**9. Appendix A**

Table A-1. Annual TDV emission factor comparison for 2004-2006

**Annual TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006**  185.9 219.7 181.2 179.2 213.3 170.5 173.6 206.2 161.5 171.6 203.9 159.4 177.1 209.1 167.9 192.5 216.8 178.3 210.7 223.7 191.5 227.8 236.7 209.1 237.0 244.2 218.3 243.6 248.5 223.1 248.1 251.5 227.3 251.1 253.6 229.5 253.0 255.6 229.9 252.0 255.2 228.7 249.7 252.9 225.4 248.4 249.3 223.3 247.8 248.3 223.7 246.5 249.6 224.9 244.3 248.6 225.5 246.6 249.0 228.1 246.9 252.1 228.0 236.4 247.3 219.5 215.2 235.0 207.0 195.0 226.0 191.4

Table A-1. Annual TDV emission factor comparison for 2004-2006

**9. Appendix A** 


Analysis of Time Dependent Valuation of Emission Factors from the Electricity Sector 309

**January February TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006**  282.1 229.9 195.4 **1** 254.4 221.2 183.0 288.0 226.7 184.4 **2** 251.0 210.6 174.1 286.6 224.6 174.3 **3** 248.6 203.0 168.0 285.0 221.4 169.0 **4** 245.2 201.2 165.5 283.9 221.2 172.5 **5** 252.0 203.9 169.8 283.1 222.6 177.0 **6** 256.5 212.1 173.6 279.3 223.0 190.0 **7** 258.5 220.0 184.0 278.0 231.9 210.2 **8** 260.3 228.9 196.5 280.2 241.9 221.7 **9** 263.7 234.0 203.7 280.1 244.0 222.7 **10** 264.0 236.1 207.3 280.5 248.4 228.0 **11** 264.7 238.4 214.9 282.2 251.1 232.1 **12** 264.6 238.5 216.3 285.4 253.7 233.7 **13** 266.6 241.0 215.2 286.5 256.6 235.2 **14** 268.1 239.9 213.4 287.0 251.7 233.9 **15** 265.6 236.0 209.5 285.8 246.0 224.5 **16** 260.5 230.3 206.3 283.3 245.4 224.5 **17** 258.3 228.4 205.0 284.5 251.8 233.5 **18** 257.9 231.6 205.4 289.6 258.7 244.5 **19** 262.6 240.9 219.0 287.5 257.2 241.6 **20** 264.6 246.0 223.2 287.9 258.7 240.7 **21** 265.2 246.5 220.7 287.7 256.9 236.7 **22** 264.2 244.6 213.9 286.4 249.9 227.9 **23** 257.5 238.6 195.6 281.4 238.9 208.7 **24** 248.1 222.3 187.1 **March April TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006**  191.2 228.4 172.8 **1** 116.9 177.5 79.7 189.0 223.7 164.0 **2** 115.1 175.7 74.9 187.4 217.9 153.9 **3** 114.6 167.2 73.7 185.6 215.7 150.9 **4** 115.6 167.9 76.1 184.9 218.5 155.3 **5** 124.2 176.9 82.3 192.3 225.1 158.6 **6** 147.0 197.9 99.0 205.3 227.6 170.8 **7** 168.2 207.5 121.3 218.1 227.8 179.1 **8** 188.0 219.8 138.7 224.8 233.2 185.2 **9** 196.1 224.8 144.1 225.1 235.3 188.7 **10** 201.3 229.1 151.5 227.2 236.3 192.2 **11** 204.2 230.6 155.4 230.4 239.7 193.6 **12** 204.1 230.7 157.4 230.2 241.5 194.1 **13** 204.5 232.4 155.7 231.8 240.3 193.4 **14** 203.8 230.9 153.3 229.0 237.5 193.2 **15** 201.8 229.9 149.3 228.5 233.3 189.2 **16** 199.9 231.1 148.0 228.2 231.5 187.9 **17** 197.9 229.9 146.4 225.8 229.9 185.2 **18** 189.2 221.8 139.5 225.4 226.2 183.8 **19** 183.2 211.1 134.5 228.9 229.9 196.4 **20** 196.0 219.0 150.9 229.1 232.8 198.1 **21** 198.1 227.1 155.8 223.2 235.2 193.4 **22** 176.1 213.8 129.5 210.3 232.1 182.6 **23** 145.9 197.9 105.1 195.7 230.3 176.9 **24** 120.4 180.0 89.4

