**3.2 Work methodology**

The final aim of this work is to measure and compare the energy consumption in seven DSR, AODV, DSDV, TORA, FSR, CBRP and CGSR protocols.

The five parameters selected for this simulation are as follows:


In this simulation, nodes move according to the RWP‡ Model, and this movement is specified with two factors: maximum speed and stop time. The Random Waypoint (RWP) model is a commonly used synthetic model for mobility, e. g. , in ad hoc networks. It is an elementary model which describes the movement pattern of independent nodes by simple terms. During simulation, each node starts moving from its primary position to a random target point inside the simulation area, and the movement speed of each node is an unsteady value between zero and its maximum speed. When a node reaches its target point, it waits for its stop time and starts moving by selecting another random target point. All traffic origins used in the simulation produce a fixed data traffic rate CBR (continuous bitrate). The traffic structure changes with two factors: the rate of sending and the packet size.

In a basic scenario, a MANET has been considered with 25 moving nodes distributed randomly in an environment with an area of 500×500 m2. Nodes move with a maximum speed of 500 m/s and have a stop time of 0 seconds. Twenty traffic origins produce CBR data traffic sending four packets per second and with a packet size of 512 bites. Each simulation has been performed for 900 seconds. In this simulation, working indices of total energy consumption, energy consumption based on the sending operation (TX) and receiving (RX) and energy consumption based on the type of packets (MAC, CBR and routing) have been assessed.

<sup>‡</sup>Random Waypoint

#### **3.3 Results of simulation**

258 Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application

 Energyrx=(230\*5\*PacketSize)/2\*106 (2) Energy consumption in actual equipment occurs not only during sending and receiving data but also during the hearing process; however, in this simulation, it has been assumed that hearing needs no energy and that the nodes have no energy consumption at any idle time. In fact, energy consumption has been considered only at times of packet sending and

An important point considered in this simulation is that when a packet is sent, a percentage of the consumed energy is the energy of the radio frequency. In this simulation, the value of RF has been maintained at 281. 1 mw, which is equivalent to the RF energy needed for a

The final aim of this work is to measure and compare the energy consumption in seven DSR,

In this simulation, nodes move according to the RWP‡ Model, and this movement is specified with two factors: maximum speed and stop time. The Random Waypoint (RWP) model is a commonly used synthetic model for mobility, e. g. , in ad hoc networks. It is an elementary model which describes the movement pattern of independent nodes by simple terms. During simulation, each node starts moving from its primary position to a random target point inside the simulation area, and the movement speed of each node is an unsteady value between zero and its maximum speed. When a node reaches its target point, it waits for its stop time and starts moving by selecting another random target point. All traffic origins used in the simulation produce a fixed data traffic rate CBR (continuous bitrate). The traffic structure changes with two factors: the rate of sending and the packet size. In a basic scenario, a MANET has been considered with 25 moving nodes distributed randomly in an environment with an area of 500×500 m2. Nodes move with a maximum speed of 500 m/s and have a stop time of 0 seconds. Twenty traffic origins produce CBR data traffic sending four packets per second and with a packet size of 512 bites. Each simulation has been performed for 900 seconds. In this simulation, working indices of total energy consumption, energy consumption based on the sending operation (TX) and receiving (RX) and energy consumption based on the type of packets (MAC, CBR and

receiving.

model with a 250 metre transmission range.

AODV, DSDV, TORA, FSR, CBRP and CGSR protocols.

The five parameters selected for this simulation are as follows:

**3.2 Work methodology** 

• Number of moving nodes • Size of nodes movement zone • Nodes movement model • Traffic of origin nodes • Data traffic model

routing) have been assessed.

‡Random Waypoint

Energytx=(330\*5\*PacketSize)/2\*106 (1)

In this section, seven selected routing protocols are compared with the basic scenario and with different scenarios by changing five selected parameters. Figure 9 (a) shows the total percentage of energy consumed in the sending and receiving operations at the MAC level. It is observed that energy consumption is higher during the receiving process. The receiving process includes two kinds of activity: actual receipt of data and overhearing data from neighbourhood nodes. Figure 9 (b) shows the percentage of energy consumed based on all kinds of packets. It is observed that MAC packets have a major effect on energy consumption.

Fig. 9. Energy consumption for (a) RX and TX operations, (b) for different kinds of MAC, CBR and routing packets

Energy Consumption Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 261

The main reason for this behaviour is that in on-demand routing protocols, nodes use the previous packets for receiving new route information and when traffic increases, so too does

Fig. 10. Energy consumption as a function of stop time for seven protocols

Fig. 11. Energy consumption as a function of maximum speed for seven protocols

We can summarise our final conclusion from our experimental results as follows:

**4. Experimental results and analysis** 

the activity of nodes [Sargolzaey. H et al 2009].

These comparisons show that the efficiency of DSR is better than that of AODV and DSDV. Although DSR uses origin routing and AODV uses hop-to-hop routing, it is seen that DSR is more efficient than AODV. This result may come about from the caching mechanism. It can help to save energy, time, and bandwidth. FSR falls between DSR and AODV protocols. CBRP and CGSR have shown higher energy consumption than DSR. TORA has the highest energy consumption due to the assembly of route detection packets and packet maintenance [Tuteja. A et al 2010].
