**5. What/where/which episodic-like memory**

In an attempt to avoid some of the confounds and problems involved in demonstrating "when" memory, Eacott and Norman (2004) used *context* to replace time as the "when" component of episodic-like memory, which broadens the definition of episodic-like memory to include integration of the "what, where, and *which*" details of an event. They argue that the function of the "when" aspect of episodic memory is simply to mark an event as being unique. Therefore, requiring animals to remember the discrete time at which an event occurred (e.g., 1 hour ago or 24 hours ago) is the same as having animals discriminate the context in which an event occurred (e.g., white-walled room vs. black-walled room; Eacott & Gaffan, 2005; Eacott & Norman 2004;). Either chronological time or context can serve as the reference point that identifies a specific event and allows it to be recalled. This idea is further supported by the fact that time does not appear to be an essential part of human episodic memory. Humans tend to use background cues that are present during an event, rather than time, to distinguish it from other similar events (Friedman, 1993).
