**8. References**

[1] Weck, M., - Hennes, N. - Krell, M. (1999): Spindlel and Toolsystems with High Damping. In: Cirp Annals-manufacturing Technology - CIRP ANN-MANUF. TECHNOL , vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 297-302, 1999..

Radial Ball Bearings with Angular Contact in Machine Tools 91

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[11] Šooš, Ľ. (2010) New methodology calculations of radial stiffness nodal points spindle machine tool. In: International symposium on Advanced Engineering & Applied Management - 40th Anniversary in Higher Education: Romania /Hunedoara/ 4-5 November, 2010. - Hunedoara: Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara. - ISBN 978-973-0-

[12] Šooš, Ľ. (2011) Approximate methodology calculations of stiffness nodal points. In: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. - ISSN 2010-376X. - Year 7,

[13] Harris, T.A.: (1966) Rolling Bearing Analysis. New York - London - Sydney, 1966, 481

[14] Balmont, V.B. - Russkich,S.P.: (1978) Rasčet radialnoj žestkosti radialno - upornogo podšipnika. Trudy instituta. M., Specinformcentr VNIPPa, 69, 1978, č.1, s..pp.

[15] Kovalev, M.P.- Narodeckiij,M.Z.:(1980) Rasčet vysokotočnych šarikopodšipnikov. 2

[16] Šooš, Ľ. (2008) Radial stiffness of nodal points of a spindle. In: MATAR Praha 2008. Part 2: Testing, technology: Proceedings of international congresss. - Prague 16th-17th September, Brno 18th September 2008. - Praha: České vysoké učení technické v Praze -

[17] ŠoošŠOOŠ, Ľ.- BÁBICSábics,J.: (1989) Axiálna tuhosť vysokootáčkových vretien

[18] Šooš, Ľ. - Šarkan, P. (2004) Design of spindle –bearing arrangement of angular ball bearings. In.: MMA 94: Fleksibilne technologije: 11th International conference on Flexible Technologies. Novi Sad, 8 – 9.6.2004. - Novi Sad: Institut za proizvodno

[19] Šooš, Ľ.- Valčuha, Š. - Bábics, J.: PV 08651-88 Zariadenie na skúšanie valivých ložísk

[20] Šooš, Ľ.: Generátor skladaných rotačných pohybov. - 2009. - Číslo úžitkového vzoru: SK

[21] ŠoošŠOOŠ, Ľ.: Duplo pohon, realita alebo vízia? In: Acta Mechanica Slovaca. - ISSN 1335-2393. - Roč. 10, č. 2-A / konf.(heslo) Celoštátna konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou. 8. ROBTEP 2006. Jasná - Nízke Tatry, 31.5.-2.6.2006 (2006). - Košice : Technická

[22] Šooš, Ľ. Contribution to the research of static and dynamic properties of CNC turning machine. In: Strojnícky časopis = Journal of Mechanical engineering. - ISSN 0039-2472. -

[23] Šooš, Ľ.: Spindle - housing system SBL 500 CNC. In: Eksploatacja i Niezawodnošč =

Maintenance and reliability. - ISSN 1507-2711. - Č. 2 (2008), pp. 53-56.

obrábacích strojov. In.: Strojírenství, 39, 1989, č.2, pp s. 86-91.

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[11] Šooš, Ľ. (2010) New methodology calculations of radial stiffness nodal points spindle machine tool. In: International symposium on Advanced Engineering & Applied Management - 40th Anniversary in Higher Education: Romania /Hunedoara/ 4-5 November, 2010. - Hunedoara: Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara. - ISBN 978-973-0- 09340-7. - III-99 - III-104.

90 Performance Evaluation of Bearings

j – circumference roller A – external ring I – internal ring m – medium value w - roller bearing

**Author details** 

*management, Bratislava, Slovakia* 

no. 1, pp. 297-302, 1999..

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for a Machine Tool. CIRP, 34, number 1, pp. 365 -369.

University of Novi Sad. ISBN 978-86-7892-105-6., pp. 335-340.

