**7. References**

Afinowi, R., Tisdall, M., Keir, G., Smith, M., Kitchen, N., & Petzold, A. (2009). Improving the recovery of S100B protein in cerebral microdialysis: implications for multimodal monitoring in neurocritical care. *Journal of neuroscience methods*, 181, pp. 95-99.

Potential Muscle Biomarkers of Chronic Myalgia in Humans –

*applied physiology*, 98, pp. 534-540.

287-333.

2445.

350-360.

*J Appl Physiol*, 97, pp. 393-403.

*Neurol*, 391, pp. 78-86.

upper extremity, and low back.NIOSH: DHHS; 1997.

A Systematic Review of Microdialysis Studies 125

Bernard, BP. Musculosceletal disorders and workplace factors. In: A critical review of

Boix, F., Roe, C., Rosenborg, L., & Knardahl, S. (2005). Kinin peptides in human trapezius

Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., & Gallacher, D. (2006). Survey of chronic

Börsbo, B., Peolsson, M., & Gerdle, B. (2008). Catastrophizing, depression, and pain:

Cairns, BE., & Dong, X. (2008). The role of peripheral glutamate and glutamate receptors in

Cairns, BE., Hu, JW., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Sessle, BJ., & Svensson, P. (2001a). Sex-related

Cairns, BE., Sessle, BJ., & Hu, JW. (2001b). Characteristics of glutamate-evoked

Cairns, BE., Wang, K., Hu, JW., Sessle, BJ., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Svensson, P. (2003). The

Calignano, A., La Rana, G., Giuffrida, A., & Piomelli, D. (1998). Control of pain initiation by

Calixto, JB., Medeiros, R., Fernandes, ES., Ferreira, J., Cabrini, DA., & Campos, MM. (2004).

Clifford, PS., & Hellsten, Y. (2004). Vasodilatory mechanisms in contracting skeletal muscle.

Coggeshall, RE., & Carlton, SM. (1997). Receptor localization in the mammalian dorsal horn and primary afferent neurons. *Brain research Brain research reviews*, 24, pp. 28-66. Coggeshall, RE., & Carlton, SM. (1998). Ultrastructural analysis of NMDA, AMPA, and

Coutaux, A., Adam, F., Willer, JC., & Le Bars, D. (2005). Hyperalgesia and allodynia:

Couture, R., Harrisson, M., Vianna, RM., & Cloutier, F. (2001). Kinin receptors in pain and

Dahlin, A., Wetterhall, M., Caldwell, K., Larsson, A., Bergquist, J., Hillered, L., & Hjort, K.

Carlton, SM. (2001). Peripheral excitatory amino acids. *Curr Opin Pharmacol*, 1, pp. 52-56. Castrillon, EE., Ernberg, M., Cairns, BE., Wang, K., Sessle, BJ., Arendt-Nielsen, L., &

glutamate into the masseter muscle. *J Neurophysiol*, 86, pp. 782-789.

differs in men and women. *Journal of orofacial pain*, 17, pp. 317-325.

whiplash-associated disorders. *J Rehabil Med*, 40, pp. 562-569.

muscle pain. *J Musculoskelet Pain*, 16, pp. 85-91.

endogenous cannabinoids. *Nature* 394, pp. 277-281.

and painful processes. *Br J Pharmacol*, 143, pp. 803-818.

peripheral mechanisms. *Joint Bone Spine*, 72, pp. 359-371.

inflammation. *Eur J Pharmacol*, 429, pp. 161-176.

epidemiological evidence for work-related musculosceletal disorders of the neck,

muscle during sustained isometric contraction and their relation to pain. *Journal of* 

pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. *Eur J Pain*, 10, pp.

