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**12** 

*Indonesia* 

**The Separation of Tritium** 

Poppy Intan Tjahaja and Putu Sukmabuana *Nuclear Technology Center for Materials and Radiometry, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia, Bandung* 

**Radionuclide from Environmental** 

**Samples by Distillation Technique** 

Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen which emit beta particles in energy range of 5 – 18,6 keV, and has relatively long half life of 12.3 years. In the environment, tiritum is originated both from the nature and human activities. Naturally, tritium is produced in the atmosphere by interaction of cosmic rays with the nuclei of atoms present in the air, and estimated to contribute the annual effective dose equivalent about 0.01 μSv (United Nation, 1988). The other natural sources of tritium are nuclear reactions in earth's crust and environmental materials. The sources of tritium in the environment relating to human activities, includes atmospheric nuclear testing, continuous tritium release from nuclear reactor under normal operation or accident, and incidental release from consumer products such as paint, watch materials, and other fluoresence goods (Glastone & Jordan, 1980; Puhankainen & Heikkinen, 2007). The food, drink and the use of such products can cause tritium contamination to the human body (Konig, 1990) and contribute the internal radiation doses to the tissues since tritium is

As tritium in the environment possibly contaminates human, the measurement of tritium content in environmental materials as well as in human body samples is needed to be conducted to evaluate the tritium β radiation doses probably received by the body. Unfortunately, β radiation from tritium is not so simple to be determined without sample preparation for separating tritium from the sample bulk. Since tritium is a hydrogen isotope, it is possible to take tritium out from the samples as tritiated water molecule lead to an easy

Distillation technique has been choosen as a simplest technique to be used in tritium separation from the environmental samples. Some distillation techniques have been developed to take the tritium out from various environmental material including air, water,

This chapter describes the developed distillation technique applied in environmental tritium analysis. The performance of the developed distillation techniques in tritium separation

from the environmental samples are discussed based on the experimental test.

**1. Introduction** 

distributed to the whole body (Trivedi et al., 2000).

measurement using liquid scintillation counting (LSC) method.

soil, plants, and biological materials such as human urine.

