**4. Acknowledgment**

This work was supported by Autoridade Portuguesa para as Condições de Trabalho (ACT – Portuguese Authority for Work Conditions). http://www.act.gov.pt/. Project reference: 075MNA/06.

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**8** 

*Spain* 

**Biomarkers and Therapeutic Drug** 

*Pharmacy and Psychiatry Services, Hospital Real Ntra. Sra. De Gracia, Zaragoza,* 

The World Health Organization, WHO, reported in 2010 that there were approximately 490 million (7%) of people suffering from mental disorders, such as abuse of alcohol and other substances, major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and dementia, recommending research the pathophysiology of these disorders in order to improve their understanding

The diagnosis of mental disorders, should be based on objectively measurable parameters and, also, should help us to establish therapeutic guidelines, based on the etiology of the diseases, and their adaptation to each individual. The absence of an objective biological test for the diagnosis of mental disorders which would constitute the Gold Standard for this task, along with the frequent psychiatric comorbidity, heterogeneity and, polygenic and multifactorial etiology, requires the search for Biomarkers that facilitated the diagnosis and treatment of the psychiatric illnesses. The Convergent Functional Genomics has revealed that proteins, compounds of biochemical nature related to different physiological functions, genetic tests for diagnosis or, even, different functional tests such as, for example, the dexamethasone suppression test, DEX, used to study the function of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis, HPA, can be candidates (Avissar & Schreiber 2003; Kemperman 2007;

The use of Biomarkers, that is, a physical characteristic, or a biochemical or biological parameter, objectively measurable and quantifiable, that report the evolution and condition of certain normal physiological processes or pathological, or response to a therapeutic intervention, pharmacological or otherwise, is relatively new but this field has gained much interest in recent decades among clinicians and researchers. A Biomarker, as a measurable biological entity that points the presence or absence of a disease, a toxin, a biological condition, a genetic pattern, or a therapeutic response to a drug, must be related quantitatively with the disease progression and/or therapy (http://www.gaba-

Biomarkers, are utilized in psychiatry not only as tools that aid us in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, facilitating the use of therapies aimed at specific groups or individuals, but also, as Surrogate Markers or Clinical Surrogate Endpoints for PK, PD and

network.org; Biomarkers Definitions Working Group, BDWG, 2001).

and to develop more efficient and cost-effective interventions (WHO 2001, 2005).

**1. Introduction** 

Russell 2004).

R. Lozano, R. Marin, A. Pascual, MJ. Santacruz,

**Monitoring in Psychiatry** 

A. Lozano and F. Sebastian