Correlation with and influence on quality of life and health – A study of chronic

differences in human pain and rat afferent discharge evoked by injection of

temporomandibular joint afferent activity in the rat. *J Neurophysiol*, 85, pp. 2446-

effect of glutamate-evoked masseter muscle pain on the human jaw-stretch reflex

Kinin B1 receptors: key G-protein-coupled receptors and their role in inflammatory

Svensson, P. (2010). Interstitial glutamate concentration is elevated in the masseter muscle of myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients. *J Orofac Pain*, 24, pp.

kainate receptors on unmyelinated and myelinated axons in the periphery. *J Comp* 

(2010 ). Methodological aspects on microdialysis protein sampling and


Agarwal, N., Pacher, P., Tegeder, I., Amaya, F., Constantin, CE., Brenner, GJ., Rubino, T.,

Alfredson, H. (2005). The chronic painful Achilles and patellar tendon: research on basic

Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Thorsen, K., & Lorentzon, R. (2001). In vivo microdialysis and

Alfredson, H., Ljung, BO., Thorsen, K., & Lorentzon, R. (2000). In vivo investigation of ECRB

Alonso, J., Angermeyer, MC., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, TS., Bryson, H., de

Apkarian, AV. (2008). Pain perception in relation to emotional learning. *Curr Opin Neurobiol*,

Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Graven-Nielsen, T. (2003). Central sensitization in fibromyalgia and other musculoskeletal disorders. *Current Pain and Headache Reports*, 7, pp. 355-361. Ashina, M., Stallknecht, B., Bendtsen, L., Pedersen, JF., Galbo, H., Dalgaard, P., & Olesen, J.

Ashina, M., Stallknecht, B., Bendtsen, L., Pedersen, JF., Schifter, S., Galbo, H., & Olesen, J.

Axelson, HW., Melberg, A., Ronquist, G., & Askmark, H. (2002). Microdialysis and

patients with chronic tension-type headache. *Cephalalgia*, 23, pp. 109-116. Asmundson, GJG., & Katz, J. (2009). Understanding the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders

and chronic pain: state-of-the-art. *Depress Anxiety*, 26, pp. 888-901.

patients with mitochondrial myopathy. *Muscle Nerve*, 26, pp. 520-526. Baliki, M., Schnitzer, T., Bauer, W., & Apkarian, A. (2011). Brain morphological Signatures

Bengtsson, A. (2002). Editorial, The muscle in fibromyalgia. *Rheumatol* 41, pp. 721-724. Bengtsson, A., Henriksson, KG., & Larsson, J. (1986). Muscle biopsy in primary

(2002). In vivo evidence of altered skeletal muscle blood flow in chronic tension-

(2003). Tender points are not sites of ongoing inflammation -in vivo evidence in

electromyography of experimental muscle fatigue in healthy volunteers and

fibromyalgia. Light-microscopical and histochemical findings. *Scand J Rheumatol*,

of glutamate in tennis elbow. *Acta Orthop Scand*, 71, pp. 475-479.

(ESEMeD) project. *Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl*, pp. 28-37.

type headache. *Brain*, 125, pp. 320-326.

for chronic Pain. *PLoS One*, 6, pp. e26010.

cannabinoid receptors in nociceptors. *Nat Neurosci*, 10, pp. 870-879.

Jumper's knee. *J Orthop Res*, 19, pp. 881-886.

252-259.

18, pp. 464-468.

15, pp. 1-6.

Michalski, CW., Marsicano, G., Monory, K., Mackie, K., Marian, C., Batkai, S., Parolaro, D., Fischer, MJ., Reeh, P., Kunos, G., Kress, M., Lutz, B., Woolf, CJ., & Kuner, R. (2007). Cannabinoids mediate analgesia largely via peripheral type 1

biology and treatment. *Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports*, 15, pp.

immunohistochemical analyses of tendon tissue demonstrated high amounts of free glutamate and glutamate NMDAR1 receptors, but no signs of inflammation, in

tendons with microdialysis technique--no signs of inflammation but high amounts

Girolamo, G., Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., Haro, JM., Katz, SJ., Kessler, RC., Kovess, V., Lepine, JP., Ormel, J., Polidori, G., Russo, LJ., Vilagut, G., Almansa, J., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S., Autonell, J., Bernal, M., Buist-Bouwman, MA., Codony, M., Domingo-Salvany, A., Ferrer, M., Joo, SS., Martinez-Alonso, M., Matschinger, H., Mazzi, F., Morgan, Z., Morosini, P., Palacin, C., Romera, B., Taub, N., & Vollebergh, WA. (2004). 12-Month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders


Potential Muscle Biomarkers of Chronic Myalgia in Humans –

*Lab Invest*, 70, pp. 478-486.

pp. 82-93.

pp. 83-86.

