**6. Acknowledgements**

We would like to thank Drew Rutherford, Alexandra Skogen, Brandon Bernardin, and Stephanie Ehle for their assistance with data collection and analysis. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation grant No. 0916119.

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**9** 

*1,2Malaysia 3Indonesia* 

**Ergonomics Design Criteria of a** 

*1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang Pekan, Pahang 2Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Department of Engineering Design and* 

Virtual environment (VE) can be defined as a computer generated three dimensional model environment; in which a user feels as if he/she is present in it and the user can interact intuitively with objects contained within it (Wilson, 1999). While being advantageous in experiencing new environment without having to build the real thing, the experience comes with some side effect for some. When interacting with VE through output and input devices, it has been reported that some users experienced negative side effects by being immersed into the graphically rendered virtual worlds. One of side effect is known as cyber sickness i.e. especially affecting the vision (Stanney *et all*, 1998; Barret, 2004). Stanney *et all* (1998) further mentioned that for VEs to be effective and well received by their users; while avoiding unwanted side effect, human being's limitation needs to be considered during the VE design stage. It is highly essential to ensure that advances in VE technology will not be at

Ergonomics is a branch of science that is concerned with the achievement of optimal relationship between workers and their work environment (Tayyari, F. and Smith, J.L., 1997). Since human being's limitation is crucial in the design process of a virtual environment, implementation of ergonomics will bring about an optimal VE experience for users. Good design incorporating ergonomics consideration will enhance the communication between the user and the virtual world. Since several ergonomic factors contribute to good VE design, there is a need to investigate what are the critical ergonomics

Most ergonomics researches are related to the ergonomic design criteria of human computer interaction. They are focused on physical ergonomics such as visual display terminal (VDT). Stewart, T. (1995) exhibited the importance of ergonomics standards for computer equipment (IS0 9241), and the necessity in understanding how to use them when selecting

**1. Introduction** 

design criteria.

the expense of human well being.

*Manufacture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 3Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology,* 

**Virtual Environment** 

Zahari Taha1, Hartomo Soewardi2,3,

*Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta* 

Siti Zawiah2 and Aznijar Ahmad-Yazid2

