**4. Conclusion**

In this chapter, two typical micro vision algorithms were researched to model the process in micro/nano size: sub-pixel 2D motion measurement and DFD 3D reconstruction.

As for 2D motion measurement, this chapter mainly researched the problem of motion measurement based on the sub-pixel estimation for image sequences. Firstly, three important factors, including the searching region, the model size, and the fitting precision of sub-pixel, are analyzed and researched in detail, and the most appropriated parameters are chosen with respect to both the experiment results and the measurement characteristic of micro/nano image sequences. Then, the nano platform with high precision, the microscope with high magnification and the standard grid are used together to validate the measurement precision of this method. Finally, the proposed method is used to measure the driving characteristic curve of a piezoelectric actuator practically. The experimental results of the piezoelectric actuator driving characteristic measurement are consistent with the physics analysis. Also, the proposed method, which is simple in manipulation and credible in measurement results, satisfies the requirement of the micro/nano measurement with high precision.

On the other hand, a global shape reconstruction of the standard nano grid using single optical microscope was researched based on a new DFD method. Our primary contribution is to suppose a new global DFD algorithm. Therefore, it can be used to attain 3D information in one-eye vision, hand-eye system, especially in micro/nano manipulation. The second contribution is proposing a series of experiments to validate the method on micro/nano scale. The results below are significant: the computer vision can be used to reconstruct the global shape of the samples in micro/nano manipulation using defocused images without changing camera parameters.

#### **5. References**

Asada N.; Fujiwara H. & Matsuyama T.(1998). *Edges and depth from focus*. International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol.26, No. 2, pp. 153-163.

500nm 300nm 100nm

<sup>0</sup> <sup>50</sup> <sup>100</sup> <sup>150</sup> <sup>200</sup> <sup>250</sup> <sup>300</sup> <sup>350</sup> 0.8

In this chapter, two typical micro vision algorithms were researched to model the process in

As for 2D motion measurement, this chapter mainly researched the problem of motion measurement based on the sub-pixel estimation for image sequences. Firstly, three important factors, including the searching region, the model size, and the fitting precision of sub-pixel, are analyzed and researched in detail, and the most appropriated parameters are chosen with respect to both the experiment results and the measurement characteristic of micro/nano image sequences. Then, the nano platform with high precision, the microscope with high magnification and the standard grid are used together to validate the measurement precision of this method. Finally, the proposed method is used to measure the driving characteristic curve of a piezoelectric actuator practically. The experimental results of the piezoelectric actuator driving characteristic measurement are consistent with the physics analysis. Also, the proposed method, which is simple in manipulation and credible in measurement results, satisfies the requirement of the micro/nano measurement with high

On the other hand, a global shape reconstruction of the standard nano grid using single optical microscope was researched based on a new DFD method. Our primary contribution is to suppose a new global DFD algorithm. Therefore, it can be used to attain 3D information in one-eye vision, hand-eye system, especially in micro/nano manipulation. The second contribution is proposing a series of experiments to validate the method on micro/nano scale. The results below are significant: the computer vision can be used to reconstruct the global shape of the samples in micro/nano manipulation using defocused images without

Asada N.; Fujiwara H. & Matsuyama T.(1998). *Edges and depth from focus*. International

Journal of Computer Vision, Vol.26, No. 2, pp. 153-163.

micro/nano size: sub-pixel 2D motion measurement and DFD 3D reconstruction.

0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Fig. 32. The contrast of the triangle cantilever

**4. Conclusion** 

precision.

changing camera parameters.

**5. References** 

1.6 x 10-6


**24** 

*Brazil* 

**Advanced Free Form Manufacturing** 

**by Computer Aided Systems – Cax** 

*Tupy Superior Institute (IST/SOCIESC), Santa Catarina, S.C.,* 

As part of an integrated system technology CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), longed for since the 50's, the computational systems known the CAx (Computer Aided specific manufacturing phase) developed to help phases of the manufacturing of a product and its components. In order to complete integration of the chain of manufactures by computer, CAx can be integrated with other computational systems of management and planning of trials and output, such as MRP (Material Resource Planning), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), EDM

In this context, this chapter discusses the computational CAx systems to aid the activities related to the manufacturing, in special, the manufacturing of free form geometries. Such geometries are frequently found in the industry automobile, industry of moulds and dies, aeronautic and need CAx systems for its making. Machines controlled by Computer Numerical Command (CNC) for making parts and prototypes as well as for aiding geometrical inspection, also take part on the family of CAx systems and are discussed in this

This chapter includes: i) a brief definition about free form geometries; ii) main concerns about the manufacturing process of free form geometries; iii) CAx for free form manufacturing; iv) advanced features of CAx for free form design and manufacturing.

First, a definition of free form geometry (also known as sculptured surface) has to be set: it is a non-linear and curved shape, with neither constant nor pattern curvature radius along the

Initially these geometric forms were employed exclusively in situations where they were to be used such as the aeronautical and naval industry. Currently complex geometric forms are becoming popular and can be found in various components in the automobile industry; in the consumption industry; toys, packaging, electronic products , esthetical products and ergonomics. This definition is important once that any manufacturing planning depends upon its shape. For instance, rotational parts have to be turned and prismatic parts have to

be milled. Free form geometry has its own particularity to be manufactured.

(Electronic Document Management)/PDM (Product Dates Management).

**2. A definition about free form geometries** 

**1. Introduction** 

chapter.

geometry

Adriano Fagali De Souza and Sabrina Bodziak

*PROMOLDE Research Group,* 

