**5. References**


**13** 

*Mexico* 

**Authentication of Script Format Documents** 

Mario Gonzalez-Lee, Mariko Nakano-Miyatake and Hector Perez-Meana

The electronic document authentication is a subject of active research because, with the release of very efficient program for documents, images and video processing, the manipulation of such digital content becomes easier. Then, the development of efficient methods allowing the protection of sensitive digital material, avoiding unauthorized manipulations, without degradation of the original materials is a very important task that has found application in the solution of many practical problems in the financial, banking,

Thus digital content authentication and protection algorithms, for using in several practical applications, have been proposed during the last decade some of them use fragile or semifragile watermarking algorithm, fingerprints for document leakage investigations and

Most of these schemes consider the document to be protected as an image, without taking in account that in a more natural scenario, a digital document is in fact stored using an electronic format such as PDF, postscript and word files, etc., especially with the increasing

This chapter presents an authentication scheme for script format digital documents using watermarking techniques that are capable to achieve an accurate verification that makes possible to detect malicious and unauthorized documents manipulations. The remaining of this chapter is organized as follows, first, a review of similar works for document watermarking, followed by detailed background in sections 2 and 3, then, the document watermarking approach is presented in section 4, the results are presented in section 5 and finally some conclusions where the main achievements of this watermarking approach will

Several schemes have been developed to authenticate digital documents which embed invisible watermark into digital documents, most of them considering the digital documents as binary images. Yang and Kot proposed a document authentication scheme, in which an authentication code is embedded by changing the spaces size between consecutive words

be discussed, and in the end, the references used in this chapter are listed.

insurances, legal, and Government fields, among others.

robust watermark for copyright protection.

use of digital signatures.

**1.1 Previous works** 

**1. Introduction** 

**Using Watermarking Techniques** 

*National Politechnics Institute,* 


http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/Ramdisk/ramdisk.html

