**Acknowledgement**

This work presents also information and data gathered during a Research project "Výzkum a vývoj nových chemických injektážních materiálů pro zlepšení vlastností hornin, zemin a stavebních konstrukcí v inženýrském stavitelství a stavebnictví 2005-2007 – Research and development of new chemical grouting systems for improvement of rock, soil and constructions at civil engineering and building industry", solved by the companies SG Geotechnika, a.s., Prague and GME Consult, Ostrava. The project was supported by the Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Czech Republic under the programme Impuls no. 47/2007/FI-IM2/072.

In addition this work contains also data gathered within the project of The Institute of clean technologies for mining and utilization of raw materials for energy use, reg. no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0082 supported by Research and Development for Innovations Operational Programme financed by Structural Founds of Europe Union and from the means of state budget of the Czech Republic.

#### **9. References**

Aldorf, J., Vymazal, J. (1996) *Contribution to study of stress and strain properties of sand reinforced using grouts on the basis of PU and acrylate resins.* Proceedings of conference Application of PUR in mining and underground engineering, Ostrava, February 1996 (in Czech).


334 Polyurethane

the metro line.

**8. Conclusion** 

**Author details** 

Jan Bodi and Zoltan Bodi

**Acknowledgement** 

47/2007/FI-IM2/072.

**9. References** 

Jiri Scucka and Petr Martinec

*GME, s.r.o., Ostrava, Czech Republic* 

building industry and geotechnics practice.

*Materials for Energy Use, Ostrava, Czech Republic* 

means of state budget of the Czech Republic.

Applied methods proved to be very effective and did not disturb the regular operation of

PU grouting is performed in order to achieve improvement of physical and mechanical properties of the rock, soil, or building material in the construction. It requires experience and complex knowledge from various fields like geology, hydrogeology, structural geology, rock and soil mechanics, geotechnics, mining, underground constructions, construction of foundations, structural stability, defects of constructions and their repair, chemistry of the grouting material, grouting technique (pumps, packers) and etc. Grouting technologies represent an effective technology of solving of various kinds of problems in mining,

*Institute of Geonics AS CR, Institute of Clean Technologies for Mining and Utilization of Raw* 

This work presents also information and data gathered during a Research project "Výzkum a vývoj nových chemických injektážních materiálů pro zlepšení vlastností hornin, zemin a stavebních konstrukcí v inženýrském stavitelství a stavebnictví 2005-2007 – Research and development of new chemical grouting systems for improvement of rock, soil and constructions at civil engineering and building industry", solved by the companies SG Geotechnika, a.s., Prague and GME Consult, Ostrava. The project was supported by the Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Czech Republic under the programme Impuls no.

In addition this work contains also data gathered within the project of The Institute of clean technologies for mining and utilization of raw materials for energy use, reg. no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0082 supported by Research and Development for Innovations Operational Programme financed by Structural Founds of Europe Union and from the

Aldorf, J., Vymazal, J. (1996) *Contribution to study of stress and strain properties of sand reinforced using grouts on the basis of PU and acrylate resins.* Proceedings of conference


Scucka, J., Soucek, K. (2007). *Architecture and Properties of Geocomposite Materials with Polyurethane Binders*, Institute of Geonics of ASCR, ISBN 978-80-86407-15-9, Ostrava (in Czech)

**Chapter 0**

**Chapter 15**

**On the Use of Polyurethane Foam Paddings**

The use of cellular materials in general in the automotive industry, and polymeric foams in particular, has been increasing significantly for the last few decades. These materials are used within a particular vehicle for many different purposes, among which are, for example, sound and thermal insulation, vibration damping, fire protection and, of course, crashworthiness. Thus, crashworthiness, safety and protection parameters are strongly influenced by the materials used and, as a consequence, polymeric foams play a major role in the vehicle's crashworthiness levels. In absolute terms, the energy absorption capability of this class of materials can lead to significant improvements on the vehicle's passive safety, better protecting the passengers from aggressive impacts, by absorbing impact energy in a gradual and controlled manner. In addition, design limitations due to environmental constraints are growing steeply as are safety concerns. Whilst the former often leads to a reduction in the weight of the vehicle, the latter will most probably lead to the opposite. Therefore, the combination of properties such as low density, low cost and design flexibility with a great energy absorption capability, is what makes cellular materials so attractive for the automotive

Presently, vehicle structures with high levels of crashworthiness protection are almost always light-weight and must deform in such a way as to dissipate the largest amount of impact energy possible. Several distinct mechanisms may contribute to this, such as, for example, plastic deformation, wrinkling, heat generation, etc. [20, 35]. One way to achieve these effects is to fill tubular or hollow metallic or composite structures with cellular materials, such as foams. During the last few decades, many researchers have been working on these issues [22,

work is properly cited.

©2012 Paulino and Teixeira-Dias, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original

©2012 Paulino and Teixeira-Dias, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**to Improve Passive Safety in**

**Crashworthiness Applications**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Mariana Paulino and Filipe Teixeira-Dias

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47996

**1. Introduction**

industry.

28, 30–32].

*Trade mark GEOPUR, no. 148 179, 1999 Czech Republic*, Arrangement et Protocole de Madrid no. 864 266 EU, GEOPUR, no. M0002030 , 2000 Hungary
