**EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES**

Edited by **Imran Ahmad Dar** and **Mithas Ahmad Dar**

**INTECHOPEN.COM**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2306 Edited by Imran Ahmad Dar and Mithas Ahmad Dar

#### **Contributors**

Linchong Huang, Cuiying Zhou, Fereshte Haghighi, Mirmasoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh, Bahram Saghafian, Mohamed Soua, Dalila Zaghbib-Turki, Mohsen Layeb, Hela Fakhfakh-Ben Jemia, Jalel Smaoui, Moncef Saidi, Mohamed Moncef Turki, Jiri Chlachula, Monika Zovko, Marija Romic, Morten Smelror, Nickolay Ivanovich Akulov, Fred Kamona, Carlos Alberto Ríos Reyes, Luz Yolanda Vargas Fiallo, Stephen Imre, Alireza Somarin, Moises Davila, Oscar Jimenez, Vicente Arevalo, Reyna Castro, Erik Medina, Miki Meiler, Moshe Reshef, Haim Shulman, Antonia Longobardi, Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki, Fresia Ricardi-Branco, Sueli Yoshinaga-Pereira, Fabio Branco, Paulo Ricardo Pereira, Magnus Uzoma Igboekwe, Chukwunenyoke Amos-Uhegbu, Akindele Oyinloye, Massimo Bernardi, Marco Avanzini, Umberto Nicosia, Weijia Sun, Li-Yun Fu, Wei Wei, Binzhong Zhou, Gabriela Olmedo-Alvarez, Luis David Alcaraz, Varinia López-Ramírez, Alejandra Moreno-Letelier, Luis Rafael Herrera-Estrella, Valeria Souza, Andreas Laake, Marco Massa, Sara Lovati, Paolo Augliera, Simone Marzorati, Mahmoud Ahmed, Galal Ibrahim, Hassan Mohamed, Tosheva, Harald Hofmann, Antoine Kies, Vladislav Rapprich, Veronika Kopačková, Kateřina Zelenková, Jiří Šebesta

#### **© The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2011**

The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted.

All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECH. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECH's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECH rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be foundat http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

#### **Notice**

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in Croatia, 2011 by INTECH d.o.o. eBook (PDF) Published by IN TECH d.o.o. Place and year of publication of eBook (PDF): Rijeka, 2019. IntechOpen is the global imprint of IN TECH d.o.o. Printed in Croatia

Legal deposit, Croatia: National and University Library in Zagreb

Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com

Earth and Environmental Sciences Edited by Imran Ahmad Dar and Mithas Ahmad Dar p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-468-9 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-4393-2
