**Section 2**

**Clinical Interventions** 

36 Psychology – Selected Papers

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Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003). Addiction. *Annual Review of Psychology*, *54*, 25-53.

Ross, R. G., Hommer, D., Breiger, D., Varley, C., & Radant, A. (1994). Eye movement task

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von Knorring, L., von Knorring, A. L., Smigan, L., Lindberg, U., & Edholm, M. (1987).

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527.

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saccades. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience*, *14*(3), 371-388. doi:10.1162/

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stimuli in problem drinkers and non-problem drinkers. *Addiction*, *96*(2), 285-295.

associative learning in the go/no-go and stop-signal paradigms. *Journal of* 

for substance-use disorders: review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. *Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews*,

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externalizing psychopathology in alcohol abuse: application of the UPPS impulsive

**3** 

*New Zealand* 

 **Utilizing Psychiatric Diagnosis and** 

Graham Mellsop and Fiona Clapham Howard

**Formulation in the Clinical Process: Meeting** 

**the Needs and Expectations of Service Users** 

*Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland and Canterbury District Health Board,* 

Service users and those who support them, such as family or friends, have an expectation that a clinical or health diagnosis will offer insight into the cause of their symptoms. Diagnosis is expected to allow both prediction of prognosis and determination of treatment options. However, current widely used psychiatric diagnostic systems do not usually provide links to cause or prognosis. This is explicitly stated in the introductions to the two major current systems, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2000) and the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases

Within a complex field such as mental health, the diversity of causal or pathogenetic contributors means that both aetiology and prognosis are likely to be highly individualised. As a result, there is a gap between mental health service users' expectations and what can be

However, when paired with a thorough and reflective formulation, diagnosis is placed in a context that facilitates the ineluctable logical development of a comprehensive management or recovery plan. This dynamic combination of diagnosis and formulation results in a collaboratively developed management plan, agreed to by clinician and consumer, that is

People are motivated to go to psychological, counselling or psychiatric services by their discomforts or needs. These needs may relate to various forms of distress or dysphoria and/or to decreases in functionality. Such clients or service users are seeking intervention(s) which will improve the way they feel and/or the way they function. Sometimes it will be

Together, the trained clinician and the service user will develop a plan of action, perhaps with input from family or supporters, as well as from other clinicians. Indeed, it can be argued that the development of a comprehensive management or recovery plan is the major

better placed to meet both the needs and the expectations of those seeking help.

purpose of the clinician-service user interaction (Mellsop and Banzato, 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

(WHO, 1992).

realistically provided by diagnosis alone.

family or others who approach services on their behalf.

**2. The clinical process** 
