**9. Conclusions**

There is a dearth of empirical studies in the adoption of biometric authentication, certainly within the context of m-government in developing countries. This chapter contributes rich insights into people's perceptions on the application of biometrics in this context, which adds weight to existing opinions on how to best apply biometrics in m-government security. The empirical data identifies several issues including the users' factors, organisational factors, system factors, acceptance factors, contributory factors, and challenges that influence the adoption of biometric authentication in m-government in the KSA context. The data also reveals that biometric authentication might best be implemented with the use of PKI in a smartcard installed in mobile devices, and preferably only for advanced government services. This is as opposed to consistently applying biometric authentication to the mobile device itself, and applying it for all online government services.

A main finding and contribution of this work is the use of Grounded Theory in the development of a new substantive theory for the adoption of biometric authentication in mgovernment security in the KSA. This chapter contributes to the literature by identifying and describing the factors that influence the adoption of biometric authentication in mgovernment applications. It further contributes to theory by providing rich insights and increased understanding of the concerns and perceptions of mobile phone users, service providers and network operators regarding the application of biometric authentication to mobile devices for government services.

This chapter adds a methodological contribution by providing a new example of the application of Grounded Theory coding procedures to develop a theoretical framework for the adoption of biometric authentication in mobile services applications in a developing country. This chapter described the application of Grounded Theory, including the development of the concepts and categories, and then the generation of the substantive theory, providing a unique insight into this qualitative information system research.
