**6.5 Test case study**

The electricity generated by the PV simulations performed for 2005 is illustrated in Figure 1 (Tse et al., 2008). It can be observed that PV electricity generation was the highest during the summer.

Table 6 shows the total electric power generated by PV for year 2005 using the test case townhouse located in the Annex part of Toronto (Tse et al., 2008).

Table 6. Total electricity generated by PV for test case study

Figure 1 shows the total monthly electric power generated by the PV system for the year 2005. Electricity generation was the highest during July and throughout the summer.

Fig. 1. Monthly electricity generated by PV for test-case study

In order to calculate the CO2 emission reduction potential by PV, the hourly electricity data was multiplied by the different emission factors as defined in Equations 6, 7, 8, 9 (Gordon & Fung, 2009), and 10.

$$\text{GHG}\_{\text{el,HNGHGIF}\_A} = \sum \left[ \text{Generated}\_{\text{el,hourly}} \left( \text{NHGHIGIF}\_A \right) \right] \tag{6}$$

Where,

302 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources

January 284.3 242.2 215.1

February 259.3 228.9 198.8

March 214.5 230.4 180.8

April 171.3 209.6 125.5

May 144.0 183.2 164.8

June 156.0 238.7 216.9

July 166.4 236.8 233.9

August 179.4 245.4 205.3

September 210.9 222.1 188.0

October 265.0 206.0 193.6

November 242.4 192.9 191.1

December 199.9 214.3 155.4

The electricity generated by the PV simulations performed for 2005 is illustrated in Figure 1 (Tse et al., 2008). It can be observed that PV electricity generation was the highest during the

Table 6 shows the total electric power generated by PV for year 2005 using the test case

**Photovoltaic**  Electricity Generated (kWh) 7767

Figure 1 shows the total monthly electric power generated by the PV system for the year

2005. Electricity generation was the highest during July and throughout the summer.

Table 5. Monthly TDV average GHG emission factors

townhouse located in the Annex part of Toronto (Tse et al., 2008).

Table 6. Total electricity generated by PV for test case study

**6.5 Test case study** 

summer.

**NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh)** 

**2004 2005 2006** 

**Season** 

el,HNGHGIFA GHG Annual GHG emission reduction using the new hourly emission factor (g of CO2)

Generated = Hourly electricity generated by renewable technology for test case el,hourly house (kWh)

NHGHGIFA = New Hourly Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (g CO2/kWh)

$$\text{GHG}\_{\text{el,SANGHG}\_{\text{A}}} = \sum \left[ \text{(Generated}\_{\text{el,hourly}} \left( \text{SANGHG}\_{\text{A}} \right) \right] \tag{7}$$

Where,

el,SANGHGIFA GHG = Annual GHG emission reductions using the seasonal average emission factor (g of CO2)

Generated = Hourly electricity generated by renewable technology for test case el,hourly house (kWh)

SANGHGIFA = Seasonal Average New Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (g CO2/kWh)

$$\mathbf{GHG}\_{\mathrm{el,AANGHGF}\_{\mathrm{A}}} = \sum \left[ \left( \mathbf{Generated}\_{\mathrm{el,hourly}} \right) \left( \mathbf{AANGHGF}\_{\mathrm{A}} \right) \right] \tag{8}$$

Analysis of Time Dependent Valuation of Emission Factors from the Electricity Sector 305

The total monthly emission reduction potential by PV is shown in Figure 2. During June and

**Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec**

Several emission factors were developed for the years 2004, 2005, and 2006. The hourly emission factor proved to be the most accurate. In addition, depending on the type of analysis conducted it might be practical but not as accurate to employ seasonal, time dependent valuation, or annual averages emission factors to estimate CO2 emissions. It was observed that TDV and seasonal average emission factors were more accurate than using the annual average value. It should also be mentioned, that monthly TDV emission factors proved to be as accurate as using hourly values. The use of hourly emission factors to accurately estimate the potential reduction of renewable technologies should be

This chapter discussed the use of hourly, seasonal, monthly and annual emission factors in order to demonstrate the daily fluctuations from the electricity generation sector. In the future, peak, weekly and marginal emission factors could be developed in order to increase the accuracy of emission estimations. In addition, emission factors could be updated every year in order to allign with current renewable technology analysis models and electricity

July the emission reductions were the highest and in November, the lowest.

0

**7. Conclusion** 

**8. Recommendations** 

generation mix.

Fig. 2. Monthly emission reductions for PV test case study

incorporated in all renewable technology assesments.

50

100

150

**Emission Reductions (kg of CO2)**

200

250

300

### Where,

el,AANGHGIFA GHG = Annual GHG emission reductions using the annual average emission factor (g of CO2)

Generated = Hourly electricity generated by renewable technology for test case el,hourly house (kWh)

AANGHGIFA = Annual Average New Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (g CO2/kWh)

$$\text{GHG}\_{\text{el,TDVNGHG}\overleftarrow{\text{F}}\_{\text{A}}} = \sum \left[ \text{Generated}\_{\text{el,hour}} \left( \text{TDVNGHG}\overleftarrow{\text{F}}\_{\text{A}} \right) \right] \tag{9}$$

Where,

el,TDVNGHGIFA GHG = Annual GHG emission reductions using the seasonal time dependent valuation new greenhouse gas intensity factor (g CO2/kWh)

Generated = Hourly electricity generated by renewable technology for test case el,hourly house (kWh)

TDVNGHGIFA = Seasonal Time Dependent Valuation New Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (g CO2/kWh)

$$\mathbf{GHG}\_{\mathrm{el,TVDNGHG}\_{\mathrm{A}}} = \sum \left[ \mathbf{(Generated\_{el,hour})} \left( \mathbf{TVDNGGHG}\_{\mathrm{A}} \right) \right] \tag{10}$$

### Where,

el,TDVNGHGIFA GHG = Annual GHG emission reductions using the monthly time dependent valuation new greenhouse gas intensity factor (g CO2/kWh)

Generated = Hourly electricity generated by renewable technology for test case el,hourly house (kWh)

TDVNGHGIFA = Monthly Time Dependent Valuation New Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (g CO2/kWh)

Table 7 summarizes the total emission reduction results from PV by using the different emission factors. The upper and lower limits of CO2 reductions were obtained by using the seasonal TDV and annual average emission factors, respectively. It should be noted that the new monthly TDV emission factors resulted in an emission reduction potential very close to that of using hourly emission factors.


Table 7. Emission reduction potential comparison for test case study

The total monthly emission reduction potential by PV is shown in Figure 2. During June and July the emission reductions were the highest and in November, the lowest.

Fig. 2. Monthly emission reductions for PV test case study
