**Programming operations for the removal of degrees**

This algorithm, available in some CAM systems, identifies automatically the steps left by the operation of roughing, considering the axial depth of cut and the geometry of the tool, in function of the curvature of the machined surface.

Some systems create a model with the geometry of the piece after roughing, with all the excess of material. This geometry then is utilized like a block of raw material for the semifinishing (Figure 10).

### **Programming operations for the relief of corners**

This operation has the purpose of remove the material not machined in roughing, in areas not reached by the cutting tool, due to relatively big diameter tools used (tools characteristics of the operations of roughing), as presented previously.

iii) generate programs for specific CNC machines. Doubtless the first function is more important and can represent the main difference between the diverse CAM systems

The operations of milling, focusing on the making of complex forms, can be classified as: roughing, semi-finishing, relief of corners and finishing. For each one of these operations

Upon carrying out machining by milling of a surface, the tool can traverse different routes. The CAM systems offer different tool path options. Although any one of these paths can carry out the operation of machining, they can have repercussions in the trial, differentiating itself mainly regarding the time of machining, demands of the tool of cut, and superficial quality. The identification of these options should be carried out by the user. The CAM systems presented are not able to identify the best strategies of machining for specific cases,

For the operations of roughing for milling, besides the paths of parallels passes, the CAM systems still developed other strategies as: paths in offset, paths based in the internal

In the roughing operations, the dimensions of the block of raw material can be utilized to limit the tool paths calculated by the CAM. In this way, this resource permits the user create

Although there is not a standard definition of semi-finishing for this application, here it will be naming semi-finishing the milling operations that has for objective become constant the

For this reason, the regions with remaining material after roughing besides the theoretical stock should be machined. In general, the semi-finishing is an operation of "roughing" in 2 ½ axes, in specific regions and can be divided in two phases: a) operations for removal of the

This algorithm, available in some CAM systems, identifies automatically the steps left by the operation of roughing, considering the axial depth of cut and the geometry of the tool, in

Some systems create a model with the geometry of the piece after roughing, with all the excess of material. This geometry then is utilized like a block of raw material for the semi-

This operation has the purpose of remove the material not machined in roughing, in areas not reached by the cutting tool, due to relatively big diameter tools used (tools

contour of the geometry, paths based on the external contour of the geometry.

value of the stock of material to be milled after by the finishing operation.

degrees and b) operations for relief of corners, as presented previously.

characteristics of the operations of roughing), as presented previously.

exist different techniques and peculiarities of programming with CAM.

according to geometry it be machined, mainly in complex forms.

machining paths in a specific region of the piece.

**5.2 Programming operations of semi-finishing** 

**Programming operations for the removal of degrees** 

function of the curvature of the machined surface.

**Programming operations for the relief of corners** 

finishing (Figure 10).

available in the present market.

**5.1 Tool paths for roughing** 

Fig. 10. A methodology to define the block of raw material for the semi-finishing

Therefore, in the corners relief operation should be employ tools with diameters smaller than the tools utilized in roughing.

The more modern CAM software presents a tool for identifying these regions automatically. The algorithm identifies the corners of the geometry of the piece where it has a radius less than the ray of the tool of thins. In the finishing of this algorithm the software requests the information of the diameter of the tool that was employed in roughing, identifies the areas and calculates the machine paths of these regions, employing a tool of smaller diameter.
