**3.1 Energy consumption model**

The following equations show the energy consumed in the transfer of a packet (equation 1) and receipt of a packet (equation 2), in which packet size is based on bits:

Energy Consumption Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 259

In this section, seven selected routing protocols are compared with the basic scenario and with different scenarios by changing five selected parameters. Figure 9 (a) shows the total percentage of energy consumed in the sending and receiving operations at the MAC level. It is observed that energy consumption is higher during the receiving process. The receiving process includes two kinds of activity: actual receipt of data and overhearing data from neighbourhood nodes. Figure 9 (b) shows the percentage of energy consumed based on all kinds of packets. It is observed that MAC packets have a major effect on energy consumption.

Fig. 9. Energy consumption for (a) RX and TX operations, (b) for different kinds of MAC,

**3.3 Results of simulation** 

CBR and routing packets

Energytx=(330\*5\*PacketSize)/2\*106 (1)

$$\text{Energy}\_{\text{rx}} = (250 \, \text{°FacketSize}) / 2 \, \text{°10} \tag{2}$$

Energy consumption in actual equipment occurs not only during sending and receiving data but also during the hearing process; however, in this simulation, it has been assumed that hearing needs no energy and that the nodes have no energy consumption at any idle time. In fact, energy consumption has been considered only at times of packet sending and receiving.

An important point considered in this simulation is that when a packet is sent, a percentage of the consumed energy is the energy of the radio frequency. In this simulation, the value of RF has been maintained at 281. 1 mw, which is equivalent to the RF energy needed for a model with a 250 metre transmission range.
