**4.1 Energy production based on coal**

The coal production culture in Turkey was introduced with the exploration of hard coal by Uzun Mehmet in Köseağz quarter of Kestaneci village in Zonguldak province on 8th November 1829. Up to date, hard coal has been produced in Turkey. There is no definite information about the first use of lignite. It is known that lignite was being produced in many locations in Turkey, especially in Soma -Kütahya (Ylmaz, 2008).

Hard coal is used intensively in industry and heating and especially in electricity production. Lignite coals are used mostly for electricity production since its calorific value is low. The share of coal in overall primary energy production was 31% (lignite 12%, hard coal 19%) in 1970, and it increased to 46% (lignite 38%, hard coal 8%) in 1990 with an increase rate of 48%. In 2009, the share of coal in total primary energy sources has increased and reached to 57% (lignite 53%, hard coal 4%) as shown in Fig 14. The primary energy production of Turkey has been limited and the largest share in this increase belonged to lignite. It is hope that this rate of percentage increase will continue in the following years. On the other hand, the share of coal in overall consumption was 24% (lignite 9%, hard coal 15%) in 1970, and it increased to 31%

Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 75

Turkey has an important potential from the point of view of coal reserves (Fig. 16). Apart from the hard coal and lignite reserves, asphaltite, bituminous shale and peat reserves are also present in the country. Turkey's significant hard coal basin exists in Zonguldak province which is on the Western Back Sea Region. The total reserve (ready + proven + probable + possible) is about 1.3 billion ton (Table 3). Hard coal reserves are distributed into five districts. Distributions of total reserves among these five districts are: Ereğli 34 million tons; Zonguldak 884 million tons; Amasra 408 million tons; Kurucaşile 1 million tons; Azdavay 5 million tons. The calorific value of the hard coal differs from 6.500 to 6.650

**ÇORUM**

323 Million ton

**ADANA**

**Location RESERVES (1000 TON) Calorific value, kCal/kg Province Dictrict Proven Probable Possible Total** 

Zonguldak Ereğli 11.241 15.86 7.883 34.984 6650 Zonguldak Center 351.272 294.043 239.029 884.345 6650 Bartn Amasra 172.107 115.052 121.535 408.694 6000 Bartn Kurucaşile 1 1 6500 Kastamonu Azdavay 5.593 5.593 6500 **TOPLAM 534.62 431.548 368.447 1.334.615 -** 

Hard coal Production is maintained under very difficult geological conditions. The production depth reached 600-1000 m in some regions. Such difficult working conditions caused that the unit costs increased and this affected the competitive power of the country in world's markets. In addition, the expected increase in production could not be achieved and contrary to expectations the production was decreased to 3 million tons from 9 million tons (Table 4). This

 29 Million ton

**BLACK SEA**

**BİNGÖL**

**HARD COAL LIGNITE**

104 Million ton

**KAHRAMANMARAŞ**

4.9 Billion ton

80 Million ton

**SİVAS**

**4.2 Coal potential, production and consumption** 

kcal/kg (Table 3) (TTK, 2004,2009; TKI, 2004,2009).

**KÜTAHYA**

**ESKİŞEHİR**

275 Million ton **BOLU**

 38 Million ton

1.3 Billion ton

**ANKARA**

340 Million ton

**KONYA**

Fig. 16. Distribution of hard coal and lignite reserves of Turkey

Table 3. Distribution of hard coal reserves of Turkey (MENR 2010)

1.4 Billion ton

**M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A**

**MUĞLA**

438 Million ton

 Million ton 3

**ÇANAKKALE BURSA BALIKESİR**

386 Million ton

82 Million ton

**MARMARA DEN İZ İ iSTANBUL TEKİRDA<sup>Ğ</sup>**

254 Million ton

100 Million ton

435 Million ton

**MANİSA**

666 Million ton

6Million ton

**AYDIN**

**DENİZLİ**

 30 Million ton

(lignite 19%, hard coal 12%) in 1990 with an increase rate of 16%. In 2009, the share of coal in total primary energy sources decreased and reached to 29% (lignite15%, hard coal 14%) (Fig. 15). Turkey's primary energy consumption is higher than energy production. In other words, the increase rate of primary energy consumption is about 6 times of that of the production. And Turkey consumes 6 times of its production. If this rate increased in the following years, Turkey would become an import dependent country in terms of energy in the following years (Aroğlu, Ylmaz, 2002a, 2002b,2002c; MENR, 2009; Ylmaz 2008).