Table A-4. Monthly TDV GHG Emission Factors for the years 2004, 2005, and 2006


Table A-3. Seasonal TDV GHG Emission Factors for Summer and Fall

129.4 244.9 199.8 **1** 226.1 199.9 177.2

119.8 236.6 186.5 **2** 213.2 193.4 165.1

112.5 227.6 175.2 **3** 202.5 187.9 154.8

109.9 224.1 173.2 **4** 200.2 185.7 153.8

114.3 225.6 181.9 **5** 210.9 196.5 165.8

134.7 229.1 189.5 **6** 231.7 205.0 184.0

159.5 232.4 202.1 **7** 253.4 214.3 196.0

187.5 251.1 227.3 **8** 268.7 226.4 211.0

205.0 262.4 243.1 **9** 274.5 233.2 219.4

220.1 268.1 250.7 **10** 278.8 238.4 223.4

228.3 270.4 254.0 **11** 282.2 242.6 226.6

234.5 273.4 256.3 **12** 284.2 244.4 228.5

237.8 276.7 256.3 **13** 285.7 245.0 230.0

236.6 276.4 254.6 **14** 283.5 243.8 229.1

234.1 275.3 251.0 **15** 281.3 241.3 224.5

234.7 273.5 251.3 **16** 277.4 236.3 221.8

234.4 272.4 252.9 **17** 275.9 235.4 221.8

228.5 272.1 252.0 **18** 281.7 241.4 227.3

218.7 267.5 248.3 **19** 285.5 244.4 229.8

223.3 267.3 251.3 **20** 285.4 241.8 227.1

226.3 269.8 252.6 **21** 281.5 240.2 222.2

209.7 264.3 245.7 **22** 274.0 233.9 216.1

176.2 249.8 236.9 **23** 257.9 218.4 202.9

146.7 248.7 214.9 **24** 239.2 206.1 187.5

Table A-3. Seasonal TDV GHG Emission Factors for Summer and Fall

**Summer Fall TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006** 


Table A-4. Monthly TDV GHG Emission Factors for the years 2004, 2005, and 2006

Analysis of Time Dependent Valuation of Emission Factors from the Electricity Sector 311

