**6. References**

232 Fossil Fuel and the Environment

Fig. 7. Scheme contamination for PAHs in Mexico City, while in spring, summer and autumn the behaviour of contaminants change according to environmental conditions.

legislation and politics, for better control of contaminants and pollution in general.

**4. Conclusion** 

contaminants in the environment.

environment health. In the last years.

**5. Acknowledgment** 

Thus we found a good description of contamination sources for our studied matrix and the movement of PAHs in the semirural environment for Mexico City. With better data, the Mexican authorities can take more informed decisions in the management of natural resources,

PAH concentrations were variable through the study due to environmental conditions of season, wet (rain) and dry (dust) deposition mainly for crops and soil. The quality of atmospheric conditions defines the contamination in these zones, both for wet and dry deposition. For the case of crops (apple and cactus stem) the values were high over the skins for high and intermediate molecular weights, but values declines with adequate washing or peeling. In soils the values found were within permissible limits of individual PAHs such as benzo(a)pyrene. Organic matter has a high affinity to catch organic contaminants in soils; it is a crucial environmental parameter that regulates the availability of inorganic and organic

This type of study is important to evaluate the degree of contamination in specific environments, considering environmental variables to know the movement the organic contaminants. This will also help guarantee the quality of food produced in semi rural zones

Nowadays, the new technologies employ in fuels, gasoline and diesel engines and programs of industrial-vehicular control has improvement the air quality in Mexico City. These actions have the goal to reduce many organic contaminants in favour of human and

The research was supported by Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana campus Xochimilco.

nearest to high density population and/or industrial areas such as Mexico City.


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**11** 

*Brazil* 

**Carbon Capture and Storage –** 

Victor Esteves and Cláudia Morgado

*Federal University of Rio de Janeiro* 

**Technologies and Risk Management** 

The greenhouse effect (GHE) that allowed the emergence and expansion of life on earth has been growing due to made-man greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The increasing use of fossil fuels since the beginning of the industrial revolution has been increasing the GHE and consequently gradually raising the earth's temperature, affecting the conditions

GHGs can be subdivided into two groups: those present in the atmosphere since before the industrial revolution and those that are chemical compounds created and produced by humans. The first group includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), whose concentrations in the atmosphere have been rising as a consequence of intensification of human activity. The second group includes perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorcarbons (HFCs), hydrofluorchlorocarbons (HCFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).

Table 1 shows the global warming potential (GWP) over a 100-year horizon of some of the main GHGs (IPCC, 1996). The GWP represents the capacity of a gas present in the

> **Gas GWP**  CO2 1 CH4 21 N2O 310 CFC-113 4.800 HFC-23 11.700 CF4 6.500 C2F6 9.200 SF6 23.900

Table 1. Global Warming Potentials (GWP) (100-Year Time Horizon) - Source: IPCC, 1996

The GWP of each gas is the relative warming potential of that gas in relation to CO2, which has a normalized value of one. For example, N2O has a GWP of 310, meaning its warming

Each of these gases has a different potential to absorb infrared radiation.

atmosphere to absorb energy from infrared radiation.

**1. Introduction** 

for species survival.

**1.1 The greenhouse effect and climate changes** 