Fig. 14. During of the period 1970 and 2009, development of the share of coal energy sources in primary energy production (data from MENR, 1970-2009)

Fig. 15. During the period of 1970 -2009 development of share of coal in primary energy consumption (data from MENR, 1970-2009)

(lignite 19%, hard coal 12%) in 1990 with an increase rate of 16%. In 2009, the share of coal in total primary energy sources decreased and reached to 29% (lignite15%, hard coal 14%) (Fig. 15). Turkey's primary energy consumption is higher than energy production. In other words, the increase rate of primary energy consumption is about 6 times of that of the production. And Turkey consumes 6 times of its production. If this rate increased in the following years, Turkey would become an import dependent country in terms of energy in the following years

Fig. 14. During of the period 1970 and 2009, development of the share of coal energy sources

*<sup>14</sup> <sup>13</sup> <sup>12</sup> <sup>12</sup> <sup>11</sup> <sup>10</sup> <sup>8</sup> 8 8 <sup>7</sup> <sup>8</sup> <sup>7</sup> <sup>6</sup> <sup>6</sup> <sup>6</sup> <sup>5</sup> <sup>5</sup> <sup>5</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1 1 <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup>*

**LIGNITE (indigenous)**

**HARD COAL (iimported)**

<sup>17</sup> <sup>20</sup>

 <sup>20</sup> 

**8 9 8 7 7 7 9 10 11 9** 

 <sup>18</sup> <sup>17</sup> <sup>17</sup> <sup>11</sup> <sup>13</sup> <sup>15</sup> 

 **<sup>27</sup> <sup>29</sup>** 

 

**<sup>25</sup> <sup>25</sup> <sup>26</sup>**

 **<sup>28</sup>** 

**13 12 13 14 12 13** 

(Aroğlu, Ylmaz, 2002a, 2002b,2002c; MENR, 2009; Ylmaz 2008).

 

**0 0 <sup>0</sup> 1 1 2** 

**HARD COAL (indigenous)**

consumption (data from MENR, 1970-2009)

Fig. 15. During the period of 1970 -2009 development of share of coal in primary energy

**% of total consumption**

<sup>10</sup>

 **<sup>22</sup> <sup>21</sup>**

> 

**20**

**<sup>24</sup> <sup>23</sup>**

**HARD COAL**

in primary energy production (data from MENR, 1970-2009)

<sup>14</sup>

 **<sup>22</sup> <sup>22</sup>** 

**2 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6** 

 **<sup>31</sup> <sup>30</sup>** 

**% of total production**

**<sup>33</sup> <sup>34</sup> <sup>34</sup> <sup>35</sup> <sup>36</sup> <sup>37</sup> <sup>36</sup>**

 **<sup>36</sup>**

 **<sup>39</sup>** 

 **48 49 <sup>44</sup>**

**LIGNITE**

Coal in total production

**<sup>45</sup> <sup>45</sup> <sup>47</sup> <sup>48</sup> <sup>48</sup> <sup>48</sup>**

 **<sup>45</sup> 57**

### **4.2 Coal potential, production and consumption**

Turkey has an important potential from the point of view of coal reserves (Fig. 16). Apart from the hard coal and lignite reserves, asphaltite, bituminous shale and peat reserves are also present in the country. Turkey's significant hard coal basin exists in Zonguldak province which is on the Western Back Sea Region. The total reserve (ready + proven + probable + possible) is about 1.3 billion ton (Table 3). Hard coal reserves are distributed into five districts. Distributions of total reserves among these five districts are: Ereğli 34 million tons; Zonguldak 884 million tons; Amasra 408 million tons; Kurucaşile 1 million tons; Azdavay 5 million tons. The calorific value of the hard coal differs from 6.500 to 6.650 kcal/kg (Table 3) (TTK, 2004,2009; TKI, 2004,2009).

Fig. 16. Distribution of hard coal and lignite reserves of Turkey


Table 3. Distribution of hard coal reserves of Turkey (MENR 2010)

Hard coal Production is maintained under very difficult geological conditions. The production depth reached 600-1000 m in some regions. Such difficult working conditions caused that the unit costs increased and this affected the competitive power of the country in world's markets. In addition, the expected increase in production could not be achieved and contrary to expectations the production was decreased to 3 million tons from 9 million tons (Table 4). This

Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 77

Lignite reserves constitute the large portion of total coal reserves. Lignite deposits dispersed all over the country (Ylmaz, 2006). The most important known lignite deposits reserves are located in Afşin Elbistan, Muğla Soma, Tunçbilik, Seyitömer, Beypazar and Sivas regions (Fig. 16). About 40% (4.9 billion tons) lignite reserve is located around Afsin-Elbistan which is in the southeast of the Turkey (Ylmaz and Uslu 2007). Although total lignite reserves were about 8.07 billion tons (TKI 2009; TKI, 2010), Turkey's new total lignite reserves including proven, probable and possible reserves have reached about 11.4 billion tons after recent exploration activities. Turkey has a share of 2.5% in the world reserves and 8.2% in the world production (Ylmaz , 2011). Distribution of the lignite reserves in the Turkey is shown in Table 5 (TKI, 2004; 2010). Turkey's coal deposits are operated by companies which are Turkish Hard Coal Enterprise (TTK), Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) and the Electricity Generation Company (EUAS) and Private sectors. TTK is authorized for hard coal production, processing and distribution. More than half of lignite reserves are produced by TKI. Production of remains are belongs to private companies and EUAS for we in power plants. The distribution of reserves is as follows: TKI 21.5 %, EUAŞ 42 %, MTA 23% and Private sector 13.5% (Table 5.) (Ylmaz 2008, EUAS

