Preface

VI Contents

Chapter 8 **Biomarkers and Therapeutic**

Chapter 9 **A Comparison of Biomarker and** 

Chapter 10 **8-Nitroguanine,** 

Brian T. Luke and Jack R. Collins

**a Potential Biomarker to Evaluate** 

Yusuke Hiraku and Shosuke Kawanishi

Chapter 12 **Salivary Hormones, Immunes and Other Secretory** 

Mollie McWhorter and Mark L. Parrish

**Cancer Biomarker TPA 295**  Flemming Lund, György Sölétormos,

**Biomarkers to Evaluate the** 

**Specific Proteins in Serum:** 

Weirong Guo and Jian Yuan

Chapter 16 **The Discovery of Cancer Tissue** 

Chapter 17 **Serum Peptidomics 261** 

Chapter 11 **Profiling of Endogenous Peptides by** 

Shusaku Nomura

Chapter 13 **Novel Tissue Types for the** 

Chapter 15 **Using miRNA as** 

**Drug Monitoring in Psychiatry 155** R. Lozano, R. Marin, A. Pascual,

MJ. Santacruz, A. Lozano and F. Sebastian

**Fingerprint-Based Classifiers of Disease 179**

**the Risk of Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis 201** Ning Ma, Mariko Murata, Shiho Ohnishi, Raynoo Thanan,

**Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography 225**  Egle Machtejeviene and Egidijus Machtejevas

**Substances as Possible Stress Biomarker 247**

**Development of Genomic Biomarkers 271**  Zinaida Sergueeva, Heather Collins, Sally Dow,

Chapter 14 **Computer Simulation Model System for Interpretation and**

Merete Frejstrup Pedersen and Per Hyltoft Petersen

Yueming Tang, Christopher B. Forsyth and Ali Keshavarzian

Kaihua Wei, Qingwei Ma, Yunbo Sun, Xiaoming Zhou,

**Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress 319** 

**Case Studies on Prostate Cancer 333**  Spiros D. Garbis and Paul A. Townsend

**Validation of Algorithms for Monitoring of Cancer Patients by Use of Serial Serum Concentrations of Biomarkers in the Follow-Up After Surgical Procedures and Other Treatments – A Computer Simulation Model System Based on the Breast** 

The impact of biomarkers in present day health care system, health management and healthy life is enormous. Clinicians need them for diagnosis, prognosis, effect of therapeutic intervention, and most importantly, for early detection of a disease. Pharmaceutical industries need them for new drug discovery and drug efficiency test. Regulatory authorities need them for testing toxicity and environmental impact. Epidemiologists need them for population screening and risk factor determination. In post genomic era biomarkers would have a huge impact in personalized medicine and personalized health management.

This scope of this book is not limited to just a few of the most important aspects of biomarkers but covers wide variety of subjects, from biomarkers cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. Chapters cover variety of aspects, from modern cell based technologies to molecular imaging; from drug discovery to critical care prognosis. A great amount of information is also devoted to bioinformatics and statistics. There is an enormous potential for commercial value of biomarkers. The global diagnostic market accounts for only 1-2% of government healthcare expense, however, it influences on 60-70% decisions in healthcare.

My sincere thanks go to all the contributors of this book who took the extra effort beyond their busy schedules. Last, but not least I would like to express my gratitude to the publishing group for their tireless support.

> **Tapan Kumar Khan, PhD**  Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, USA

**1** 

*United Kingdom* 

**MicroRNAs are Novel Biomarkers for** 

Muhammad Imran Aslam1,2, Maleene Patel1 2, Baljit Singh1,2,

*Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary,* 

*1Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester,* 

*2Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust,* 

**Incidence of Colorectal Cancer:** Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common neoplasm worldwide. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), approximately 1.24 million new cases of CRC were detected worldwide in 2008 (Ferlay, et al, 2008). It is the third most common cancer in men (10.0% of the total) and the second commonest in women (9.4% of the total) worldwide. IARC data have shown that more than half of all CRC cases occur in the developed regions of the world i.e. Europe, America and Japan (Ferlay, et al, 2008). In the European Union (EU27) alone 334,000 new cases of CRC were detected in 2008 and approximately 38,000 people were diagnosed with CRC in the UK alone (National UK Statistics). The incidence of CRC is on rise in Europe, particularly in southern and Eastern Europe, where rates were originally lower than in Western Europe (Coleman, et al, 1993 & Bray, et al, 2004). Contrary to the current trend in Europe, the incidence rate of CRC in the USA has fallen in the last two decades (NCI-SEER, 2006). Epidemiological studies have identified that a rapid trend of 'Westernization', with change in diet and life style has resulted in increased incidence rates of CRC in developing countries (Marchand, et al, 1999, Flood, et al, 2000, Boyle, et al, 2008, & Ferlay, et al, 2010). The occurrence of CRC is strongly related to age, with nearly 80% of cases arising in people who are 60 years or older, although there has been a recent increase in incidence in people younger than 60. The lifetime risk for developing CRC in men is 1 in 16 whereas in women it

The survival and prognosis of patients suffering from CRC depends on the stage of the tumour at time of detection. "Five year survival" significantly reduces from 93% for localized early cancerous lesions (Dukes A) to < 15% for advanced metastatic cancers (Dukes D). Unfortunately, approximately one third of patients with CRC have regional or distant spread of their disease at time of diagnosis (Ferlay, et al, 2008). Currently, bowel

**1. Introduction** 

is 1 in 20 (National Statistics, UK).

**2. The need for improved biomarkers** 

**Detection of Colorectal Cancer** 

John Stuart Jameson2 and James Howard Pringle1

*Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester,* 
