**2. Bilingual software**

### **2.1 Multilingual software**

Writing multilingual software has never been easy {8]. Translating user interface is only half of the task. It is mandatory for user satisfaction. The screen must not contain text in more

Electronic learning (e-learning) is a concept where teaching programmes conceived elsewhere are presented on the Web, under the supervision of a lecturer. Lessons organised in chapters are proposed on the Web. The lecturer must follow the sequential presentation of the material. The domains of application include the learning of a new language [3].

We consider that the current system is partially bilingual. We assure that there is not a need of standard for the data interface and that the e-Government agreement is not relevant. The

An electronic issue management system, alternatively known as a help desk system, refers to a computer application that can be used to electronically automate the process of managing business issues, including problems, defects, tasks, changes or new requests. The difficulties found in using such a system are often from the lack of expertise to resolve the issues that are stored by the system. Ontology and case-based reasoning are suited to better provide structured information and enable the capturing of tacit knowledge of experts of the domain [4], [5].

An informal ontology may be specified by a catalog of types that are either undefined or defined only by statements in a natural language. A formal ontology which can be compared to a terminological ontology is specified by a collection of names for concept and relation types organized in a partial ordering by the type-subtype relation [6], [7]. A formal ontology is further distinguished by the way the subtypes are distinguished from their super-types: an *axiomatic ontology* distinguishes subtypes by axioms and definitions stated in a formal language, such as logic or some computer-oriented notation that can be translated to logic; a *prototype-based ontology* distinguishes subtypes by a comparison with a

We use both terminological and prototype-based ontology to conceptualize translation issues as far as the State management budget is concerned. We implement all this in a casebased reasoning (CBR) system. Several issues in knowledge representation and ontology are closely related to CBR due to the fact that CBR is richer not only in the complexity of case-

The chapter is organized as followings. After the introduction, the first section talks about multilingual and bilingual software. The way bilingual software can maintain interface in two languages is underlined. Mind mapping is considered as a translation technique. The second section presents the mechanisms surrounding the preparation and execution of the State budget. The third section is dedicated to different ontology models required for the system. The fourth section presents case-based reasoning (CBR), a technique in artificial intelligence field conducive to learning. CBR is associated with the prototype-based ontology to solve language translation problems. The fifth section describes RUNNING application through variety of functionalities. The sixth section shows some results of the system about State revenue and expenditure. Finally, the chapter is concluded with

Writing multilingual software has never been easy {8]. Translating user interface is only half of the task. It is mandatory for user satisfaction. The screen must not contain text in more

Consequently the user can learn either French or English with the described system.

mixed language content is visible on buttons as well as in the texts.

base design but also in the background of knowledge representation

typical member or *prototype* for each subtype.

perspectives expected.

**2. Bilingual software 2.1 Multilingual software**  than one language. This is why the language choice is an acquired. One has to remember about many different things, such as time/date format, money symbol and a lot of other things. But even translation interface used to be very difficult task because most programming environments lack usable tools for it. For example, in Visual C++ to create multilingual software one has to manually translate \*.rc file and then after every change to resources, one has to manually retranslate \*.rc file. Even languages that were designed with creating multilingual software in mind, such as Java and .NET, there are no built-in tools for translation.

In this regard, the Multi-Language Add-In for Visual Basic 6 provides a general solution for creating and maintaining Visual-Basic projects with support for multiple languages [9].

This involves the following basic steps:


The Multi-Language Add-In supports these steps as follows:

#### *Identifying the strings to be translated*


#### *Specifying the languages to be supported*


#### *Translating the strings into each language*


#### **2.2 User Interface in bilingual software**

Bilingual software must support and facilitate the entry of data from users and collection of data from other systems and sources in both French and English for instance. The data held, managed and processed by a software application is usually derived from inputs external to the application [10].

Running: A Mixed Language Software

advantage with tips like:


trying to remember.

remembering terminology is necessary.

**3. State budget process** 

**3.2 Preparation of the budget** 

as an e-Learning Solution for the State Budget Management 259

Memory is more than recalling information for exams or trivial games. It's an important work skill that users can develop and improve, because the ability to remember is a major

Mind maps (also called concept maps or memory maps) are an effective way to link ideas

Mind mapping tends to focus on remembering facts and details. Consequently, memorizing correct responses is more important than understanding the concept. Mind mapping is a note-taking technique that records information in a way that shows how various pieces of information fit together. There's a lot of truth in the saying "A picture speaks a thousand words", and mind maps create an easily-remembered "picture" of the information on is

This technique is very useful to summarize and combine information from a variety of sources. It also allows thinking about complex problems in an organized manner, and then

The mind map itself is a useful end product. Nevertheless, the process of creating the map is just as helpful for the memory. Since languages translators does not have mind, if their support tools are associated with mind mapping a new approach can be defined to implement language translation assistants for some domain of activities. In particular

Preparation of the Government's annual budget is the responsibility of the staff of the General Direction of Budget. The execution and implementation of the budget is an on-

At the end of a fiscal year, the Budget team reviews the financial data for each ministry and program. This analysis provides important insights into how State Government raises revenue and spends money. Generally these insights lead to assist the development of the

Following ministerial responses to credits requirements, the Budget team prepares the ministry's recommended budget proposal. A document filled at this occasion is sent back by

*However in general, professional translators are characterized by a lack of mind*.

and concepts in human brain, and then "see" the connections firsthand [12].

presents findings in a way that shows the details as well as the big picture.

going annual cycle comprised of the following highlights [13].

**3.1 Financial analysis of actual and projected expenditure** 

Government's budget proposal for the coming fiscal year.

the branch ministries to the ministry of Finance.



