**1.4 IPv6 extensions**

2 Mobile Networks

In addition to the requirements mentioned above, there would be other important requirements as part of the standard, such as throughput optimising, latency reduction and end-to-end QoS for both the core and the access networks. In order to improve these conditions, we have considered the handover a priority. One of the key elements in the all-IP concept is the MPLS protocol as a fundamental part of all IPv6/MPLS architecture to provide quality of service to access networks and core network since it will be compatible

In 1996, companies like Nokia, Cisco, IBM and Toshiba, among others, introduced proprietary solutions to the problem of multilayer switching. This was not only a solution to integrate ATM with IP, but offered brand new services. Unfortunately, these solutions were not compatible despite the large number of aspects in common. MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switch) came up from the work of the IETF in 1997 to standardise the proprietary multilayer switching technologies mentioned above. The main feature of MPLS is the combination of

Another important feature of MPLS is that it provides a good balance between connectionoriented technologies to improve non-IP connection-oriented mechanisms (they can only deliver a Best Effort level of service). On the other hand, MPLS adds labels to the packets, so no routing is based on layer 3 addresses but in label switching. This allows interoperability between IP and ATM networks. It also increases the speed of the packets traversing the network because they do not run complex routing algorithms at every hop; they are forwarded considering the packet's label only. This labelling system is also very useful to classify the incoming traffic according to its higher or lower QoS requirements contracted or

Fig. 1. LTE/SAE

**1.3 MPLS** 

required.

Reasonable energy consumption.

with other architectures in the next generation mobile networks.

layer 3 routing and the simplicity of level 2 switching.

The extensions of the IPv6 protocol were designed to migrate IPv6 to mobile environments. There are several extensions of IPv6 designed with this purpose. We have chosen the following IPv6 extensions: HMIPv6, FHMIPv6 and FHAHMIPv6, The first and second extensions were designed to be used at micro-level mobility, because the signalling, lad at this level is higher, With regards to the FHAMIPv6 protocol, this is a protocol that we have designed to provide hierarchical addresses support in an ad hoc network.
