**7. References**

194 Remote Sensing of Planet Earth

Fig. 14. Zoom of the specular reflection point tracks along the rice fields on ©Google Maps

Fig. 15. Quantitative comparison of normalized signal to noise ratio for satellite 8 (red) and

Scope of this chapter was to give an overview on some very powerful and quite recent Remote Sensing possibilities emerged exploiting GNSS observations, which complement the atmospheric and Earth's surface remote sensing traditionally performed by dedicated

GPS ground receivers can provide valuable and accurate information on integrated precipitable water vapor, considering that single receivers or fairly dense networks are available in many part of the world, providing a quite cheap and reliable source of information. As described previously, many investigations have been carried out in this respect to develop processing techniques, to validate the results through comparisons with independent sources and to exploit the final product. For instance, ZTD or IPWV data from a GPS ground based network can be assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction models, or integrated with additional sources of IPWV to produce two-dimensional water vapour

As far as the tomographic approach for the retrieval of Neutral Atmospheric Refractivity maps is concerned, we demonstrated that it is possible (and with a good level of accuracy)

26 (blue) considering reflection points with the same longitude

**5. Conclusions and outlook** 

payloads and instrumentation.

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**0**

**9**

*Japan*

Takeshi Takakai *Hiroshima University*

**Acceleration Visualization Marker Using Moiré**

Advances in metrology contribute to various fields, and many sensors are developed as a result, such as high-performance devices, compact and lightweight devices, and low-cost devices, depending on the specific application environment. The sensors used in the recent years to measure physical quantities commonly feature electrical elements, and when such sensors are attached to measurement points, it is necessary to supply electrical power at these points. This implies that external power must be supplied via wiring, or, that an internal electrical power source must be fitted into the sensor. Furthermore, wired or wireless methods

In some environments, this can be a limiting factor for the applicability of measurements. To solve this problem, measurement techniques that do not require electrical power to be supplied to measurement points have been developed, which utilize optical elements or ultrasound, for example. In an earlier paper, we proposed a mechanism that makes the use of moiré fringes to visualize a physical force without any need for an electrical power supply at the measurement points. We also demonstrated typical applications of this technique by fitting the mechanism to a robot gripper (Takaki, 2008) and an endoscopic surgical instrument

In addition, a large number of research has been carried out on the maintenance and management of large structures such as industrial plants, buildings, or bridges, by measuring their physical behavior. In particular, there have been many studies on vibrational phenomena (Umemoto, 2010) (Yun, 2010) (Kim, 2010). However, providing wiring for all the sensors in such large structures is no easy matter. We therefore propose the use of markers that utilize moiré fringes to enable acceleration to be visualized and displayed, without the need for an electrical power supply at the measurement points. In this manner, it is possible to measure acceleration remotely, without any wiring, by capturing images of the markers with a camera. There have been previous studies on measuring displacement by means of moiré fringes (Kobayashi, 1987) (Reid, 1984) (Basehore, 1981) (Meadows, 1970) (Takasaki, 1970). Although these techniques have the advantage of not requiring a direct supply of electrical power at the measurement points, they require the use of lasers or special light sources to enable the projection of stripe patterns in order to generate the moiré fringes. The technique proposed in the present paper is different in that it does not require any special light source, but instead

are needed to transmit the measurement data from the sensor.

**1. Introduction**

(Takaki, 2010a).

utilizes ambient light.

**Fringe for Remote Sensing**

