**3.3 Scalability**

14 Mobile Networks

MPLS and PAR for F-HMIPv6) and 8 (LER2 for MPLS and NAR for F-HMIPv6); the tag

Every link shows two of their characteristics: bandwidth (in megabits or kilobits) and delay (in milliseconds). A few seconds later, the MN moves towards the area of PAR, as figure 19

Initially, the MN is located in the area of the HA. 2 seconds after the start of the simulation, the HA moves towards the area of the PAR at 100 m/s, arriving at t=3,5 s approximately. At t=5 s, the CN begins sending CBR traffic to the MN following the route CN→LSR1→HA→LSR1→MAP→LSR2→PAR→MN as shown in figure 19. Then, at t=10 s, the MN starts moving to the area of the NAR at 10 m/s. At the same time, the handover takes places at around t=13,12 s and the MN receives one of the first packets from the NAR at t=13,14 s approximately. Afterwards, the MN places in the area of the NAR at around

t=17 s. Finally, at t=19 s, the CN stops sending traffic flow towards the MN.

Table 3. Bandwidth and delay configuration

distribution protocol used by MPLS is RSVP.

Fig. 18. Scenario FHMIPv6/MPLS Integration

**3.2 Description of simulation** 

Finally, the MN moves to the area of NAR (figure20).

proves.

**Link Delay Bandwidth**  CN-LSR1 2ms 100Mb LSR1-HA 2ms 100Mb LSR1-MAP 50ms 100Mb MAP-LSR2 2ms 10Mb MAP-LSR3 2ms 10Mb LSR2-PAR 2ms 1Mb LSR3-NAR 2ms 1Mb

> The objective of this simulation with different scenarios was to analyse QoS metrics in HMIPv6/MPLS integration with CBR traffic and the scalability. The table4 show the different scenarios simulated. The first scenario was proposal by R.Hsieh, the other scenarios were increasing the number nodes in order to test the scalability, the table show the results of different metrics analysed.

> The table4 shows that the delay, jitter, throughput and packet loss rate vary slightly as the topology and the network flow increase. Therefore, we can conclude that the FHMIPv6/MPLS integration keeps the quality of service (QoS) high, despite the growth of the network and the traffic flow.

Mechamisms to Provide Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 17

In order to extend the different results obtained in the simulations, the function (figure22) shows the behavior for different scenarios of simulation. With this functions can know what happened with the metrics (Delay, Throughput, Send and Received Packets) and the number nodes. In this manner we could predict what happens when the number of nodes

> **Delay, Throughput, Send Packets and Received Packets Vs Nodes**

> > y = -4.3337x + 3819.3

Delay(ms)

Throuhgput (Kbps) Send Packets Received Packets

Fig. 22. The functions shows the delay, throughput, send and received packets vs. number

0 10 20 30 40 50

y = -4.0273x + 433.65

y = -0.03x4 + 3.6401x3 - 158.51x2 + 2887.8x - 15591

The (figure23) shows the results of the following metrics obtained of the table 2. In this manner can visualize the behavior of jitter and lost packets nodes and the number nodes.

**Jitter and Lost Packets Vs Nodes**

9 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Jitter(ms) Lost Packets (%)

Fig. 23. The functions shows the jitter and lost packets vs. number nodes

and flow of the traffic are increased.

nodes

0

0

10

20

30

40

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000


Table 4. FHMIPv6/MPLS Integration

The (figure 21) shows the results of the following metrics obtained of the table 2. In this manner can visualize the behavior of: delay, throughput, send and received packets against the quantity of number of nodes.

Fig. 21. Delay, Throughput, Send and Received Packets vs. number nodes

16 Mobile Networks

Send Packets Received Packets

Lost Packets (%)

(Kbps)

9 67,16 0,47 446,05 3734 0 0

15 278,82 2,41 334,37 3734 2871 23,11

20 255,9 2,03 372,54 3734 3158 15,43

25 314,41 4 286,64 3734 2435 34,8

30 315,12 3,6 303,89 3734 2582 30,85

35 313,62 4,04 286,96 3734 2437 34,73

40 305,83 4,03 281,91 3734 2395 35,86

45 309,3 4,28 274,85 3467 2168 31,96

9 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Delay(ms) Throuhgput (Kbps) Send Packets Received Packets

The (figure 21) shows the results of the following metrics obtained of the table 2. In this manner can visualize the behavior of: delay, throughput, send and received packets against

Fig. 21. Delay, Throughput, Send and Received Packets vs. number nodes

Nodes Delay(ms) Jitter(ms) Throuhgput

Table 4. FHMIPv6/MPLS Integration

the quantity of number of nodes.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

In order to extend the different results obtained in the simulations, the function (figure22) shows the behavior for different scenarios of simulation. With this functions can know what happened with the metrics (Delay, Throughput, Send and Received Packets) and the number nodes. In this manner we could predict what happens when the number of nodes and flow of the traffic are increased.

Fig. 22. The functions shows the delay, throughput, send and received packets vs. number nodes

The (figure23) shows the results of the following metrics obtained of the table 2. In this manner can visualize the behavior of jitter and lost packets nodes and the number nodes.

Fig. 23. The functions shows the jitter and lost packets vs. number nodes

Mechamisms to Provide Quality of Service on 4G New Generation Networks 19

Nodes can also be NAR/LER2 PAR/LER1 and have functions MPLS edge router and access

On the other hand, operates as a node AN1 intermediate FHAMIPv6 but no MPLS features, while ACN and AHA are the CN and HA, respectively, at last, and AMN is the mobile node

The AMN (blue node in (figure23) is initially located in the area of the ACN. Here,

In the 1,3th s, ACN starts to transmit TCP packets towards the AMN. They are transmitted with an average delay of 4,99s. Until the 5th s, communication flows normally. After the 5th s, the AMN starts to move towards the APAR. While this is happening, communication with the ACN is not affected until the 5,43th s, when it is out of the ACN rank. From that mentioned instant until the 6,53th s, the AMN does not receive any packets from the ACN. In the 6,27th s, the AMN locates next to APAR. Around this time (and in many other moments) certain UDP signalling is shown in the network. This signalling corresponds to the AODV signalling packets. That routing protocol takes almost 250 ms to learn the new AMN position. It is only in the 6,53rd s that the AMN resumes the session with the ACN. From that

communication between these nodes occurs with no intermediary elements.

instant until the 14,6th s, communication results as follows:

AN1-- MAP/GW1 100 50 MAP/GW1 – LSR2 10 2 MAP/GW1 – LSR3 10 2 LSR2 -- PAR/LER1 1 2 LSR3 -- NAR/LER2 1 2

Table 5. Characteristics of the links FHAMIPv6/AODV

Fig. 25. Illustrates the simulation scenario (base)

router FHAMIPv6.

**4.1 Description of simulation** 

MN.

Link Bandwith(Mbps) Delay(ms)

Fig. 24. The functions shows the jitter and Lost packets vs number nodes

In order to extend the different results obtained in the simulations, the function (figure24) shows the behavior for different scenarios of simulation. With this functions can know what happened with the metrics (Delay, Throughput, Send and Received Packets) and the number nodes. In this manner we could predict what happens when the number of nodes and flow of the traffic is increased.