2008. Kragujevac: University in Kragujevac, ISBN 978-86-86663-25-2.

*STU Bratislava, Institute of manufacturing systems, environmental technology and quality* 

[1] Weck, M., - Hennes, N. - Krell, M. (1999): Spindlel and Toolsystems with High Damping. In: Cirp Annals-manufacturing Technology - CIRP ANN-MANUF. TECHNOL , vol. 48,

[2] Marek, J a kol.: Konstrukce CNC obráběcích strojú. MM Publisching, s.r.o., Praha 2010,

[3] Lee, D. - Sin, H. - Sun, N. (1985) Manufacturing of a Graphite Epoxy Composite Spindle

[4] Šooš, Ľ. (2008) Spindle headstock - the heart of machine tool. In: Machine Design: On the occasion of 48th anniversary of the Faculty of Technical Sciences: 1960-2008, Novi Sad:

[5] Šooš, Ľ. (2008) Quality of design engineering: Case of machine tools headstock. In: Quality Festival 2008 : 2nd International quality conference. - Kragujevac, May 13-15,

[6] Šooš, Ľ. (2008) Contribution to the research of static and dynamic properties of CNC turning machine In: Strojnícky časopis = Journal of Mechanical engineering. ISSN 0039-

[7] Javorčík, L. - Šooš, Ľ. - Zon, J. (1991) Applied software technology for designing a bearing housing fitted with rolling bearing arrangemant. in.:"ICED 91". Zurich, August,

[8] Šooš, Ľ. – Javorčík, L.- Šarkan, P. (1995) An inteligent drive unit for Machine Tools. In.: The first world congress on Intelligent manufacturing porceedings, university of Puerto

[9] Demeč, P. (2001) Presnosť obrábacích strojov a jej matematické modelovanie. - 1. vyd. - Košice: Technická univerzita v Košiciach. - 146 p. - ISBN 80-7099-620-X, (in Slovak). [10] Šooš, Ľ. (2008) Criteria for selection of bearings arrangements. In: 32. Savetovanje proizvodnog mašinstva Srbije sa medunarodnim učešcem = 32nd Conference on production engineering of Serbia with foreign participants: Zbornik radova =

Ľubomír Šooš

**8. References** 


[24] Šooš, Ľ. New methodology calculations of radial stiffness nodal points spindle machine tool. In: International symposium on Advanced Engineering & Applied Management - 40th Anniversary in Higher Education: Romania /Hunedoara/ 4-5 November, 2010. - Hunedoara: Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 2010. - ISBN 978-973-0-09340-7. - III-99 - III-104.

**Chapter 4** 

© 2012 Danyluk and Dhingra, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Danyluk and Dhingra, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Rolling Contact Fatigue in Ultra High Vacuum** 

Rolling elements, such as ball bearings and races, contain surface imperfections known as asperities. The height of surface asperities may be quantified through surface roughness analyses, which assigns a Ra number related the characteristics of the surface and asperities. The depth and width of the valleys between asperities is one significant characteristic of a

Surface lubrication may be divided into three categories: i) full film, ii) boundary layer, and iii) mixed film and boundary lubrication (Bhushan, 1999). With full film lubrication, the film is sufficiently thick so that surface asperities do not protrude through the film and will not contact the mating surface. Boundary lubrication describes the condition in which a film is present, but load is transferred between asperity peaks on the surfaces and not the film. Mixed lubrication conditions assume that both film and asperity transmit contact load, and therefore both must be considered in the analysis. A numerical approach capable of modeling all three types using fluid lubrication may be found in (Hu and Zhu, 2000). The proposed model is found to work well over a specific range of film-thickness-ratios and

The need to quickly determine the fatigue life of rolling elements has given rise to rolling contact fatigue test methods that enable fatigue testing at reduced cost. Historically, RCF tests have used petroleum-based liquid-lubricants, which restrict rotational speed of the test due to liquid-lubrication churning. In comparison, RCF testing using solid film lubricants in ultra-high vacuum enables higher rotational speeds leading to test results in less time. For example, a rod composed of a candidate bearing material may accumulate over 10 million stress cycles in a few days running at 130Hz in ultra-high vacuum. The exact number of stress cycles accumulated on the rotating elements will depend on the specifics of the test configuration, such as ball diameter, rod diameter, and the number of balls present. In contrast, RCF testing in air using oil based liquid-lubrication is speed limited, usually to 60 Hz or less, and is limited to a maximum of three ball-contact elements. RCF testing in air using liquid-lubrication requires more time to accumulate the same number of stress cycles.

surface that influences wear, friction, and contact fatigue life of the rolling element.

Mike Danyluk and Anoop Dhingra

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51194

**1. Introduction** 

surface RMS roughness.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
