of immune inflammatory responses in the genesis and progression of a number of inflammatory diseases and cancers, as well as perspectives for design of clinical trials, therapeutic approaches, and for diagnosis or prevention of disabling diseases, particularly as

Editor is grateful to all contributing authors for developing comprehensive chapters on multidisciplinary fields of inflammatory diseases. This book is dedicated to the loving memory of my parents, Kazem and Badri-Zaman Khatami. The invaluable support and encouragement of the following professionals and friends is greatly appreciated: John H. Rockey, MD, PhD, mentor/friend and senior colleague at the University of Pennsylvania, who shaped my early career and who trained me in experimental models of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases which resulted in the 'accidental' discoveries in 1980's, suggestive of the first evidence for a direct association between inflammation and tumorigenesis; Edward J. Massaro, PhD, from the Environmental Agency and Editor in Chief, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, my mentor at the State University of New York at Buffalo and a long time colleague and friend who encouraged me professionally throughout the years; and John H. Bayens, PhD, Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina and long time colleague who generously supported my work in multidisciplinary fields of inflammation, diabetes and cancer research. The author also wishes to pay tribute to the memory of her good friend and colleague Shirin (Shirley) Mirsepassi (Tollouie), MD, pathologist (1944-2011) whose true friendship and support were above and

> *'There are many mirrors reflecting the light, but though all the mirrors are shattered, the light will still remain'*

> > Inflammation, Aging and Cancer Research

The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,

National Cancer Institute (Retired)

*Rumi*

USA

**Mahin Khatami, Ph.D.** 

**Part 1** 

**Role of Immune System** 

**in Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases** 
