**8. Acknowledgment**

The authors acknowledge Dr Pawan Kapur, Director CSIR-CSIO for his motivation and encouragement. They thank Mr SC Jain, Mr Umesh Tiwari and Mr GC Poddar from CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh for their help and cooperation.

### **9. References**


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**7** 

*Spain* 

**Additive Manufacturing Solutions** 

Vojislav Petrovic, Juan Vicente Haro, Jose Ramón Blasco and Luis Portolés

In recent years, European industry has been facing the challenge of losing competitiveness in mass production. Due to important factors such as lower labour costs, lower taxes or insite access to raw materials, mass production has migrated to Third World countries. However, European industry is more advanced in technological aspects and is in need of a qualitative advantage in the development of new technologies. One of the efforts of European companies is directed towards the production of short series of customized products with added value. Major efforts have been done in order to customize products

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a powerful tool that offers the necessary competitiveness to European companies (Petrovic, 2011). AM technologies have been available on the market for many years. Initially, these technologies were considered only for prototyping - the first technologies that appeared on the market were capable of fabricating only polymer parts of low quality and low resistance. However, in the last decade, the sector of AM has experienced an important evolution with constant growth in sales of machine systems and rapid products (Wohlers, 2010). Numerous advantages of 'freeform fabrication' have driven new developments in processing principles and materials. New value-added materials have been released for layer-by-layer processing. On the other hand, new technologies have been developed to process demanding materials for different sectors. New energy sources have been introduced in order to process high melting point metal alloys such as Titanium,

There are many terms commonly used for AM, such as solid *free form fabrication* (FFF), *rapid manufacturing* (RM), *additive layered manufacturing* (ALM) and *3D printing.* The latter may be the most descriptive for people not familiar with additive technologies. Unfortunately, this term may produce a wrong idea, since AM machinery is much more than any kind of printer. However, officially and according to ASTM F42 Committee, Additive Manufacturing is defined as "process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies,

AM enables the use of **value-added design** in medical device manufacturing sector. Process of adding material in layers allows the fabrication of *designed, controlled and well-*

and give them an added value by developing new manufacturing technologies.

**1. Introduction** 

Cobalt Chromium, etc.

such as traditional machining" (ASTM, 2010).

**for Improved Medical Implants** 

*Metal-Processing Research Institute AIMME, Valencia* 