89, pp. 7-18.

pp. 455-459.

385-393.

549-561.

*(Lond)*, 558, pp. 5-30.

pain in humans. *Pain*, 69, pp. 137-143.

*odontologica Scandinavica*, 59, pp. 348-355.

A Systematic Review of Microdialysis Studies 127

Gerdle, B., Soderberg, K., Salvador Puigvert, L., Rosendal, L., & Larsson, B. (2010). Increased

Ghafouri, N., Ghafouri, B., Larsson, B., Turkina, M., Karlsson, L., Fowler, C., & Gerdle, B.

Giordano, J., & Rogers, LV. (1989). Peripherally administered serotonin 5-HT3 receptor

Gladden, LB. (2004). Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millenium. *J Physiol* 

Grachev, ID., Fredrickson, BE., & Apkarian, AV. (2000). Abnormal brain chemistry in

Graven-Nielsen, T., McArdle, A., Phoenix, J., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Jensen, TS., Jackson, MJ., &

Graven-Nielsen, T., & Mense, S. (2001). The peripheral apparatus of muscle pain: evidence

Green, S., Langberg, H., Skovgaard, D., Bulow, J., & Kjaer, M. (2000). Interstitial and arterial-

Hamrin, K., Rosdah, lH., Ungerstedt, U., & Henriksson, J. (2002 ). Microdialysis in human

Hedenberg-Magnusson, B., Ernberg, M., Alstergren, P., & Kopp, S. (2001). Pain mediation by

Heinricher, MM., Tavares, I., Leith, JL., & Lumb, BM. (2009). Descending control of nociception: Specificity, recruitment and plasticity. *Brain Res Rev*, 60, pp. 214-225. Helmy, A., Carpenter, KL., Skepper, JN., Kirkpatrick, PJ., Pickard, JD., & Hutchinson, PJ.

relation to muscle pain. *The Journal of physiology*, 529 Pt 3, pp. 849-861. Guez, M., Hildingsson, C., Nilsson, M., Toolanen, G., & Aug;():. (2002). The prevalence of

from animal and human studies. *Clin J Pain*, 17, pp. 2-10.

(11), pp e27257; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027257.

associated disorders (WAD) - A microdialysis study. *European Journal of Pain*, 12,

interstitial concentrations of pyruvate and lactate in the trapezius muscle of patients with fibromyalgia: a microdialysis study. *J Rehabil Med*, 42, pp. 679-687. Ghafouri, B., Larsson, BK., Sjors, A., Leandersson, P., & Gerdle, BU. (2010). Interstitial

concentration of serotonin is increased in myalgic human trapezius muscle during rest, repetitive work and mental stress - an in vivo microdialysis study. *Scand J Clin* 

(2011). High levels of N-palmitoylethanolamide and N-stearoylethanolamide in microdialysate samples from myalgic trapezius muscle in women. *PLOS One*, 6

antagonists reduce inflammatory pain in rats. *European journal of pharmacology*, 170,

chronic back pain: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. *Pain*,

Edwards, RH. (1997). In vivo model of muscle pain: quantification of intramuscular chemical, electrical, and pressure changes associated with saline-induced muscle

venous [K+] in human calf muscle during dynamic exercise: effect of ischaemia and

neck pain: a population-based study from northern Sweden. *Acta Orthop Scand*, 73,

skeletal muscle: effects of adding a colloid to the perfusate. *J Appl Physiol*, 92, pp.

prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 in the human masseter muscle. *Acta* 

(2009). Microdialysis of cytokines: methodological considerations, scanning electron microscopy, and determination of relative recovery. *J Neurotrauma*, 26, pp.

quantification in biological fluids: an in vitro study on human ventricular CSF. *Anal Chem*, 82, pp. 4376-4385.


