**Author details**

M.S. El-Shahawi

*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia* 

#### A.A. Al-Sibaai

*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia* 

H.M. Al-Saidi *Department of Chemistry, University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia* 

E. A. Assirey *Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia* 

#### **5. References**


Fast, Selective Removal and Determination of Total Bismuth (III) and (V) in Water by Procaine Hydrochloride Immobilized Polyurethane Foam Packed Column Prior to Inductively Coupled… 305

[10] R. Hajian, E. Shams, Anal Chim Acta, 2003, 491, 63.

304 Polyurethane

PQ+.Cl-

**4. Conclusion**

**Author details** 

M.S. El-Shahawi

A.A. Al-Sibaai

H.M. Al-Saidi

E. A. Assirey

**5. References** 

559.

continuing on developing PQ+.Cl-

*Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia* 

J.Membrane Sci, 2008, 310, 13.

[2] N. Tokman, Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, 519, 87.

[7] Y. Zhang, S.B. Adeloju, , Talanta, 2008, 76, 724.

 treated PUFs solid sorbent was successfully used for the pre concentration/separation procedures of bismuth (III) and bismuth (V) after reduction of the latter species to bismuth (III). The developed method minimizes the limitations related to sensitivity and selectivity for bismuth determination in various matrices. The intra-particle diffusion and the first order model of bismuth (III) retention onto the tested PQ+.Cl-

treated PUFs packed column mode for on line

sorbent are confirmed from the kinetic data. PUFs packed column has shown itself to be a very useful and precise for the analysis of total bismuth (ІІІ) & (V) species in water at trace concentrations in water. The PUFs packed column can be reused many times without decrease in its efficiency. Work is continuing for calculating ligation capacity, influence of competitive agents and organic material present in water samples. The LOD of the method is quite close to the concentration of bismuth species reported in marine water. Work is still

determination of bismuth (III) and/ or (V) species at ultra concentrations in aqueous media.

*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia* 

*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia* 

*Department of Chemistry, University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia* 

[1] J. A. Reyes- Aguilera, M. P. Gonzalez, R. Navarro, T.I.Saucedo, M. Avila-Rodriguez, supported liquid membranes (SLM) for recovery of bismuth from aqueous solution,

[3] R. Pamphlett, M .Stottenbery. J. Rungby, G. Danscher, Neurotoxicol. Teratol, 2000, 22,

[4] A . S . Ribeiro, M. A. Z. Arruda, S . Cadrore, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 2002, 57, 2113.

[6] L. Rahman, W. T. Corns, D. W. Bryce, P. B. Stockwell, Talanta, 2000, 52, 833.

[5] O. Acar, Z. Kilic, A. R. Turker, Anal. Chim Acta, 1999, 382, 329.

[8] H. Guo, Y. Li, P. Xiao, N. He,Anal. Chim. Acta, 2005, 534, 143. [9] H.Y. Yang, W.Y. Chen, I.W. Sun, Talanta, 1999, 50, 977.

*Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Taibah University,*

PUFs



**Chapter 14** 

© 2012 Bodi et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Bodi et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Polyurethane Grouting Technologies** 

Grouting with polyurethane [PU] resins represents an effective method of improvement of mechanical and sealing properties of soil and rock environment and constructions. The principle of grouting technologies is injection of liquid grouting material into the rock environment or construction under pressure. During the grouting process, fissures and pores are filled with the grouting material, which subsequently hardens and connects the disintegrated parts of the rock mass or grains of loose material. Polyurethane grouting technologies started to be used in the 80s of the 20th century in the mining industry. In the last recent years, PU grouting technologies spread significantly from the mining applications to civil engineering and geotechnics. The application possibilities have a rising tendency and new possibilities occur. Currently, grouting technologies are used mainly in

preventive improvement of mechanical properties of the rock mass in the line of

Jan Bodi, Zoltan Bodi, Jiri Scucka and Petr Martinec

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/35791

**1. Introduction** 

the following fields:

**Mining** 

the workings

anchoring of soil and rocks

 crossing of fault zones securing of the overburden

 **Underground constructions, tunneling**  filling of caverns and voids

protection when crossing fault zones

stabilization of loose material in the foreland of excavation

sealing and stopping of water inflows into the construction

strengthening and stabilization of deposit layers before exploitation

strengthening and stabilization of overburden and etc.

stabilization of the surrounding of the mine workings

lowering of permeability of the rock mass

securing of excavation during tunnel construction

