**2. Energy outlook of Turkey**

When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, Turkey's population was 12 million. Installed capacity of electricity production, total electricity production, per capita electricity production and per capita electricity consumption were 33MW, 45 GWh, 3.6kWh and 3.3 kWh, respectively. Initially, almost all electricity demand was met by thermal power plants. The foundation of the Turkish Republic became the start of the development of the country. In 2009 year, the population has reached 73,7 million increasing about by six fold. In 2009 year, installed capacity reached 44.761MW increasing about by 1356-fold, electric production reached to 194.813 GWh increasing by 4329-fold. Per capita electricity production and electricity consumption reached 2685 and 2162 kWh increasing by 745-fold and by 655-fold, respectively. In 2009 year, primary energy production and consumption were 30.328 Ktoe and 104.117 Ktoe respectively. Also, distributions of primary energy production were lignite 52%, wood 12%, hydraulic 10%, hard coal 4%, and petroleum 8%. Distribution of primary energy consumptions were petroleum, natural gas, lignite, hard coal, hydraulic and other 29%, 32 %, 15%, 14 %, 3 % and 8%, respectively (Table 1). The net effect of all these factors is that Turkey's energy demand has grown rapidly almost every year and is expected to continue growing (Aroğlu and Ylmaz, 1997a; SIS, 2003,2004; Ylmaz, 2003, 2004,2011; TEIAS, 2004, 2009; Ylmaz and Uslu 2007; BP, 2009).

Energy has been the most important investment sector over the world. Turkey's energy needs are increasing quickly. Primary energy production-consumption and rates of production and

Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 65

100

**OIL- NATURAL GAS**

0

80

60

40

 **[%]**

**OIL-NATURAL GAS**

20

0

**RENEWABLE**

**<sup>67</sup> <sup>67</sup> <sup>68</sup> <sup>71</sup> <sup>72</sup> <sup>72</sup> <sup>73</sup> <sup>74</sup> <sup>72</sup> <sup>71</sup>**

**<sup>29</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>27</sup> <sup>26</sup> <sup>28</sup> <sup>29</sup>**

*(37,30,33)*

**1970**

0 20 40 60 80 100 **RENEWABLE [%]**

Fig. 2. Distribution of primary energy sources in electricity production by years (data from

**<sup>45</sup> <sup>48</sup> <sup>45</sup> <sup>44</sup> <sup>46</sup> <sup>43</sup> <sup>44</sup> <sup>46</sup> <sup>46</sup> <sup>44</sup> <sup>45</sup> <sup>46</sup> <sup>49</sup> <sup>49</sup> <sup>52</sup> <sup>53</sup> <sup>52</sup> <sup>56</sup> <sup>54</sup> <sup>58</sup> <sup>60</sup> <sup>61</sup> <sup>60</sup> <sup>62</sup>**

**51 51**

**<sup>48</sup> <sup>47</sup> <sup>48</sup>**

**<sup>44</sup> <sup>46</sup> 42**

**<sup>40</sup> <sup>39</sup> <sup>40</sup> <sup>38</sup>**

**IMPORTED ENERGY SOURCES**

**<sup>33</sup> <sup>33</sup> <sup>32</sup>**

**<sup>57</sup> <sup>56</sup> <sup>54</sup> <sup>54</sup> <sup>56</sup> <sup>55</sup> <sup>54</sup>**

*(25,44,30) (37,46,17)*

**<sup>2000</sup> <sup>2004</sup>**

*(19,52,29)*

**2009**

20

*(52,24,25) (40,25,35)*

**<sup>1980</sup> <sup>1990</sup>**

*(8,6,86)*

**1940**

60

**COAL [%]**

(Renewable,Oil,Coal) Proportions

80

100

**Year**

**COAL**

**<sup>28</sup> <sup>32</sup> <sup>36</sup> <sup>36</sup> <sup>40</sup>**

TEIAS, 2009)

**23**

**77 72 68 64 64 60 55 52 <sup>55</sup> <sup>56</sup> 54**

**% of total Consumption**

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

imported energy sources (data from MENR, 1970-2009)

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

Fig. 3. During the period 1970 and 2009, primary energy consumption with domestic and

**INDIGENOUS ENERGY SOURCES**

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

*(11,10,79) (37,8,55)*

**<sup>1956</sup> <sup>1960</sup>**

40

consumption are illustrated in Fig.1. Since Turkey is an energy importing country more than about 70% of the country's energy consumption is met by imports, and the share of imports is growing in the following years. While the primary energy consumption in 1970 was 18.84 mtoe, it reached 104 mtoe (million ton oil equivalent) with an increase rate of 552% in 2009. Primary energy production and consumption rates realized 1.39% and 4.29% per year, respectively. In other words, increase in consumption is three times bigger than the increase in production. While the ratio that production meets consumption was 77 % in 1970, this ratio reduced and reacted to 29 % in 2009. In other words, Turkey has been a country that depends on other countries in energy fields, especially in terms of oil and natural gas. (Fig. 1). (Ylmaz, et al, 2005; Ylmaz, 2003; Ylmaz and Aroğlu 2003; Ylmaz and Uslu, 2007; Ylmaz 2006; Ylmaz 2009; Ylmaz 2011; Aroğlu 1994; Aroğlu 1996).