Dersh, J., Gatchel, RJ., & Polatin, P. (2001). Chronic spinal disorders and psychopathology: research findings and theoretical considerations. *The Spine Journal*, 1, pp. 88-94. Ericsson, M., Poston, W., Linder, J., Taylor, J., Haddock, C., & Foreyt, J. ( 2002). Depression

Ernberg, M. Serotonergic Receptor involvement in Muscle pain and hyperalgesia. In: Fundamentals of Musculoskeltal Pain. 1th. Seattle: IASP Press; 2008; 139-153. Ernberg, M., Hedenberg-Magnusson, B., Alstergren, P., & Kopp, S. (1999). The level of

Ernberg, M., Hedenberg-Magnusson, B., Kurita, H., & Kopp, S. (2006). Effects of local

Flodgren, GM., Crenshaw, AG., Alfredson, H., Fahlstrom, M., Hellstrom, FB., Bronemo, L.,

Flodgren, GM., Crenshaw, AG., Hellstrom, F., & Fahlstrom, M. (2010). Combining

Flodgren, GM., Hellstrom, FB., Fahlstrom, M., & Crenshaw, AG. (2006). Effects of 30 versus

Gatchel, R., Peng, Y., Peters, M., Fuchs, P., & Turk, D. (2007). The biopsychosocial approach

Gazerani, P., Wang, K., Cairns, BE., Svensson, P., & Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2006). Effects of

Gerdle, B., Bjork, J., Coster, L., Henriksson, KG., Henriksson, C., & Bengtsson, A. (2008a).

Gerdle, B., Bjork, J., Henriksson, C., & Bengtsson, A. (2004). Prevalence of current and

Gerdle, B., Hilgenfeldt, U., Larsson, B., Kristiansen, J., Sogaard, K., & Rosendal, L. (2008b).

Gerdle, B., Lemming, D., Kristiansen, J., Larsson, B., Peolsson, M., & Rosendal, L. (2008c).

controls - A microdialysis study of women. *Pain*, 139, pp. 578-587.

*Chem*, 82, pp. 4376-4385.

*Life sciences*, 65, pp. 313-325.

*Biotechnol*, 2010, pp. 513803.

muscle. *J Orofac Pain*, 20, pp. 241-248.

microdialysis. *European journal of pain*, 9, pp. 511-515.

*European journal of applied physiology*, 97, pp. 557-565.

study. *Bmc Musculoskeletal Disorders*, 9, pp.

study. *Journal of Rheumatology*, 31, pp. 1399-1406.

responses in healthy men and women. *Pain*, 124, pp. 338-348.

340.

624.

quantification in biological fluids: an in vitro study on human ventricular CSF. *Anal* 

predicts disability in long-term chronic pain patients. *Disabil Rehabil*, 24, pp. 334-

serotonin in the superficial masseter muscle in relation to local pain and allodynia.

serotonin administration on pain and microcirculation in the human masseter

& Djupsjobacka, M. (2005). Glutamate and prostaglandin E2 in the trapezius muscle of female subjects with chronic muscle pain and controls determined by

microdialysis and near-infrared spectroscopy for studying effects of low-load repetitive work on the intramuscular chemistry in trapezius myalgia. *J Biomed* 

60 min of low-load work on intramuscular lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, prostaglandin E(2) and oxygenation in the trapezius muscle of healthy females.

to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. *Psychol Bull*, 133, pp. 581-

subcutaneous administration of glutamate on pain, sensitization and vasomotor

Prevalence of widespread pain and associations with work status: a population

chronic pain and their influences upon work and healthcare-seeking: A population

Bradykinin and kallidin levels in the trapezius muscle in patients with workrelated trapezius myalgia, in patients with whiplash associated pain, and in healthy

Biochemical alterations in the trapezius muscle of patients with chronic whiplash

associated disorders (WAD) - A microdialysis study. *European Journal of Pain*, 12, pp. 82-93.


Potential Muscle Biomarkers of Chronic Myalgia in Humans –

*Scand J Rheumatol*, 24, pp. 34-37.

in fibromyalgia. *Pain*, 120, pp. 161-169.

*Anxiety (1091-4269)*, 25, pp. 593-600.

In: Texbook of Pain, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2006; 49-72.

33, pp. S1-S2.

54, pp. 241-289.

419-425.

760-767.

120, pp. 3779-3787.

669.