**LIGNITE** 

**ASPHALTITE Location Reserves (1000 TON) Calorific** 

**Kcal/kg Province Dictrict Proven Probable Possible Total**  Şrnak Silopi 31.812 16.21 1 49.022 5310 Şrnak Merkez 7.724 13.26 6.3 27.284 5330

Table 5. Distribution of Lignite and Asphaltite Reserves of Turkey (Data from, TTK, 2004;

The lignite mined from most lignite deposits is low calorific value lignite and the calorific value of 90% of them is between 1000 and 3000 Kcal/kg (Fig.18). In this context, a significant part of the lignite production is used for electricity production (Fig 19.). Lignite production depends on electricity production. Lignite production reached to 76 million ton/year especially in 1970 and 2009 term, when the lignite production is very effective in electricity production. Its production decreased to 45 million ton/year after 2000, since its use in electricity production repressed after 2000. The overall lignite consumption can be

**TOPLAM 39.536 29.47 7.3 76.306 -** 

EÜAŞ 4.718 104 - 4.822 42.0

TKİ 2.239 218 1 2.458 21.5 MTA 1.803 685 123 2.611 23.0

sector 1.077 337 138 1.554 13.5 **TOPLAM 9837 1344 262 11.445 100** 

**Reserves (1000 TON) Ration in** 

**Kcal/kg Proven Probable Possible Total** 

**total, %** 

**Calorific value,** 

1031-4900

**value,** 

2004,2009; Anaç 2003).

**Coal field** 

Private

TKI, 2010).

met by the domestic production (Fig.19.)

production level can meet only 10%-12%of the overall consumption of Turkey, which are 22-23 million tons. While, especially in the recent years, a significant part of the produced hard coal is used for electricity production, the remaining coal is consumed for other purposes, such as iron and steel industry, household fuel etc as illustrated in Fig.17 and Table 4. In 2009, the share of hard coal consumption by sectoral were 70%, 27% and 4% for industry, power station and house hold, respectively (Ylmaz 2011; TTK 2009; MENR 2010).


Table 4. Hardcoal production, consumption and using areas

Fig. 17. Distribution of hard coal consumptions by sectoral (data from MENR 2000-2010)

production level can meet only 10%-12%of the overall consumption of Turkey, which are 22-23 million tons. While, especially in the recent years, a significant part of the produced hard coal is used for electricity production, the remaining coal is consumed for other purposes, such as iron and steel industry, household fuel etc as illustrated in Fig.17 and Table 4. In 2009, the share of hard coal consumption by sectoral were 70%, 27% and 4% for industry, power station

 2,392 15,525 15.41 12,777 2,034 714 82.3 13.1 4.6 2,494 11,176 22.32 8,106 2,274 796 72.5 20.3 7.1 2,319 13,830 16.77 10,920 2,051 859 79.0 14.8 6.2 2,059 17,535 11.74 12,845 3,706 984 73.3 21.1 5.6 1,946 18,904 10.29 13,435 4,565 904 71.1 24.1 4.8 2,170 19,421 11.17 13,227 5,259 935 68.1 27.1 4.8 2,319 22,798 10.17 16,315 5,618 865 71.6 24.6 3.8 2,462 25,388 9.70 18,611 5,912 865 73.3 23.3 3.4 2,601 22,720 11.45 15,658 6,197 865 68.9 27.3 3.8 2,863 23,698 12.08 16,472 6,361 865 69.5 26.8 3.7

<sup>73</sup> <sup>71</sup> <sup>68</sup>

<sup>13</sup> <sup>20</sup> <sup>15</sup> <sup>21</sup> 24 27 <sup>25</sup> <sup>23</sup> <sup>27</sup> <sup>27</sup> 5 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 4 4

industry Power station House hold

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Fig. 17. Distribution of hard coal consumptions by sectoral (data from MENR 2000-2010)

**Consumption [x1000 ton/year]** 

**station**

**House** 

72 73

**hold Industry Power** 

**Distribution of total consumption, %** 

**station** 

69 70

**House hold** 

and house hold, respectively (Ylmaz 2011; TTK 2009; MENR 2010).

