**11. References**

292 Sustainable Growth and Applications in Renewable Energy Sources

Quantitative analyses of the plant material of Szarvasi-1 were conducted to describe the chemical profile of the biofuel. Ash and energy content were determined by combustion experiments in laboratory while the dynamics of firing were studied in different experimental furnaces. We developed best practices for combusting Szarvasi-1 biofuel. Dry matter content of Szarvasi-1 is highly influenced by the morphological features of the vegetative organs. The occurrence and proportion of mechanical and vascular tissues were investigated in the leaves and culms of Szarvasi-1 in various experimental settings for two years. Having examined the effect of different soil types on the anatomical characteristics of the culm and the leaves, we determined the most favourable habitat types of this energy

Ecophysiological regulation and the threshold limits of gas exchange parameters (assimilation, transpiration, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance) of Szarvasi-1 were also investigated. For abiotic environmental variables, air humidity and light had the most significant effect on gas exchange parameters. Assimilation curves and some characteristic values (e.g. light compensation and efficiency, assimilation capacity) were different at the beginning of the growing period on all studied soil types. These parameters characteristically declined under water-limited environmental conditions. Water limitation had a slightly positive effect on water use efficiency. Ecophysiological conclusions, drawn from gas exchange analyses, can be utilized for planning biological and agronomical aspects to achieve higher biomass production, in accordance with the

The typical weed composition and abundance in energy grass fields were compared to other arable crop cultures. Weed-crop competition was also investigated in different soil conditions. The weed composition of energy grass fields is more similar to perennial cultures like alfalfa than to other annual ones (cereals, row crops). Although no herbicide treatment was carried out, percent cover of Szarvasi-1 energy grass increased significantly year by year with decreasing weed cover and species number. By the second year, the average weed cover dropped from the first year's value of 48 % to 17 % and in the third year it did not exceed 4 %. Different soil types had different effect on the temporal variation of

plant to achieve the highest biomass yields with the greatest dry matter content.

Fig. 18. Energy grass field in Baranya county (photo: Róbert W. Pál)

abiotic environmental regime.

weed composition.


http:// herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Thinopyrum\_ponticum


Häfliger, E. Scholz, H. (1980). Grass Weeds. Vol. 2. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd. Basel, Switzerland


**14** 

C. Gordon and Alan Fung

*Ryerson University* 

*Canada* 

**Analysis of Time Dependent Valuation of** 

**Emission Factors from the Electricity Sector** 

In recent years, energy consumption and associated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and their potential effects on the global climate change have been increasing. Climate change and global warming has been the subject of intensive investigation provincially, nationally, and internationally for a number of years. While the complexity of the global climate change remains difficult to predict, it is important to develop a system to measure the amount of GHG released into the environment. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how several methods can accurately estimate the true GHG emission reduction potential from renewable technologies and help achieve the goals set out by the Kyoto Protocol reducing fuel consumption and related GHG emissions, promoting decentralization of

There are several methods in estimating emission factors from facilities: direct measurement, mass balance, and engineering estimates. Direct measurement involves continuous emission monitoring throughout a given period. Mass balance methods involve the application of conservation equations to a facility, process, or piece of equipment. Emissions are determined from input/output differences as well as from the accumulation and depletion of substances. The engineering method involves the use of engineering principles and knowledge of chemical and physical processes (EnvCan, 2006). In Guler (2008) the method used to estimate emission factors considers only the total amount of fuel and electricity produced from power plants. The previous methodology does not take into consideration the offset cyclical relationship, daily and yearly, between electricity generated by renewable technologies. It should be noted that none of the methods mentioned above include seasonal/daily adjustments to annual emission factors. Specifically, the proposed research would include analyzing existing methods in calculating emission factors and attempt to estimate new emission factors based on the hourly electricity demand for the

In this Chapter, several GHG emission factor methodology was discussed and compared to newly developed monthly emission factors in order to realize the true CO2 reduction potential for small scale renewable energy technologies. The hourly greenhouse gas emission factors based on hour-by-hour demand of electricity in Ontario, and the average Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor (GHGIFA) are estimated by creating a series of emission factors and their corresponding profiles that can be easily incorporated into simulation

electricity supply, and encouraging the use of renewable energy technologies.

**1. Introduction** 

Province of Ontario.

