**4.1 Terminological ontology**

In a terminological ontology categories need not be fully specified by axioms and definitions. An example of a terminological ontology is WordNet [15], whose categories are partially specified by relations such as subtype-supertype or part-whole, which determine the relative positions of the concepts with respect to one another but do not completely define them.

For this purpose; information in WordNet is organized around logical groupings called synsets. Each synset consists of a list of synonymous words or collocations, and pointers that describe the relations between this synset and other synsets. Two kinds of relations are represented by pointers: lexical and semantic. Lexical relations hold between semantically related word forms; semantic relations hold between word meanings.

Formal concept analysis approach is adopted for the terminological ontology construction. Formal background is constructed based on the concept of commitment order linked to other concepts. In the formal background, the object is one document concerning the information for supplier or beneficiary and the properties are the ontology concepts. The concepts and classification relationships between concepts are structured in the form of concept trees and translated into ontology.

Commitment and order are **direct antonyms**, a pair of words between which there is an associative bond resulting from their frequent co-occurrence. Commitment order can also be considered as a **holonym (Y** is a holonym of **X** if **X** is a part of **Y). A meronym** is the name of a constituent part of, the substance of, or a member of something **(X** is a meronym of **Y** if **X**  is a part of **Y).** So, all proprieties in this document are meronyms **(**except commitment order which is a holonym**).**

Regarding the State budget management, the commitment order in the information for the supplier or beneficiary document appears every time a nature of voucher is indicated. They are three boxes with the words "Nature of document".


The supplier shall:

1. Fill the order specified on the commitment order or documents attached thereto. Commitment order or any other orders should not be filled unless they are accompanied by a certificate of indebtedness.

Only the Certificate of indebtedness commits the state and makes settlement possible.

Running: A Mixed Language Software

Fig. 1. Terminological ontology

**4.2 Prototype-based ontology** 

following recursive procedure:

subcategories *s*1,...,*sn*.

classified by some subcategory of *si*.

possible with the given selection of prototypes.

logic [16].

as an e-Learning Solution for the State Budget Management 263

A prototype-based ontology is described as a terminological ontology whose categories are distinguished by typical instances or *prototypes* rather than by axioms and definitions in

For every category *c* in a prototype-based ontology, there must be a prototype *p* and a measure of *semantic distance* d(*x, y, c*), which computes the dissimilarity between two entities *x* and *y* when they are considered instances of *c*. Then an entity *x* can be classified by the

Suppose that *x* has already been classified as an instance of some category *c*, which has

 If *c* has no subcategories or if d(*x, pi , c*) has no unique minimum for any *si*, then the classification procedure stops with *x* as an instance of *c*, since no finer classification is

 For each subcategory *si* with prototype *pi*, measure the semantic distance d(*x, pi, c*). If d(*x, pi , c*) has a unique minimum value for some subcategory *si*, then classify *x* as an instance of *si*, and call the procedure recursively to determine whether *x* can be further

	- a. The Certificate of indebtedness the following information the amount invoiced the method of settlement requested references of attached invoices.
	- b. An original and a duplicate of the invoice(s) for which settlement is being requested.
	- c. The yellow duplicate of the commitment order (the supplier should keep as proof the rein original of the commitment order).
	- d. For contracts: a registered copy of the contract.

If the order is to be continued, the supplier should receive a new certificate of indebtedness with which to invoice subsequent order, in which case points (a) and (b) above should be observed.

The certificate of indebtedness should accompany the advice of settlement for the previous orders filled.


It is in beneficiary's interest to ensure that the amount and method of settlement shown on the advice of settlement are consistent with the information he supplied on the certificate of indebtedness.

Where the need arises, he should contact the treasury sub-department of expenditure


In the event of total cancellation, the order should not be filled at all, no settlement can be made.

Where the cancellation is partial, the advice of cancellation should be accompanied by a new certificate of indebtedness showing only the amount corresponding to that part of the initial commitment that has not been cancelled.

In either case, the supplier or beneficiary should be sure to contract the issuing service

If that was not done at the time cancellation procedure were initiated.

A methodology based on Mind Maps captures all and only the knowledge we need for a scope of the commitment order. The borders among proprieties are traced by the tree branches and eliminate synonyms not in the lexical sense but in the semantic sense. The ontology model avoids the management of conflicting knowledge as a terminological issue.

A good Mind Map shows the "shape" of the subject, the relative importance of individual points, and the way in which facts relate to one another. A complete Mind Map may have main topic lines radiating in all directions from the center. Sub-topics and facts will branch off these, like branches and twigs from the trunk of a tree. The title of the subject explored is written in the center of the page (Commitment order in Figure1)

b. An original and a duplicate of the invoice(s) for which settlement is being

c. The yellow duplicate of the commitment order (the supplier should keep as proof

If the order is to be continued, the supplier should receive a new certificate of indebtedness with which to invoice subsequent order, in which case points (a) and (b) above should be

The certificate of indebtedness should accompany the advice of settlement for the previous


It is in beneficiary's interest to ensure that the amount and method of settlement shown on the advice of settlement are consistent with the information he supplied on the certificate of


In the event of total cancellation, the order should not be filled at all, no settlement can be

Where the cancellation is partial, the advice of cancellation should be accompanied by a new certificate of indebtedness showing only the amount corresponding to that part of the initial

A methodology based on Mind Maps captures all and only the knowledge we need for a scope of the commitment order. The borders among proprieties are traced by the tree branches and eliminate synonyms not in the lexical sense but in the semantic sense. The ontology model avoids the management of conflicting knowledge as a terminological issue. A good Mind Map shows the "shape" of the subject, the relative importance of individual points, and the way in which facts relate to one another. A complete Mind Map may have main topic lines radiating in all directions from the center. Sub-topics and facts will branch off these, like branches and twigs from the trunk of a tree. The title of the subject explored is

In either case, the supplier or beneficiary should be sure to contract the issuing service

If that was not done at the time cancellation procedure were initiated.

written in the center of the page (Commitment order in Figure1)

Where the need arises, he should contact the treasury sub-department of expenditure

2. After filling the order forward to issuing service indicated on the document a. The Certificate of indebtedness the following information

the amount invoiced

requested.

effected settlement.

order wholly or in part.

commitment that has not been cancelled.

observed.

orders filled.

indebtedness.

made.

the method of settlement requested references of attached invoices.

the rein original of the commitment order). d. For contracts: a registered copy of the contract.

Fig. 1. Terminological ontology
