**6. References**


An increasing supply of energy is an essential factor for economic growth and to improve living standards and quality, especially in developing countries. However, the current global energy mix, which is heavily reliant on burning fossil fuels, is responsible for the majority of GHG emissions. The search for new technologies that can reduce these emissions must be approached as a long-range policy. In the short and medium terms, due to this intense use of fossil fuels, CCS is the only technologically feasible option to mitigate GHG emissions on a large scale in a process of transition to a global energy system dominated by

The future of the CCS industry unquestionably depends on public acceptance and government support and encouragement, positively through subsidies and/or tax breaks and negatively through prohibitions on certain activities and setting of emissions limits. In this respect, public policymakers and legislators will play a defining role. Various projects whose pilot phases have been technically approved and have public and/or private funding committed are still waiting for definition of the applicable regulations so they can be scaled up. Because the implementation of a CCS project raises operating costs, there need to be general rules and public mechanisms (tax breaks, subsidies and/or carbon trading schemes)

Air Products (2011). Port Arthur Project Update: Demonstration of CO2 Capture and

Alstom Power (2011). Recovery Act: Oxy-Combustion Technology Development for

Barlet-Goue´dard, V.; Rimmele, G.; Porcherie, O.; Quisel, N. & Desroches, J. (2009). A

environment. *International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control*, 3, p. 206–216. Barrie, J.; Brown, K.; Hatcher, P.R. & Schellhase, H.U. (2004). Carbon dioxide pipelines: A

BGS (2011). Removal of CO2 from natural gas processing plant, Available from www.bgs. ac.uk/discoveringGeology/climateChange/CCS/RemovalCO2NaturalGas.html Boe, R.; Magnus, C.; Osmundsen, P.T. & Rindstad, B.I. (2002). Geological storage of CO2

Broek, M.; Ramírez, A.; Groenenberg, H.; Neele, F.; Viebahn, P.; Turkenburg, W. & Faaij, A.

Sequestration for Steam Methane Reforming Process for Large Scale Hydrogen Production, presentation at *NETL CO2 Capture Technology Meeting*, Pittsburgh, PA,

Industrial-scale Boiler, presentation at *NETL CO2 Capture Technology Meeting*,

solution against well cement degradation under CO2 geological storage

preliminary review of design and risk. *Proceedings of VII International Conference on* 

from combustion of fossil fuel. Summary Report of the GESTCO Project. Geological

(2009). Feasibility of storing CO2 in the Utsira formation as part of a long term Dutch CCS strategy. An evaluation based on a GIS/MARKAL toolbox. *International* 

**5. Conclusions** 

carbon-free sources.

to defray these costs.

USA, August 22 - 26, 2011

Pittsburgh, PA, USA, August 22 - 26, 2011

*GHG Control and Technologies (GHGT)*

Survey of Norway, Trondheim

*Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control* 

**6. References** 


**12** 

*Iran*

**Energy and Economy Links –** 

**A Review of Indicators and Methods** 

*2Department of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Mdares University, Tahran* 

Fossil fuels as the most important kind of energy are inevitably linked with the economy and the environment. A stable and continuous supply of fossil fuels and alternative ones is needed while we develop. Economic activity is predominantly related to the energy use, principally fossil fuels, which account for over 60% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This implies an urgent need to decouple economic growth from energy use. Thus this chapter

From development perspective, energy is important for eradicating poverty, improving human welfare and raising living standards (UNDP, et al. 2000). However, in many areas of the world the current patterns of energy supply and use are considered unsustainable, which limits economic development. In other areas, environmental degradation from energy production and consumption inhibits sustainable development. So, energy is critical in the context of sustainable economy and clean environment. It is therefore important for policy makers to understand the implications of different energy programs

The existing literature on energy and development does show that energy development is an important component of broader development. So we have attempted to pull together some of the ways in which energy might exert a significant influence on the development process. Development involves a number of other steps besides those associated with energy, notably including the evolution of education and labor markets, financial institutions, modernization of agriculture, improving environment and etc. Nevertheless, it is hard to imagine overall economic development succeeding without energy development

Traditional economic theory disregards the importance of energy, because it postulates that the contribution of energy to economic growth is essentially determined by the low share of energy cost in the total cost of capital, labor, and energy. Even if the cost of energy can be neglected, being one of the driving forces in the economic process, the biophysical aspects of the economy should be considered. Therefore, the role of energy in intensifying processes with increasing automation is taken into account, where energy-

surveys the relation between energy and economy growth.

**1. Introduction** 

and alternative policies.

being one part of the evolution.

driven machines replace human labor.

Mohammad Reza Lotfalipour1 and Malihe Ashena2 *1Department of Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad* 

