**9.1 Employment sprawl**

Employment sprawl is closely associated with urban sprawl and car-dependent communities. This is where jobs are located in areas of urban sprawl. This leaves employees little choice but to participate in the urban sprawl, by relocating to close to their suburban offices. Employment sprawl is prevalent both in cities with and without mass transit such as subways. Companies have set up employment centers well outside the subway system of Toronto, Canada. Employment sprawl causes the interesting phenomena, where residents living near city centers, must reverse-commute outside the city by cars. The mismatch of residences with employment areas is known as spatial mismatch.