**Production Consumption Industry Power** 

Table 4. Hardcoal production, consumption and using areas

79

**/consumption] x100], %** 

**(x1000 ton/year) [production** 

**Hard coal production/consumption**

82

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Hard coal consumption areas [%]

73

**Years**

Lignite reserves constitute the large portion of total coal reserves. Lignite deposits dispersed all over the country (Ylmaz, 2006). The most important known lignite deposits reserves are located in Afşin Elbistan, Muğla Soma, Tunçbilik, Seyitömer, Beypazar and Sivas regions (Fig. 16). About 40% (4.9 billion tons) lignite reserve is located around Afsin-Elbistan which is in the southeast of the Turkey (Ylmaz and Uslu 2007). Although total lignite reserves were about 8.07 billion tons (TKI 2009; TKI, 2010), Turkey's new total lignite reserves including proven, probable and possible reserves have reached about 11.4 billion tons after recent exploration activities. Turkey has a share of 2.5% in the world reserves and 8.2% in the world production (Ylmaz , 2011). Distribution of the lignite reserves in the Turkey is shown in Table 5 (TKI, 2004; 2010). Turkey's coal deposits are operated by companies which are Turkish Hard Coal Enterprise (TTK), Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) and the Electricity Generation Company (EUAS) and Private sectors. TTK is authorized for hard coal production, processing and distribution. More than half of lignite reserves are produced by TKI. Production of remains are belongs to private companies and EUAS for we in power plants. The distribution of reserves is as follows: TKI 21.5 %, EUAŞ 42 %, MTA 23% and Private sector 13.5% (Table 5.) (Ylmaz 2008, EUAS 2004,2009; Anaç 2003).


Table 5. Distribution of Lignite and Asphaltite Reserves of Turkey (Data from, TTK, 2004; TKI, 2010).

The lignite mined from most lignite deposits is low calorific value lignite and the calorific value of 90% of them is between 1000 and 3000 Kcal/kg (Fig.18). In this context, a significant part of the lignite production is used for electricity production (Fig 19.). Lignite production depends on electricity production. Lignite production reached to 76 million ton/year especially in 1970 and 2009 term, when the lignite production is very effective in electricity production. Its production decreased to 45 million ton/year after 2000, since its use in electricity production repressed after 2000. The overall lignite consumption can be met by the domestic production (Fig.19.)

Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 79

The primary energy production–consumption of Turkey and distribution of electricity production of Turkey by sources projected for the years 2015 and 2020 are given in Figs. 20–21. No major change is seen or foreseen in the development of share of domestic energy sources in primary energy production. It is planned that this rate will be 32% in 2015 and 30% in 2020. In other words, 70% of the primary energy production of Turkey will be dependent on imports. On the other hand, renewable energy sources and hard coal constitute 90% of the primary energy consumption; 5–10 points increase is foreseen in the share of coal in primary energy production 2015 and 2020. It is planned that this share will be 54% and 61%, respectively, for the years. The dependence on imported energy sources for electricity production projected for the years 2015 and 2020 are 47% and 50%, respectively (Fig.22). It is projected that the share of coal in electricity production will increase to 28% in 2020 and no significant change is planned in electricity production using renewable sources and it is projected that this share will decrease to 23% in 2020. In other words, Turkey does not plan to introduce any expansion in energy production until 2020 when compared with today's conditions according to its energy projections

<sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup> <sup>16</sup> <sup>17</sup> <sup>17</sup> <sup>18</sup> <sup>11</sup> <sup>9</sup> <sup>9</sup> <sup>10</sup> <sup>9</sup> <sup>9</sup>

2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 2020

Fig. 20. Projection of development of the share of domestic energy sources in overall

primary energy consumption (data from MENR, 2006,2010).

**<sup>27</sup> <sup>26</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>29</sup> <sup>32</sup> <sup>30</sup>**

**Total Indigenous energy sources**

**COAL**

**RENEWABLE**

**<sup>73</sup> <sup>74</sup> <sup>72</sup> <sup>71</sup> <sup>68</sup> <sup>70</sup>**

**Imported energy sources: Oil, Natural gas, Hard coal** **FUTURE** 

**5. Future projection** 

(Ylmaz,2008; TPAO 2006).

**% of total consumption**

Lignite production depends on electricity production While 1% of produced lignite in 1970 was used in power stations, 5% was used as house hold and industry. In 2000, the share of lignite consumption by sectoral were 82% and 18% power station and house hold and industry, respectively. In 2009, the share of the power station in lignite consumption increased and reached to 83% (Fig. 19).

Fig. 18. Lignite by calorific value

Fig. 19. Lignite production/consumption and consumption areas (data from TKI, 1970-2009)