**September October TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006**  137.1 195.8 138.8 **1** 207.5 159.8 144.3 125.9 190.5 127.7 **2** 192.9 149.6 136.0 116.4 184.4 118.3 **3** 182.2 142.8 127.4 117.4 182.9 120.8 **4** 185.0 143.9 131.5 129.8 191.0 138.8 **5** 205.8 165.5 154.0 162.9 202.9 164.1 **6** 241.3 187.5 175.2 199.0 212.5 183.0 **7** 274.1 203.7 189.4 221.9 224.8 201.7 **8** 290.1 216.6 203.0 229.7 232.4 215.0 **9** 290.6 223.7 210.3 243.3 234.8 220.1 **10** 295.2 228.1 217.1 250.6 238.4 222.1 **11** 298.7 232.1 221.7 255.9 243.5 222.5 **12** 300.3 235.1 223.1 257.0 245.6 222.0 **13** 303.1 234.4 222.5 257.5 244.6 216.8 **14** 300.9 234.1 222.2 255.8 245.0 212.9 **15** 296.7 233.6 220.3 259.2 240.4 213.7 **16** 295.3 235.0 220.9 260.5 239.0 214.2 **17** 294.9 233.9 219.1 255.1 237.1 211.0 **18** 291.3 228.6 215.3 248.3 231.7 209.0 **19** 294.0 228.9 219.0 261.5 238.1 217.9 **20** 293.6 228.3 217.4 251.5 235.1 209.2 **21** 286.7 224.2 209.9 221.1 222.8 191.9 **22** 271.9 213.5 199.9 187.7 212.2 172.8 **23** 244.6 189.7 185.0 157.7 203.8 148.7 **24** 222.8 170.9 161.4 **November December TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006**  232.7 175.2 176.0 **1** 192.7 218.3 141.8 218.2 166.8 159.5 **2** 180.7 214.3 130.9 205.8 160.7 148.2 **3** 171.5 210.8 122.6 197.8 153.9 144.6 **4** 163.7 208.8 116.8 200.6 156.0 148.3 **5** 164.8 213.3 118.3 210.4 159.0 164.2 **6** 170.8 206.7 127.0 223.4 172.8 173.6 **7** 180.8 199.6 134.5 238.6 191.3 192.1 **8** 192.4 200.4 147.1 248.8 197.9 201.4 **9** 201.9 207.1 156.3 252.4 207.0 204.8 **10** 208.0 211.3 159.1 254.8 213.3 207.8 **11** 211.7 215.8 163.8 256.8 213.3 209.3 **12** 213.7 218.4 170.2 258.7 214.5 211.9 **13** 214.8 219.7 171.9 254.7 211.9 211.4 **14** 214.5 217.7 170.6 257.0 206.6 205.6 **15** 209.7 213.7 164.5 250.2 196.6 200.8 **16** 199.6 207.3 160.3 246.3 197.0 199.9 **17** 197.7 206.4 164.8 260.6 212.3 211.2 **18** 215.9 224.2 183.6 266.6 219.4 213.0 **19** 222.8 227.2 185.3 264.3 213.1 209.3 **20** 219.7 221.3 179.5 262.9 212.8 207.3 **21** 220.4 222.5 176.9 261.6 207.6 204.4 **22** 219.5 223.0 174.9 255.0 191.3 195.4 **23** 213.2 218.2 161.8 239.7 179.4 187.5 **24** 197.0 216.9 148.0

Table A-4. (Continued)


Table A-4. (Continued)

**May June TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006**  87.4 147.5 129.1 **1** 106.4 215.9 194.7 80.3 143.0 123.9 **2** 102.3 208.1 181.1 78.8 134.0 117.5 **3** 94.5 197.4 169.5 78.1 135.9 115.5 **4** 91.3 191.1 161.9 83.8 146.6 130.6 **5** 93.5 194.7 168.9 101.9 163.8 142.3 **6** 110.6 199.7 180.1 132.0 175.9 158.1 **7** 134.9 216.6 201.0 156.6 192.7 176.8 **8** 158.2 241.7 223.1 168.1 197.1 180.4 **9** 173.1 251.5 227.5 175.3 199.1 181.8 **10** 184.3 254.4 231.6 180.8 202.9 185.2 **11** 190.5 257.7 235.8 180.9 206.4 187.3 **12** 196.1 259.4 238.7 182.1 209.0 188.0 **13** 198.2 261.1 239.0 181.4 209.4 186.4 **14** 196.9 259.9 238.7 178.7 208.2 184.2 **15** 193.6 257.3 237.1 180.7 204.4 184.5 **16** 194.3 256.6 239.2 180.8 203.6 187.1 **17** 193.9 256.6 241.7 172.8 194.8 182.7 **18** 184.6 255.1 236.1 164.8 185.5 178.2 **19** 175.6 250.0 230.5 168.1 187.8 183.1 **20** 174.7 251.1 232.1 170.5 201.4 186.0 **21** 177.6 259.1 236.3 152.0 196.7 171.9 **22** 169.5 256.3 230.5 120.8 181.8 154.6 **23** 137.7 241.7 224.1 99.5 169.5 140.5 **24** 112.9 236.3 206.5 **July August TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) TDV NGHGIFA (g of CO2/kWh) Hour 2004 2005 2006 Hour 2004 2005 2006**  108.1 227.5 213.4 **1** 123.7 236.7 174.9 98.2 216.4 200.6 **2** 113.7 230.3 158.5 92.8 207.3 188.6 **3** 106.1 220.2 146.9 91.4 203.8 183.7 **4** 101.6 217.2 145.7 96.7 203.2 187.5 **5** 103.7 219.0 156.9 111.3 202.4 186.1 **6** 125.3 221.8 163.9 131.4 204.0 197.0 **7** 146.6 221.5 173.8 157.4 228.6 225.1 **8** 177.9 239.2 201.5 175.8 244.3 243.1 **9** 195.5 247.5 218.4 191.4 251.0 252.4 **10** 209.2 253.8 227.6 201.6 251.0 257.0 **11** 216.3 257.3 230.3 207.4 251.8 260.0 **12** 223.2 260.5 232.7 212.0 255.7 260.3 **13** 226.9 264.1 233.5 210.6 257.2 258.8 **14** 225.4 264.1 233.3 209.1 256.2 255.6 **15** 221.9 262.0 229.2 209.0 255.5 252.3 **16** 220.4 260.7 230.7 210.3 255.5 252.5 **17** 218.8 259.2 233.2 205.7 254.5 253.6 **18** 212.3 260.5 232.2 196.0 251.2 250.3 **19** 201.2 255.7 228.8 194.1 246.3 249.4 **20** 208.6 254.6 228.7 199.4 248.3 253.0 **21** 219.5 261.2 232.5 193.5 248.7 252.8 **22** 201.8 251.8 220.6 159.8 235.0 248.2 **23** 167.3 232.4 209.7 130.3 228.5 232.4 **24** 139.1 238.0 184.5

