**9. References**


the vicinity of the fiber tip surface can be as high as 100 mm/s. Generation of bubbles in the capillary leads to the circulating water flows with periods ranging from 0.2 to 1 s. Such circulation intensity increases with the laser power. For the laser radiation with a wavelength of 0.97 μm, we observe such effects only for the blackened fiber tip surface, which serves as a local heat source. At a laser power of less than 3 W, stable bubble microjets, which consist of the bubbles (ranging from several to ten microns) can be

Laser-induced hydrodynamic effects in water and bio-tissues can cause the significant degradation of the fiber tip. Cavitation collapse of bubbles in liquid in the vicinity of fiber tip surface gives rise to the high-speed cumulative microjets which can destroy the solid surface. This effect leads to multiple cracks on the film and the formation of the porous structure, formation of supercritical water and even generation of diamonds nano-crystal. Laser-induced hydrodynamics processes in water and water-saturated bio-tissues are accompanied by generation of intense acoustic waves in resonance conditions, even of shock-type waves. The acousto-mechanic processes results in mixing and transport of gas-

We found that medium power (0.3- 8 W) 0.97 µm in wavelength laser irradiation of water with added Ag nanoparticles (in the form of Ag-albumin complexes) through 400μm optical fiber stimulates self-organization of unexpectedly thin (10-80 µm) and lengthy (up to 14 cm) filaments of Ag nanoparticles in the form of liquid gradient fibers. These filaments in water are stable in the course of laser irradiation being destroyed after laser radiation off. Such effect of filaments of Ag nanoparticles self-organization is rationalized by the peculiarities of laser-induced hydrodynamic processes developed in water in

This work is supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant № 09-02-00714).

Bagratashvili V.N., Sobol E.N., Shekhter A.B. (Eds). (2006). *Laser Engineering of Cartilage*.

Bagratashvili V.N., Konovalov A.N., Novitskiy A.A., Poliakoff M., and Tsypina S.I. (2009).

Berry D.W., Heckenberg N.R., and Rubinszteindunlop H. (2000). Effects associated with

Brasselet E., Wunenburger R., and Delville J.-P. (2008). Liquid optical fibers with multistable

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core actuated by light radiation pressure. *Physical Review Letters*, Vol. 101, pp. 1-5,

Compression Modulates Matrix Biosynthesis in Chondrocyte Agarose Culture.

generated in the vicinity of the blackened tip surface.

saturated degenerated tissue in the space of defect.

Fizmatlit, ISBN 5-9221-0729-1, Moscow

1575 — 1585, ISSN 0950-0340

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presence of laser light.

**8. Acknowledgment** 

**9. References** 


**6** 

*Japan* 

**Endocrine Delivery System** 

Shinya Mizuno1 and Toshikazu Nakamura2

*Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka* 

**of NK4, an HGF-Antagonist and** 

**Anti-Angiogenic Regulator, for Inhibitions** 

**of Tumor Growth, Invasion and Metastasis** 

*1Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,* 

*2Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka* 

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 cancers in 2008 have been prepared for 182 countries by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Ferlay *et al*., 2010). Overall, an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur in 2008, with 56% of new cancer cases and 63% of the cancer deaths occurring in the less developed regions of the world. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide are lung (1.61 million, 12.7% of the total), breast (1.38 million, 10.9%) and colorectal cancers (1.23 million, 9.7%). Cancer is neither rare anywhere in the world, nor mainly confined to highresource countries. Many cancer subjects die from cancer as a result of organ failure due to "metastasis" (Geiger & Peeper, 2009), thus indicating that medical control of tumor

The acquisition of the metastatic phenotype is not simply the result of oncogene mutations, but instead is achieved through an interstitial stepwise selection process (Mueller & Fusenig, 2004). The dissociation and migration of cancer cells, together with a breakdown of basement membranes between the parenchyme and stroma, are a prerequisite for tumor invasion. The next sequential events involved in cancer metastasis include the following: (i) penetration of cancer cells to adjacent vessels (*i.e*., intravasation); (ii) suppressed anoikis (*i.e*., suspension-induced apoptosis) of cancer cells in blood flow; and (iii) an extravascular migration and re-growth of metastatic cells in the secondary organ. For an establishment of anti-metastasis therapy, it is important to elucidate the basic mechanism(s) whereby tumor

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was discovered and cloned as a potent mitogen of rat hepatocytes in a primary culture system (Nakamura *et al*., 1984, 1989; Nakamura, 1991). Beyond its name, HGF is now recognized as an essential organotrophic regulator in almost all tissues (Nakamura, 1991; Rubin *et al*., 1993; Zarnegar & Michalopoulos, 1995; Birchmeier & Gherardi, 1998; Nakamura & Mizuno, 2010). Actually, HGF induces mitogenic, motogenic

metastasis leads to a marked improvement in cancer prognosis.

metastasis is achieved through a molecular event(s).

**1. Introduction** 

Yusupov V.I., Chudnovskii V.M., Kortunov I.V., Bagratashvili V.N. (2011b). Laser-induced self-organization of filaments from Ag nanoparticles. *Laser Physics Letters*, Vol. 8, No. 3, (March 2011), pp. 214–218, ISSN 1612-2011
