**1. Introduction**

Governments' attitude relevant to financial information systems consists to computerize systems, following sectors of activities which give name to computer applications such that:


254 Emerging Informatics – Innovative Concepts and Applications

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Otherwise, research has shown that, for technology to be effective tool in the learning process, three conditions must be met. (1) there needs to be high-quality content that is relevant to the learning needs of the students and to the education system of the country; (2) teachers must be trained to integrate the new digital resources into their teaching practices; (3) technical support must be readily available to address any problems that arise [1].

In the State budget management a Government in achieving the objectives outlined in the finance law, undertakes at least two key activities which are to [2]:


In open source software development, many issues are solved by integrating the users of the software in the development process, or even letting these users build the system themselves. Education requirements in languages training can be derived from software engineering. If the application is fully bilingual, it must provide the ability to receive the data in the two languages without showing a preference for either language. For us, we admit that these languages are French and English. So the interface to the data provider allows for the selection of available data in both French and English. Whenever both French and English are used on the same page, the language of each passage of text is indicated.

Running: A Mixed Language Software

This involves the following basic steps:

*Identifying the strings to be translated* 

controls used in each project.

*Specifying the languages to be supported*

*Translating the strings into each language*

 The strings can be edited in the table. The strings are stored in a project database.

**2.2 User Interface in bilingual software** 

Basic Editor.

separate tables.

the application [10].

1. Identifying the strings to be translated. 2. Specifying the languages to be supported. 3. Translating the strings into each language.

The Multi-Language Add-In supports these steps as follows:

the text properties which require translation.

Additional languages are added using a simple dialog.

translation.

as an e-Learning Solution for the State Budget Management 257

than one language. This is why the language choice is an acquired. One has to remember about many different things, such as time/date format, money symbol and a lot of other things. But even translation interface used to be very difficult task because most programming environments lack usable tools for it. For example, in Visual C++ to create multilingual software one has to manually translate \*.rc file and then after every change to resources, one has to manually retranslate \*.rc file. Even languages that were designed with creating multilingual software in mind, such as Java and .NET, there are no built-in tools for

In this regard, the Multi-Language Add-In for Visual Basic 6 provides a general solution for creating and maintaining Visual-Basic projects with support for multiple languages [9].

The Add-In scans the controls on all Forms, UserControls and UserDocuments to find

 The relevant properties are defined in a Controls Database. This database already supports most commonly used controls and can easily be extended to support any other

 The Add-In scans program code for strings which may require translation. The strings are displayed in a table where are selected the strings which require translation. When a line is selected in the table, the corresponding line is displayed in the Visual

When Multi-Language support is added to a project, the original language is specified.

The strings from controls and the strings from source code are displayed in two

Bilingual software must support and facilitate the entry of data from users and collection of data from other systems and sources in both French and English for instance. The data held, managed and processed by a software application is usually derived from inputs external to

In each table, there is a row for each string and a column for each language.

Electronic learning (e-learning) is a concept where teaching programmes conceived elsewhere are presented on the Web, under the supervision of a lecturer. Lessons organised in chapters are proposed on the Web. The lecturer must follow the sequential presentation of the material. The domains of application include the learning of a new language [3]. Consequently the user can learn either French or English with the described system.

We consider that the current system is partially bilingual. We assure that there is not a need of standard for the data interface and that the e-Government agreement is not relevant. The mixed language content is visible on buttons as well as in the texts.

An electronic issue management system, alternatively known as a help desk system, refers to a computer application that can be used to electronically automate the process of managing business issues, including problems, defects, tasks, changes or new requests. The difficulties found in using such a system are often from the lack of expertise to resolve the issues that are stored by the system. Ontology and case-based reasoning are suited to better provide structured information and enable the capturing of tacit knowledge of experts of the domain [4], [5].

An informal ontology may be specified by a catalog of types that are either undefined or defined only by statements in a natural language. A formal ontology which can be compared to a terminological ontology is specified by a collection of names for concept and relation types organized in a partial ordering by the type-subtype relation [6], [7]. A formal ontology is further distinguished by the way the subtypes are distinguished from their super-types: an *axiomatic ontology* distinguishes subtypes by axioms and definitions stated in a formal language, such as logic or some computer-oriented notation that can be translated to logic; a *prototype-based ontology* distinguishes subtypes by a comparison with a typical member or *prototype* for each subtype.

We use both terminological and prototype-based ontology to conceptualize translation issues as far as the State management budget is concerned. We implement all this in a casebased reasoning (CBR) system. Several issues in knowledge representation and ontology are closely related to CBR due to the fact that CBR is richer not only in the complexity of casebase design but also in the background of knowledge representation

The chapter is organized as followings. After the introduction, the first section talks about multilingual and bilingual software. The way bilingual software can maintain interface in two languages is underlined. Mind mapping is considered as a translation technique. The second section presents the mechanisms surrounding the preparation and execution of the State budget. The third section is dedicated to different ontology models required for the system. The fourth section presents case-based reasoning (CBR), a technique in artificial intelligence field conducive to learning. CBR is associated with the prototype-based ontology to solve language translation problems. The fifth section describes RUNNING application through variety of functionalities. The sixth section shows some results of the system about State revenue and expenditure. Finally, the chapter is concluded with perspectives expected.
