**Acknowledgement**

Authors are thankful to the General Manager SF Complex, Jagdalpur for his kind permission to publish the article.

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**Chapter 12** 

© 2012 Oliveira and Lemos, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Oliveira and Lemos, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

**Synthesis of a New Sorbent Based on Grafted** 

The ability to determine trace elements in various types of samples is important in many areas of science including environmental, food, geochemical, forensic, and pharmaceutical. The amount of certain elements can indicate the level of contamination in a region, the nutritional value of a food and the quality of a manufactured product, among other things. However, the matrix of the samples can be chemically complex due to the large number of substances that are present. Some of these substances can hinder the determination of trace elements due to incompatibility with some detectors, especially those based on spectrometry. For example, substances can influence the viscosity of a solution that is introduced into the flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS), interfering with the nebulization process (Teixeira et al., 2005). Additionally, some substances may interfere with the pyrolysis of a sample that is introduced into the graphite tube of an electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometer (ETAAS) (Zambrzycka et al., 2011; Serafimovska, et al., 2011). Another common problem occurs when the content of the element is measured at a very low level in some matrices. In this case, the technique does not provide a detection limit sufficient to determine the element in the sample. These difficulties can be resolved or reduced by improving the selectivity and sensitivity of the analytical method or by including separation and preconcentration steps in the procedure. Separation is the removal of measurable constituents or interfering substances from the sample matrix. Preconcentration is a procedure based on the separation of a measured

quantity of constituents for a medium volume that is smaller than the sample matrix.

Many procedures used for separation and preconcentration that involve different techniques are found in the literature, such as liquid-liquid extraction, coprecipitation, cloud-point extraction and solid phase extraction (Zeeb & Sadeghi, 2011; Tuzen et al.,2008; Lemos et al.,

**PUF for the Application in the Solid Phase** 

**Extraction of Cadmium and Lead** 

Rafael Vasconcelos Oliveira and Valfredo Azevedo Lemos

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/36501

**1. Introduction** 

Zheyen, Z.; Zinan, Z. & Huimin, M. (1983). 13C-NMR Study on the equibinary (cis-1,4;1,2) Polybutadiene Polymerized with Iron Catalyst. *Polm. Comm.*, No. 1, pp. 92-100