A Systematic Review of Microdialysis Studies 129

Legrain, V., Iannetti, GD., Plaghki, L., & Mouraux, A. (2011). The pain matrix reloaded: a salience detection system for the body. *Prog Neurobiol*, 93, pp. 111-124. Levine, JD., & Reichling, DB. Peripheral mechanisms of inflammatory pain. In: Textbook of

Lidgren, L. (2008). Preface: Neck pain and the decade of the Bone and Joint 2000-2010. *Spine*,

Lindh, M., Johansson, G., Hedberg, M., Henning, GB., & Grimby, G. (1995). Muscle fiber

Linley, JE., Rose, K., Ooi, L., & Gamper, N. (2010). Understanding inflammatory pain: ion

McIver, KL., Evans, C., Kraus, RM., Ispas, L., Sciotti, VM., & Hickner, RC. (2006). NO-

McMahon, SB., Bennett, DLH., & Bevan, S. Inflammatory mediators and modulators of pain.

Means-Christensen, AJ., Roy-Byrne, PP., Sherbourne, CD., Craske, MG., & Stein, MB. (2008).

Mense, S. (1993). Nociception from skeletal muscle in relation to clinical muscle pain. *Pain*,

Mense, S. (2003). The pathogenesis of muscle pain. *Current pain and headache reports*, 7, pp.

Mense, S. (2009). Algesic agents exciting muscle nociceptors. *Exp Brain Res*, 196, pp. 89-100. Meyer, RA., Ringkamp, M., Campbell, JN., & Raja, SN. Peripheral mechanisms of cutaneous

Miller, KE., Hoffman, EM., Sutharshan, M., & Schechter, R. (2011). Glutamate pharmacology

Momin, A., & McNaughton, PA. (2009). Regulation of firing frequency in nociceptive neurons by pro-inflammatory mediators. *Exp Brain Res*, 196, pp. 45-52. Norrbom, J.Exercise and Regulation of Mithochondrial Biogenesis Factors in Human

Ocañez, KLS., Kathryn McHugh, R., & Otto, MW. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the

Ossipov, MH., Dussor, GO., & Porreca, F. (2010). Central modulation of pain. *J Clin Invest*,

Pace, MC., Mazzariello, L., Passavanti, MB., Sansone, P., Barbarisi, M., & Aurilio, C. (2006).

Pacher, P., Batkai, S., & Kunos, G. (2006). The endocannabinoid system as an emerging

Petersen-Felix, S., & Curatolo, M. (2002). Neuroplasticity--an important factor in acute and

and metabolism in peripheral primary afferents: physiological and

association between anxiety sensitivity and pain. *Depression and Anxiety*, 27, pp.

nociception. In: Textbook of Pain , 5th ed. Elsevier; 2006; 3-34.

pathophysiological mechanisms. *Pharmacol Ther*, 130, pp. 283-309.

Skeletal Muscle. Stockholm: Karolinska Institute; 2008; 61.

target of pharmacotherapy. *Pharmacol Rev*, 58, pp. 389-462.

Neurobiology of pain. *J Cell Physiol*, 209, pp. 8-12.

chronic pain. *Swiss Med Wkly*, 132, pp. 273-278.

characteristics, capillaries and enzymes in patients with fibromyalgia and controls.

channels contributing to acute and chronic nociception. *Pflugers Arch*, 459, pp. 657-

mediated alterations in skeletal muscle nutritive blood flow and lactate metabolism

Relationships among pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care. *Depression &* 

Pain, 4th ed.Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1999; 59-84.


Hudspith, MJ. (1997). Glutamate: a role in normal brain function, anaesthesia, analgesia and

Hunt, SP., & Mantyh, PW. Understanding the neurobiology of chronic pain: molecular and

Iannetti, GD., & Mouraux, A. (2010). From the neuromatrix to the pain matrix (and back).

Julien, N., Goffaux, P., Arsenault, P., & Marchand, S. (2005). Widespread pain in

Kim, TJ., Freml, L., Park, SS., & Brennan, TJ. (2007). Lactate concentrations in incisions

Kreiner, F., & Galbo, H. (2011). Elevated muscle interstitial levels of pain-inducing

Kreiner, F., Langberg, H., & Galbo, H. (2010). Increased muscle interstitial levels of

Larsson, B., Bjork, J., Henriksson, KG., Gerdle, B., & Lindman, R. (2000). The prevalences of

Larsson, B., Bjork, J., Kadi, F., Lindman, R., & Gerdle, B. (2004). Blood supply and oxidative

Larsson, B., Björk, J., Börsbo, B., & Gerdle, B. (in press). A systematic review of risk factors

Larsson, B., Rosendal, L., Kristiansen, J., Sjogaard, G., Sogaard, K., Ghafouri, B., Abdiu, A.,

Larsson, B., Sogaard, K., & Rosendal, L. (2007). Work related neck-shoulder pain: a review

Lee, MC., & Tracey, I. (2010). Unravelling the mystery of pain, suffering, and relief with

preventive interventions. *Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol*, 21, pp. 447-463. Lascelles, B., & Flecknell, P. (2010). Do animal models tell us about human pain? *Pain* 

brain imaging. *Curr Pain Headache Rep*, 14, pp. 124-131.

