**5. Conclusions**

The concept of *in situ* transfer and common wall technique should be applied to redirect not only the coronary arteries but also the PAs and the aorta in TGA. Thus, tamponade, coronary events, supravalvular PS, and aortic neocoarctation can be prevented and natural spiral flow can be restored. Study of TGA and its natural or secondary natural history provides a means to understand the functional implications of the normal cardiac anatomy. As said by Einstein: "All our science, measured against reality, is primitive and child-like and yet is the most precious thing we have." How to restore TGA as much as possible to resemble its natural and unique likeness, awaits further modification and continued effort to conceive more surgical options in the coming half-century. Those stick to the surgical principle of nature and even distribution using autologous tissues, although more difficult and technically demanding, will be revived again and again, as shown by examples such as Senning versus Mustard, arterial switch versus atrial redirection, Nikaidoh versus Rastelli, arterial Senning versus arterial Mustard----etc.