Where a manual user interface is used to enter data, this interface should allow for the entry of all language-sensitive items in both languages. To achieve this, data entry fields can either be placed in parallel or sequentially on the same area of the interface or they can be arranged in different places, but linked to the same interface state.

Placing the data entry fields for each language on the same page is more straightforward for the user, making the requirement to enter both languages more explicit. Where the data entry fields for each language are placed separately, it is important that they occur within the same user 'state' where the user should be expected to enter data for both languages before progressing to the next step in their interaction with the application. One language is given prominence and should be the preferred language for the user.

In general, bilingual software applications ensure equal treatment of all languages and encourage entry of data for all supported languages. Since data isn't always available in both languages, it is important for a software application to allow users to enter data in a single language. However, there is the potential for users to neglect to enter data in the alternate language, even when it is available and the software application discourages this. Where the layout of the interface doesn't make it completely clear and evident that there is the capability to enter both languages, indicators must be located alongside those fields that require bilingual entry. Ideally, this indicator can also provide a link to where the equivalent data entry field in the alternate language is located.

Ideally, all data are held in both languages, with a full bilingual dimension. However the reality is that some data might be available in one language and not the other. The system is then partially bilingual. The design of the data search capability must be such that the user is provided with the maximum flexibility in how to search, what language to use for the search and what data to search.

### **2.3 Languages translation and mind mapping**

On a very early stage of studying a language, students first check the words in a dictionary, they try then to link them together, often consult grammar books. However, once there is advance in studies, the process of getting the words' meanings and the process of reconstructing the sentence into the target language comes automatically and naturally together and this perhaps constitutes the difference between a language learner and a translator.

Professional translators work with more than words: they translate concepts as well [11]. This may mean that the sentence structure will differ greatly from the original text, and the entire vocabulary may differ from "dictionary" definitions, depending upon the register of the text. Sometimes a single sentence may be translated as two sentences, or two sentences may be combined into one. During the course of revision, sentence structure may be changed, and the translator may even come up with more effective ways of expressing concepts contained in the text

Translation techniques depend of what kind of texts to translate. If it is a legal or engineering text then terminology (words) is more important, then perhaps translating literally on first draft is satisfactory, but not desirable either. If it is an economic or a financial text, then this method will not work as it is first necessary to summarize the meaning of the whole text, not just the words or indeed the sentences.

#### *However in general, professional translators are characterized by a lack of mind*.

Memory is more than recalling information for exams or trivial games. It's an important work skill that users can develop and improve, because the ability to remember is a major advantage with tips like:


258 Emerging Informatics – Innovative Concepts and Applications

Where a manual user interface is used to enter data, this interface should allow for the entry of all language-sensitive items in both languages. To achieve this, data entry fields can either be placed in parallel or sequentially on the same area of the interface or they can be

Placing the data entry fields for each language on the same page is more straightforward for the user, making the requirement to enter both languages more explicit. Where the data entry fields for each language are placed separately, it is important that they occur within the same user 'state' where the user should be expected to enter data for both languages before progressing to the next step in their interaction with the application. One language is

In general, bilingual software applications ensure equal treatment of all languages and encourage entry of data for all supported languages. Since data isn't always available in both languages, it is important for a software application to allow users to enter data in a single language. However, there is the potential for users to neglect to enter data in the alternate language, even when it is available and the software application discourages this. Where the layout of the interface doesn't make it completely clear and evident that there is the capability to enter both languages, indicators must be located alongside those fields that require bilingual entry. Ideally, this indicator can also provide a link to where the equivalent

Ideally, all data are held in both languages, with a full bilingual dimension. However the reality is that some data might be available in one language and not the other. The system is then partially bilingual. The design of the data search capability must be such that the user is provided with the maximum flexibility in how to search, what language to use for the

On a very early stage of studying a language, students first check the words in a dictionary, they try then to link them together, often consult grammar books. However, once there is advance in studies, the process of getting the words' meanings and the process of reconstructing the sentence into the target language comes automatically and naturally together and this perhaps constitutes the difference between a language learner and a translator.

Professional translators work with more than words: they translate concepts as well [11]. This may mean that the sentence structure will differ greatly from the original text, and the entire vocabulary may differ from "dictionary" definitions, depending upon the register of the text. Sometimes a single sentence may be translated as two sentences, or two sentences may be combined into one. During the course of revision, sentence structure may be changed, and the translator may even come up with more effective ways of expressing

Translation techniques depend of what kind of texts to translate. If it is a legal or engineering text then terminology (words) is more important, then perhaps translating literally on first draft is satisfactory, but not desirable either. If it is an economic or a financial text, then this method will not work as it is first necessary to summarize the

meaning of the whole text, not just the words or indeed the sentences.

arranged in different places, but linked to the same interface state.

given prominence and should be the preferred language for the user.

data entry field in the alternate language is located.

**2.3 Languages translation and mind mapping** 

search and what data to search.

concepts contained in the text

Mind maps (also called concept maps or memory maps) are an effective way to link ideas and concepts in human brain, and then "see" the connections firsthand [12].

Mind mapping tends to focus on remembering facts and details. Consequently, memorizing correct responses is more important than understanding the concept. Mind mapping is a note-taking technique that records information in a way that shows how various pieces of information fit together. There's a lot of truth in the saying "A picture speaks a thousand words", and mind maps create an easily-remembered "picture" of the information on is trying to remember.

This technique is very useful to summarize and combine information from a variety of sources. It also allows thinking about complex problems in an organized manner, and then presents findings in a way that shows the details as well as the big picture.

The mind map itself is a useful end product. Nevertheless, the process of creating the map is just as helpful for the memory. Since languages translators does not have mind, if their support tools are associated with mind mapping a new approach can be defined to implement language translation assistants for some domain of activities. In particular remembering terminology is necessary.