Table A-4. (Continued)


Table A-4. (Continued)

**15** 

*Canada* 

**Photovoltaic Conversion: Outlook at the** 

*2Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST),* 

**and Eco-Strategic Issues** 

Bouchra Bakhiyi1 and Joseph Zayed1,2

*Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal* 

*1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,* 

**Crossroads Between Technological Challenges** 

Photovoltaic (PV) conversion or the production of electricity directly through the use of solar energy (Fig. 1) is undoubtedly a promising source of renewable energy despite the negligible position it still holds in the global energy landscape, namely barely 0.2% of the global electricity produced in 2010 (European Photovoltaic Industry Association [EPIA],

In fact, it is difficult not to take its breathtaking growth into consideration since the production of PV electricity increased from 1 TWh in 1999 to 50 TWh (40 GW) in 2010, for an annual increase of 36% with a spectacular leap of 50% between 2009 and 2010 (Observ'ER, 2010; EPIA, 2011; BPG, 2011). Various hypotheses predict a global capacity between 131 GW and 196 GW in 2015 (EPIA, 2011). In comparison, from 1999 to 2009, wind energy increased

Therefore, it is not surprising that the term "solar revolution" was already in use in the field of renewable energy as of 2006 (Bradford, 2006). However, although PV conversion is a credible and preferred candidate as a safe source of energy in the highly probable context of mixed energy and sustainable development, it remains marginal and there are legitimate questions concerning its development, which is still in the very early stages, particularly with respect to performance, production costs and competitiveness. It should be noted that fossil energies still satisfy 80% of the global demand for electricity

The purpose of this chapter is to assess both the performance of PV conversion, in economic and energetic terms, in a favourable global market and the intense research into the use of innovative technologies to improve performance. These assessments require an excursion into the life cycle of PV systems from the synthesis of semi-conductors to the use of the electricity generated, the storage of the energy and finally on to the dismantling and

The development of PV systems, from the design to the end of their life, is accompanied by environmental, health and safety concerns related to the expansive use of potentially toxic

**1. Introduction** 

(Observ'ER, 2010).

recycling of facilities.

2011a; British petroleum Global [BPG], 2011).

29% whereas fossil energy only grew 3.7% (Observ'ER, 2010).

### **10. References**


<http://www.ipcc.ch/publications\_and\_data/publications\_and\_data\_reports. shtml >

MacCracken, M. (2006). California's Title 24 & Cool Storage. *ASHRAE Journal* Vol. 48, (2006).