Kuner, R. (2010). Central mechanisms of pathological pain. *Nat Med*, 16, pp. 1258-1266. Langley, CK., Aziz, Q., Bountra, C., Gordon, N., Hawkins, P., Jones, A., Langley, G.,

a Focus on Alternatives workshop. *Neuroimage*, 42, pp. 467-473.

healthy controls. *Pain*, 84, pp. 379-387.

widespread pain. *Eur J Pain*, pp.

*Clinical Updates*, 18, pp. 1-6.

cellular biology. In: Pain 2002- An updated Review: Refresher Course

fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. *Pain*, 114, pp. 295-

indicate ischemic-like conditions may contribute to postoperative pain. *J Pain*, 8,

substances in symptomatic muscles in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. *Pain*,

inflammatory cytokines in polymyalgia rheumatica. *Arthritis Rheum*, 62, pp. 3768-

Nurmikko, T., & Tracey, I. (2008). Volunteer studies in pain research--opportunities and challenges to replace animal experiments: the report and recommendations of

cytochrome c oxidase negative and superpositive fibres and ragged-red fibres in the trapezius muscle of female cleaners with and without myalgia and of female

metabolism in muscle biopsies of female cleaners with and without myalgia. *Clin J* 

associated with transitioning from regional musculoskeletal pain to chronic

Kjaer, M., & Gerdle, B. (2008). Responses of algesic and metabolic substances to 8 h of repetitive manual work in myalgic human trapezius muscle. *Pain*, 140, pp. 479-

on magnitude, risk factors, biochemical characteristics, clinical picture and

CNS injury. *Br J Anaesth*, 78, pp. 731-747.

Syllabus.Seattle: IASP Press; 2002; 237-247.

*Exp Brain Res*, 205, pp. 1-12.

302.

3775.

490.

pp. 59-66.

152, pp. 1127-1132.

*Pain*, 20, pp. 440-446.


Potential Muscle Biomarkers of Chronic Myalgia in Humans –

A Systematic Review of Microdialysis Studies 131

Schmidt-Wilcke, T. (2008). Variations in brain volume and regional morphology associated

Schneider, GM., Smith, AD., Hooper, A., Stratford, P., Schneider, KJ., Westaway, MD.,

Schweinhardt, P., & Bushnell, MC. (2010). Pain imaging in health and disease--how far have

Shah, JP., Danoff, JV., Desai, MJ., Parikh, S., Nakamura, LY., Phillips, TM., & Gerber, LH.

Shah, JP., Phillips, TM., Danoff, JV., & Gerber, LH. (2005). An in vivo microanalytical

Sjogaard, G., Rosendal, L., Kristiansen, J., Blangsted, AK., Skotte, J., Larsson, B., Gerdle, B.,

Sofat, N., Ejindu, V., & Kiely, P. (2011). What makes osteoarthritis painful? The evidence for

Sommer, C. (2006). Is serotonin hyperalgesic or analgesic? *Curr Pain Headache Rep*, 10, pp.

Sommer, C., & Kress, M. (2004). Recent findings on how proinflammatory cytokines cause

Staud, R. (2010). Is it all central sensitization? Role of peripheral tissue nociception in chronic

Staud, R., Nagel, S., Robinson, ME., & Price, DD. (2009). Enhanced central pain processing of

Stewart, CE., & Rittweger, J. (2006). Adaptive processes in skeletal muscle: molecular regulators and genetic influences. *J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact*, 6, pp. 73-86. Sullivan, M., Thorn, B., Haythornthwaite, J., Keefe, FJ., Martin, M., Bradley, L., & Lefebvre, J.

