**1. Introduction**

156 Mobile Networks

solution (home-gateway with femtocell capability) can be introduced in order to have joint-

Implementing backhaul aware scheduling (BAS) in the femtocell can be another alternative in order to minimize the impact of bottleneck in the backhaul to the femtocell service performance [4]. This study was driven by the limitation of backhaul capacity (e.g., bottleneck or congestion) caused by other traffic (e.g., IPTV or Internet access in xDSL modem) which affects the performance of FAP in serving requested traffic from femtocell users. The admission control is incorporated with the scheduling method to treat all kinds of traffic served by the FAP. With BAS, the FAP can decide whether the backhaul capacity is enough or not to support existing session. The simulation results show that with BAS, the performance of FAP can be improved especially for peak backhaul conditions compared to FAP without BAS.

This work has been performed in the framework of the FP7 project FREEDOM IST-248891 STP, which is partially funded by the European Community. The Authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of colleagues from FREEDOM Consortium [8], TELKOMSEL, HUAWEI and CISCO who supported the measurement campaign and gave

[1] Patrick Donegan, "Backhaul Strategies for Mobile Carriers", Heavy Reading Report Vol.

[2] Epitiro Technologies, Ltd, Femtocell Deployment Guide: An Operator-focused Strategy

[3] Simon R. Saunders, Stuart Carlaw, Andrea Giustina, Ravi Raj Bhat, V. Srinivasa Rao and

[4] Hariyanto, Hadi; Noviyanti, Karina W.; Widiawan, A K.; Kurniawan, Adit; Hendrawan;

[6] P. Golden, H. Dedieu, K. Jacobsen, "Fundamental of xDSL Technologies", Auerbach

[7] European Commission, "Europe's Digital Competitiveness Report", Publication Office of

[8] FP7-ICT-2009-4, FREEDOM "Femtocell-based netwoRk Enhancement by intErference

Identifier: 10.1109/TENCON.2011.6129013, Page(s): 1280 – 1284, 2011. [5] H. M. Sigurdsson,K. E. Skouby, "Techno-economic evaluation of broadband access

Technologies, CICT Technical University of Denmark

Publications, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2006.

Rasa Siegberg."*Femtocell Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Technology*",

"Backhaul-aware scheduling for WiMAX femtocell with limited backhaul capacity", TENCON 2011 - 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Digital Object

technologies: The BREAD approach", Center for Information and Communication

management and coorDination of infOrmation for seaMless connectivity",

scheduling between xDSL modem and femtocell.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

technical assistant.

**7. References** 

4, No. 4, March 2006

2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

for a Successful Femtocell Rollout, 2008

the European Union, Luxembourg, 2010

http://www.ict-freedom.eu/.

In this chapter, we propose an extended reference model and two novel sum-of-sinusoids (SoS) models (statistical and deterministic simulation models) propagation models considering the Rician K-factor and vehicle speed ratio in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Our models consider comprehensive scene of wave propagation, including I2V (infrastructure-to-vehicle) channels with a LOS or NLOS environment, IVC (inter-vehicle communication) channels with a LOS or NLOS environment. The analysis of the statistical properties of the proposed models show that the statistics of the new models match those of the reference model at a large range of normalized time delays. The proposed models show improved approximations to the desired auto-correlation and faster convergence with the increase of Rician K-factor and vehicle speed ratio.