Distribution of total electricity generation by energy resources during the period 1940–2009 is shown in Fig 2. As seen in the figure, renewable, oil-natural gas and coal accounted for 8%, 6%, 86 of electricity production in 1940. The share of the coal reduced continuously in the following years and reached as 55% in 1960, 25% in 1980 and again increased to 29%(imported coal included) in 2009. The increase rate of use of renewable energy sources was accelerated especially from 1960s, as seen in the electricity production capacity, and use rate of renewable energy sources was recorded as 8 % in 1940, 37% in 1960, 52% in 1980 and decreased to 19% in 2009. Because, after the year 2000, a sharply increase in share of imported natural gas in electricity production, lowered the use of domestic lignite and hard coal. Turkey is dependent on foreign countries especially in terms of oil and natural gas. In 1960, imported oil made up 8% of electricity production and this rate abruptly increased in the after years and it's had been reached 30% in 1970. During period 2000s years, imported of the natural gas sharply increased and reacted to 50% in 2009. Natural gas has been fast-growing fuel of energy market in Turkey. The tremendous growth and increased trend in gas demand during the period 1990- 2009 showed that Turkey will need much more gas in the following years. Especially the share of the natural gas consumed in electricity generation has sharply increased and is considered to increase also in the future (Ylmaz 2008; Ylmaz 2011).

Turkey became more dependent on imports year to year. It still supplies about 71% of its primary energy consumption from imported energy sources. This percentage is 59% for electricity production. These rates are exactly seen in Fig 3. and Fig. 4 during of the period 1970-2009. In Fig 3 show that Turkey's primary energy consumption was 77% share of the domestic energy sources in 1970. While 54% of the consumed energy in 1980 was by the domestic energy sources, this percentage decreased to 33% and 29% in 2000 and 2009 respectively. On the other hand, share of the imported energy sources was increased from 23% in 1970 to 71% in 2009. In Figure 4 distribution of electricity production by domestic and imported energy sources are given in historical order. As seen in Figure, while domestic energy sources had a share of 68% in electricity production in 1970, imported energy sources had a share of 42% in electricity generation. After the 1970s years, oil crisis started. Turkey gave importance on lignite, coal and own renewable energy potential sources. So the rate of electricity production using Turkey's domestic sources was increased. But in 1990s use of imported natural gas in electricity production has sharply increased to 45% and 59% in 2000 and 2009 respectively. It is now vital for Turkey to attach importance to coal and renewable energy sources, which are the largest domestic energy sources of Turkey, in order to meet this increasing energy deficit. Especially, it is possible to produce electricity using the said domestic sources (Ylmaz 2006; Ylmaz 2011, Ylmaz and Aroğlu 1997b).

consumption are illustrated in Fig.1. Since Turkey is an energy importing country more than about 70% of the country's energy consumption is met by imports, and the share of imports is growing in the following years. While the primary energy consumption in 1970 was 18.84 mtoe, it reached 104 mtoe (million ton oil equivalent) with an increase rate of 552% in 2009. Primary energy production and consumption rates realized 1.39% and 4.29% per year, respectively. In other words, increase in consumption is three times bigger than the increase in production. While the ratio that production meets consumption was 77 % in 1970, this ratio reduced and reacted to 29 % in 2009. In other words, Turkey has been a country that depends on other countries in energy fields, especially in terms of oil and natural gas. (Fig. 1). (Ylmaz, et al, 2005; Ylmaz, 2003; Ylmaz and Aroğlu 2003; Ylmaz and Uslu, 2007; Ylmaz 2006; Ylmaz

