**3.2 Biometric adoption among empirical studies**

Although there are a lack of academic studies concentrating on the factors that influence the adoption of biometric authentication systems, most of the published papers in this area (Harris and Yen 2002; Kleist et al. 2005; Lease 2005; Uzoka and Ndzinge 2009) identified different factors that are quite dissimilar to those discussed in the technology adoption theories and models outlined in previous section. For example, Lease (2005) found that managers' positive perceptions of security effectiveness, need, reliability, and costeffectiveness correlate with their willingness to recommend the use of biometric technology, while Uzoka and Ndzinge (2009) indicated that ease of use, communication, and size and type of organisation are the most important factors affecting the intention to adopt biometric technology in organisations. However, Harris and Yen (2002) stated that the adoption of biometric systems can be influenced by managerial, economical, operational and processrelated factors. Kleist et al. (2005) also indicated different affecting factors of biometric systems including users, administration, environment, infrastructure, cost, communication system, as well as security needs and requirements.

As a result, the review of the relevant literature on the technology adoption factors did not lead to any hypotheses, but rather helped to enhance awareness of the existing factors and to identify the gap in relevant knowledge. The case in this chapter discusses the adoption of biometric authentication in the m-government context and in particular, in Saudi Arabia, which adds some specificity to the area of biometric technology adoption.
