Ali Osman Ylmaz

*Karadeniz Technical University/Department of Mining Engineering, Trabzon Turkey* 

### **1. Introduction**

60 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources

Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. Barbier (1989). *Blueprint for a green economy,* Earthscan,

Wallace, Bill (2005). *Becoming part of the solution : the engineer's guide to sustainable development*.

Washington, DC: American Council of Engineering Companies. Initiative 62(3):

London, Great Britain

282–292.

The development level of a country is directly related to its economical and social level. One of the most important factors that takes an active role in achieving such development level is energy. Energy, which is the requirement of sustainable development, can only be an impulsive force in industrialization and overall development of societies if it is supplied on time, with sufficient quantity and under reliable economical conditions and considering the environmental impacts. The demand for energy increases rapidly in parallel with the population increase, industrialization and technological developments in Turkey and the other developing countries in the world.

Turkey has been developing since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Turkish Government played a leading role in energy production and in energy use, as well as in other fields, and implemented several policies to increase electricity production. By 1950s, thermal power plants were used commonly in electricity production. In the following years, hydroelectric power plants were put into operation in order to use the considerable amount of water resources of the country. Coal-fired power plants using national resources accounted for 70–80% of the thermal electricity production. After 1960s, oil, an imported resource, was replaced with national resources due to two petroleum crises. Therefore, the proportion of use of lignite in the energy field increased. By 1980s, energy production lead by the government went on. Afterwards, applications of liberal economy policies resulted in implementation of different energy production methods, and the country had a increasing tendency to meet energy demand by imports as a result of improvement in international economic relations. Natural gas became prevalent in the country as well as all over the world and accounted for 50% of the electricity production in 2009 (Fig 1, Table 1).

On the eve of 21st century, Turkey was unable to meet its energy requirement with its limited sources as a result of the increasing population and industrialization and thus the deficit between the energy production and energy consumption increased rapidly. Under such conditions, utilizing own resources more effectively had become more important increasingly day by day. Turkey became more dependent on imports year to year. It still supplies about 71% of its primary energy consumption from imported energy sources. This percentage is 59% for electricity production. It is now vital for Turkey to attach importance to coal and renewable energy sources, which are the largest domestic energy sources of Turkey, in order to meet this increasing energy deficit. Especially, it is possible to produce electricity using the said domestic sources.

Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 63

**151415161616161718**

1974

1975

1976

in Turkey for the years 2015 and 2020.

**2. Energy outlook of Turkey** 

1977

**1920<sup>22</sup>2425<sup>27</sup><sup>30</sup>**

**Consumption Production**

**77 72 68 64 64 60 55 52 <sup>55</sup> <sup>56</sup> <sup>54</sup>**

0

1970

1971

1972

1973

20

40

60

Primary energy production-consumption [Mtoe]

80

100

120

1978

1979

1980

1981

production and consumption (data from MENR,1970-2009)

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

Ylmaz, 2003, 2004,2011; TEIAS, 2004, 2009; Ylmaz and Uslu 2007; BP, 2009).

Energy has been the most important investment sector over the world. Turkey's energy needs are increasing quickly. Primary energy production-consumption and rates of production and

 **3233**

**171718191920222425**

**31<sup>3232</sup>3436<sup>37</sup><sup>39</sup>**

1987

1988

1989

Fig. 1. During period of 1970-2009, primary energy production-consumption and rates of

1990

In this chapter, the primary energy production– consumption of renewable energy sources of Turkey and coal as well as the development of their use rates in electricity production are discussed for a definite time period. In addition, some information is given about the projected use rates of such energy sources in energy production and projected consumption