Suzuki, R., Rygh, LJ., & Dickenson, AH. (2004). Bad news from the brain: descending 5-HT

Svensson, P., Cairns, BE., Wang, K., Hu, JW., Graven-Nielsen, T., Arendt-Nielsen, L., &

Svensson, P., Wang, K., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Cairns, BE., & Sessle, BJ. (2005). Pain effects of

Taiwo, YO., & Levine, JD. (1992). Serotonin is a directly-acting hyperalgesic agent in the rat.

pain: peripheral mechanisms in inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia.

fibromyalgia patients is maintained by muscle afferent input: a randomized,

(2001). Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain.

pathways that control spinal pain processing. *Trends Pharmacol Sci*, 25, pp. 613-617.

Sessle, BJ. (2003). Glutamate-evoked pain and mechanical allodynia in the human

glutamate injections into human jaw or neck muscles. *J Orofac Pain*, 19, pp. 109-118.

local and central pain processing. *Rheumatology (Oxford)*, pp. Sommer, C. (2004). Serotonin in pain and analgesia. *Mol Neurobiol*, 30, pp. 117-125.

musculoskeletal pain. *Curr Rheumatol Rep*, 12, pp. 448-454.

double-blind, placebo-controlled study. *Pain*, 145, pp. 96-104.

Frizzell, B., & Olson, L. (2010). Minimizing the source of nociception and its concurrent effect on sensory hypersensitivity: An exploratory study in chronic

(2008). Biochemicals associated with pain and inflammation are elevated in sites near to and remote from active myofascial trigger points. *Arch Phys Med Rehabil*, 89,

technique for measuring the local biochemical milieu of human skeletal muscle.

Saltin, B., & Sogaard, K. (2010). Muscle oxygenation and glycolysis in females with trapezius myalgia during stress and repetitive work using microdialysis and NIRS.

with chronic pain. *Curr Rheumatol Rep*, 10, pp. 467-474.

whiplash patients. *BMC Musculoskelet Disord*, 11, pp. 29.

we come? *J Clin Invest*, 120, pp. 3788-3797.

*Journal of applied physiology*, 99, pp. 1977-1984.

*Eur J Appl Physiol*, 108, pp. 657-669.

*Neuroscience Letters*, 361, pp. 184-187.

masseter muscle. *Pain*, 101, pp. 221-227.

*Clin J Pain*, 17, pp. 52-64.

*Neuroscience*, 48, pp. 485-490.

pp. 16-23.

101-106.


Philip, A., Macdonald, AL., & Watt, PW. (2005). Lactate - a signal coordnating cell and

Phillips, CJ. (2006). Economic burden of chronic pain. *Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res*,

Plock, N., & Kloft, C. (2005 ). Microdialysis--theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. *Eur J Pharm Sci*, 25, pp. 1-24. Porreca, F., Ossipov, MH., & Gebhart, GF. (2002). Chronic pain and medullary descending

Ptolemy, AS., & Rifai, N. (2010). What is a biomarker? Research investments and lack of

Punnett, L., & Wegman, DH. (2004). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: the epidemiologic evidence and the debate. *J Electromyogr Kinesiol*, 14, pp. 13-23. Reichling, DB., & Levine, JD. (2009). Critical role of nociceptor plasticity in chronic pain.

Ren, K., & Dubner, R. (2002). Descending modulation in persistent pain: an update. *Pain*,

Richardson, JD., Kilo, S., & Hargreaves, KM. (1998). Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesia and inflammation via interaction with peripheral CB1 receptors. *Pain*, 75, pp. 111-119. Riedel, W., & Neeck, G. (2001). Nociception, pain, and antinociception: current concepts. *Z* 

Robergs, RA., Ghiasvand, F., & Parker, D. (2004). Biochemistry of exercise-induced

Robinson, DA., & Zhuo, M. (2002). Genetic analysis of pain mechanisms. *Crit Rev Eukaryot* 

Rosendal, L., Blangsted, AK., Kristiansen, J., Sogaard, K., Langberg, H., Sjogaard, G., &

Rosendal, L., Kristiansen, J., Gerdle, B., Sogaard, K., Peolsson, M., Kjaer, M., Sorensen, J., &

Saria, A., Javorsky, F., Humpel, C., & Gamset, R. (1990). 5-HT3, receptor antagonists inhibit sensory neuropeptide release from the rat spinal cord. *Neuroreport*, 1, pp. 104-106. SBU. Metoder för behandling av långvarig smärta. En systematisk litteraturöversikt.

