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**17** 

*Brazil* 

**Steam Turbines Under Abnormal Frequency** 

Fabrício A. M. Moura1, José R. Camacho2,

*1Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro,* 

*2Federal University of Uberlândia,* 

Geraldo C. Guimarães2 and Marcelo L. R. Chaves2

**Conditions in Distributed Generation Systems** 

Considerable efforts have been developed to encourage the installation of independent electricity producers in distribution systems. Obvious example of such efforts is demonstrated by the attempt to standardize their interconnection and protection requirements. However, this standardization can be difficult due to variations in the design of distribution circuits, the various types of generators coupled to the network and the particular requirements of each utility. However, a series of questions points to the development of further studies to ensure the quality of electric power, the system transient

Distributed generation shows frequent use of steam turbines as a primary machine to produce electricity. Such units have increased considerably due to a restructuring of the

Most of the process of converting thermal energy into electrical energy occurs in the steam turbine. This is due to the numerous advantages of such turbines over other similar technologies. Among the main advantages stands the balanced construction, relatively high efficiency, few moving parts, ease of maintenance, and availability in large sizes. The industries that typically employ the technology of cogeneration are the sugar and ethanol,

Recently, special attention has been devoted to turbo-alternators under abnormal conditions of operation of the electrical system concerning the frequency (over or under frequency). In particular, major research efforts have been spent with the main aim of assessing the possible damage they are subjected to the steam turbine when in operation under conditions of prolonged under frequency, during a severe overload condition imposed on the system

Contingencies common to the distribution of electricity systems can cause serious damage to the generators installed in parallel to the network as well as steam turbines responsible for providing mechanical power to their axis. Thus, it is necessary to assess the possible impacts of steam turbines of the IP (independent producer) electrical machinery in system abnormal

stabilty and lifetime of the blades of steam turbines (Moura et al.,2011).

the pulp and paper and oil refining (Anderson & Fouad, 2003).

when occurring a deficit of generation (Kundur, 1994).

**1. Introduction** 

energy sector worldwide.

operating conditions.

modelling results of open-loop fuel reforming. *International Journal Hydrogen Energy*, Vol.30, No.15, (December 2005), pp. 1583–1594, ISSN 0360-3199