When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, Turkey's population was 12 million. Installed capacity of electricity production, total electricity production, per capita electricity production and per capita electricity consumption were 33MW, 45 GWh, 3.6kWh and 3.3 kWh, respectively. Initially, almost all electricity demand was met by thermal power plants. The foundation of the Turkish Republic became the start of the development of the country. In 2009 year, the population has reached 73,7 million increasing about by six fold. In 2009 year, installed capacity reached 44.761MW increasing about by 1356-fold, electric production reached to 194.813 GWh increasing by 4329-fold. Per capita electricity production and electricity consumption reached 2685 and 2162 kWh increasing by 745-fold and by 655-fold, respectively. In 2009 year, primary energy production and consumption were 30.328 Ktoe and 104.117 Ktoe respectively. Also, distributions of primary energy production were lignite 52%, wood 12%, hydraulic 10%, hard coal 4%, and petroleum 8%. Distribution of primary energy consumptions were petroleum, natural gas, lignite, hard coal, hydraulic and other 29%, 32 %, 15%, 14 %, 3 % and 8%, respectively (Table 1). The net effect of all these factors is that Turkey's energy demand has grown rapidly almost every year and is expected to continue growing (Aroğlu and Ylmaz, 1997a; SIS, 2003,2004;

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

 **42 4748**

**<sup>57</sup> <sup>56</sup> <sup>54</sup> <sup>54</sup> <sup>56</sup> <sup>55</sup> <sup>54</sup>**

**2526252627**

**51 51**

**[production/Consumption]x100**

**515354<sup>56</sup> 59 58 63 68 72<sup>73</sup> 73 79 74 77 82 86 89 98 106 104 104**

**<sup>48</sup> <sup>47</sup> <sup>48</sup>**

**Primary energy production compared with primary energy consumption**

**<sup>44</sup> <sup>46</sup> 42**

**262727272829**

 **28 26 25 24**

**<sup>33</sup> <sup>33</sup> <sup>32</sup>**

**<sup>40</sup> <sup>39</sup> <sup>40</sup> <sup>38</sup>**

**2424252727<sup>2930</sup>**

**<sup>29</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>27</sup> <sup>26</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>29</sup>**

[Production/Consumption]x 100 [%]


Table 1. Energy Profile of Turkey (2009)

Primary energy production 30.328 ktoe (thousand tons of oil equivalent)

Petroleum 8%,hard coal 4%, other 14 %

Industry 23 %,residential 27 %,

transportation 15%, energy 25%, other 10%

Petroleum 29 %, natural gas 31 %, lignite 15 %, hard coal 14 %, hydraulic 3 %, other 8 %.

Renewable 35 %, natural gas 26 %, lignite 18 %,

petroleum 4 %, imported coal 5 %,

Natural gas 49 %, renewable 19%, lignite 20 %, petroleum 3%, imported coal 6 %, hard coal 2 %, other 1 %.

Coal 42%,natural gas 21%, nuclear14 %,

petroleum 6%, biomass 3%, other 4 %. (2007)

hydraulic 16%,

hard coal 1%, other 11 %

Distribution of primary energy production Lignite 52%,wood 12%, hydraulic 10%,

Primary energy consumption per capita 1435 Koe (Kilogram oil equivalent)

Population 73.722.988 (2010)

 Gross national product (GNP) 615 billion \$ GNP per capita 8.215 \$/person

Primary energy consumption 104.117 Ktoe

[production/consumption] 29 %

capita 1710 Koe

Installed capacity 44.761 MW

Electricity generation 194.813 GWh

Electricity gross consumption 194.079 GWh

 Electricity gross generation per capita 2.685 kWh/person Electricity net consumption per capita 2.162 kWh/person

 Word electricity generation 20.202 billion kWh (2008) Word electricity consumption 16.880 billion kWh (2008)

 World electricity production per capita 3012 kWh/person (2008) World electricity consumption per capita 2516 kWh/person (2008)

World primary energy consumption per

Distribution of installed capacity by

Distribution of electricity generation by

World electricity generation by primary

Table 1. Energy Profile of Turkey (2009)

primary energy sources

primary energy sources

energy sources

Distribution of primary energy

 Distribution of primary energy consumption by sectors

Rate of primary energy

consumption

Fig. 1. During period of 1970-2009, primary energy production-consumption and rates of production and consumption (data from MENR,1970-2009)

In this chapter, the primary energy production– consumption of renewable energy sources of Turkey and coal as well as the development of their use rates in electricity production are discussed for a definite time period. In addition, some information is given about the projected use rates of such energy sources in energy production and projected consumption in Turkey for the years 2015 and 2020.