Schaible, HG., Richter, F., Ebersberger, A., Boettger, MK., Vanegas, H., Natura, G., Vazquez, E., & Segond von Banchet, G. (2009). Joint pain. *Exp Brain Res*, 196, pp. 153-162. Schmelz, M., Schmidt, R., Weidner, C., Hilliges, M., Torebjork, HE., & Handwerker, HO.

microdialysis. *Acta physiologica Scandinavica*, 182, pp. 379-388.

Stockholm: Statens beredning för medicinsk utvärdering. 2006.

pruritogens and algogens. *J Neurophysiol*, 89, pp. 2441-2448.

metabolic acidosis. *American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and* 

Kjaer, M. (2004a). Interstitial muscle lactate, pyruvate and potassium dynamics in the trapezius muscle during repetitive low-force arm movements, measured with

Larsson, B. (2005). Increased levels of interstitial potassium but normal levels of muscle IL-6 and LDH in patients with trapezius myalgia. *Pain*, 119, pp. 201-209. Rosendal, L., Larsson, B., Kristiansen, J., Peolsson, M., Sogaard, K., Kjaer, M., Sorensen, J., &

Gerdle, B. (2004b). Increase in muscle nociceptive substances and anaerobic metabolism in patients with trapezius myalgia: microdialysis in rest and during

(2003). Chemical response pattern of different classes of C-nociceptors to

clinical integration necessitate a review of biomarker terminology and validation

systemic function. . *Exp Biol*, 208, pp. 4561-4575.

facilitation. *Trends Neurosci*, 25, pp. 319-325.

*Comparative Physiology*, 287, pp. R502-R516.

*Trends Neurosci*, 32, pp. 611-618.

*Rheumatol*, 60, pp. 404-415.

*Gene Expr*, 12, pp. 275-295.

exercise. *Pain*, 112, pp. 324-334.

schema. *Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl*, 242, pp. 6-14.

6, pp. 591-601.

100, pp. 1-6.


**7** 

*Portugal* 

**Genotoxicity Biomarkers:** 

Manuel Carmo Gomes3 and Miguel Brito1

*3Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,* 

**Application in Histopathology Laboratories** 

*1Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 2Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,* 

Most cancers results from man-made and natural environmental exposures (such as tobacco smoke; chemical pollutants in air, water, food, drugs; radon; and infectious agents) acting in concert with both genetic and acquired characteristics. It has been estimated that without these environmental factors, cancer incidence would be dramatically reduced, by as much as 80%-90% (Perera, 1996). The modulation of environmental factors by host susceptibility was rarely evaluated. However, within the past few years, the interaction between environmental factors and host susceptibility factors has become a very active area of research (Perera, 2000). Molecular biology as a tool for use in epidemiological studies has significant potential in strengthening the identification of cancers associated with environmental exposures related to lifestyle, occupation, or ambient pollution. In molecular epidemiology, laboratory methods are employed to document the molecular basis and

Molecular epidemiology has become a major field of research and considerable progress has been made in validation and application of biomarkers and its greatest contribution has been the insights provided into interindividual variation in human cancer risk and the complex interactions between environmental factors and host susceptibility factors, both

The possibility to use a biomarker to substitute classical endpoints, such as disease incidence or mortality is the most promising feature and one that is most likely to affect public health. The use of events that are on the direct pathways from the initiation to the occurrence of disease to surrogate the disease incidence is a very appealing approach, which is currently

Biological monitoring of workers has three main aims: the primary is individual or collective exposure assessment, the second is health protection and the ultimate objective is occupational health risk assessment. It consists of standardized protocols aiming to the periodic detection of early, preferably reversible, biological signs which are indicative, if compared with adequate reference values, of an actual or potential condition of exposure,

preclinical effects of environmental carcinogenesis (Portier & Bell, 1998).

investigated in different fields (Bonassi & Au, 2002).

inherited and acquired, in the multistage process of carcinogenesis (Perera, 2000).

**1. Introduction** 

Carina Ladeira1,2, Susana Viegas1,2, Elisabete Carolino1,