Distribution of total electricity generation by energy resources during the period 1940–2009 is shown in Fig 2. As seen in the figure, renewable, oil-natural gas and coal accounted for 8%, 6%, 86 of electricity production in 1940. The share of the coal reduced continuously in the following years and reached as 55% in 1960, 25% in 1980 and again increased to 29%(imported coal included) in 2009. The increase rate of use of renewable energy sources was accelerated especially from 1960s, as seen in the electricity production capacity, and use rate of renewable energy sources was recorded as 8 % in 1940, 37% in 1960, 52% in 1980 and decreased to 19% in 2009. Because, after the year 2000, a sharply increase in share of imported natural gas in electricity production, lowered the use of domestic lignite and hard coal. Turkey is dependent on foreign countries especially in terms of oil and natural gas. In 1960, imported oil made up 8% of electricity production and this rate abruptly increased in the after years and it's had been reached 30% in 1970. During period 2000s years, imported of the natural gas sharply increased and reacted to 50% in 2009. Natural gas has been fast-growing fuel of energy market in Turkey. The tremendous growth and increased trend in gas demand during the period 1990- 2009 showed that Turkey will need much more gas in the following years. Especially the share of the natural gas consumed in electricity generation has sharply increased and is considered

Turkey became more dependent on imports year to year. It still supplies about 71% of its primary energy consumption from imported energy sources. This percentage is 59% for electricity production. These rates are exactly seen in Fig 3. and Fig. 4 during of the period 1970-2009. In Fig 3 show that Turkey's primary energy consumption was 77% share of the domestic energy sources in 1970. While 54% of the consumed energy in 1980 was by the domestic energy sources, this percentage decreased to 33% and 29% in 2000 and 2009 respectively. On the other hand, share of the imported energy sources was increased from 23% in 1970 to 71% in 2009. In Figure 4 distribution of electricity production by domestic and imported energy sources are given in historical order. As seen in Figure, while domestic energy sources had a share of 68% in electricity production in 1970, imported energy sources had a share of 42% in electricity generation. After the 1970s years, oil crisis started. Turkey gave importance on lignite, coal and own renewable energy potential sources. So the rate of electricity production using Turkey's domestic sources was increased. But in 1990s use of imported natural gas in electricity production has sharply increased to 45% and 59% in 2000 and 2009 respectively. It is now vital for Turkey to attach importance to coal and renewable energy sources, which are the largest domestic energy sources of Turkey, in order to meet this increasing energy deficit. Especially, it is possible to produce electricity using the said

2009; Ylmaz 2011; Aroğlu 1994; Aroğlu 1996).

to increase also in the future (Ylmaz 2008; Ylmaz 2011).

domestic sources (Ylmaz 2006; Ylmaz 2011, Ylmaz and Aroğlu 1997b).

Fig. 2. Distribution of primary energy sources in electricity production by years (data from TEIAS, 2009)

Fig. 3. During the period 1970 and 2009, primary energy consumption with domestic and imported energy sources (data from MENR, 1970-2009)

Renewable Energy and Coal Use in Turkey 67

**PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION-2009 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION-2009**

Oil 29%

Fig. 5. Total primary energy production and consumption by energy sources in 2009 (data

Coal 30% **Renewable 9%**

Natural Gas 32%

> Hydraulic 3% Geothermal 1% Wood 3%

Animal and wegetable wast 1% Other 1%

Hydraulic 10% Geothermal 6% Wood 12% Animal and wegetable wast 4% Other 1%

Coal 57%

from MENR, 2009)

 

renewable energy and coal (data from MENR 1970-2009)

Fig. 6. During of the period 1970-2009, total primary energy production with rates of

The distribution of renewable energy sources in primary energy production in Turkey is illustrated in Fig. 7 for the term 1970 and 2009. The energy sources used for the primary energy production are hydraulic energy, geothermal energy, wood, animal and vegetable waste. On average 43% of the primary energy production was met by the renewable energy in 1970. This percentage increased to 50% in 1980 and due to the imported natural gas, this rate was decreased to 33% in 2009. The shares of the energy sources in this production rate

**% of total production**

**<sup>75</sup> <sup>77</sup> <sup>76</sup> <sup>79</sup> <sup>80</sup>**

**<sup>83</sup> <sup>84</sup> <sup>83</sup>**

**RENEWABLE**

**<sup>86</sup> <sup>87</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>89</sup> <sup>90</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>89</sup> <sup>88</sup>**

**OTHER: Natural gas, petroleum (Coal+Renewable) in total production**

**<sup>83</sup> <sup>84</sup> <sup>85</sup> <sup>86</sup> <sup>86</sup> <sup>86</sup> <sup>87</sup> <sup>86</sup> <sup>87</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>87</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>87</sup> <sup>88</sup> <sup>89</sup> <sup>89</sup> <sup>90</sup>**

**COAL**

Oil 8% Natural Gas 2%

> **Renewable 33%**

Fig. 4. During the period 1970 and 2009, in electricity generation imported and indigenous energy sources (data from TEIAS, 1970-2009)
