**Meet the editor**

Dr Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis is professor of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism in addition to holding the position of Chairman of the Third Department of Medicine, Medical School University of Athens. She received her MD from Medical School of Athens and her PhD in experimental Endocrinology on the effects of androgens in hypophysectomised rats,

from the same University. Dr Diamanti-Kandarakis completed her initial training in internal medicine in England before continuing in the United States. For the past 15 years, her research interests have been focused on clinical, molecular and environmental aspects of metabolic and hormonal abnormalities in Polycystic ovarian syndrome. This work has generated more than 120 publications and more than 3,500 citations. Dr Diamanti-Kandarakis has been invited by the international academic community as a speaker and has given more than 100 lectures, in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

**Part 1 Introduction to Endocrinology 1** 

Jing He, David M. Irwin and

Chapter 2 **The Genetics of Pituitary Adenomas 25** 

Fulya Akin and Emrah Yerlikaya

**Perspective in Studies of Endocrinology 3** 

Monica Fedele, Giovanna Maria Pierantoni and

**Overexpression in Signaling Cascades** 

Lorena González, Johanna G. Miquet and

Shigekazu Sasaki, Akio Matsushita and

Bożena Popowicz, Stanisław Sporny and

**Involved in Promotion of Cell Proliferation and Survival 73** 

**Thyroid Nodules in the Areas of Various Iodine Supply 139** 

**the Thyrotropin Gene by Thyroid Hormone 101** 

Chapter 1 **The Power of an Evolutionary** 

Ya-Ping Zhang

Alfredo Fusco

Ana I. Sotelo

Chapter 5 **Negative Regulation of** 

Chapter 6 **Clinical Management of** 

Mariusz Klencki

**Part 3 The Thyroid Gland 99** 

Hirotoshi Nakamura

Dorota Słowińska-Klencka,

Chapter 3 **Acromegaly and Gigantism 51** 

Chapter 4 **Effects of Growth Hormone (GH)** 

**Part 2 Pituitary Adenomas 23** 

## Contents

## **Preface XIII**

	- **Part 2 Pituitary Adenomas 23**
	- **Part 3 The Thyroid Gland 99**

Chapter 5 **Negative Regulation of the Thyrotropin Gene by Thyroid Hormone 101**  Shigekazu Sasaki, Akio Matsushita and Hirotoshi Nakamura

Chapter 6 **Clinical Management of Thyroid Nodules in the Areas of Various Iodine Supply 139**  Dorota Słowińska-Klencka, Bożena Popowicz, Stanisław Sporny and Mariusz Klencki

X Contents


Contents VII

Chapter 18 **Monogenic Phosphate Balance Disorders 415**  Helge Raeder, Silje Rafaelsen and

Chapter 19 **Pseudohypoparathyroidism in Children 433** 

H. Herschel Conaway and Ulf H. Lerner

**Endocrine Disruptors and Endocrinopathies 455** 

Eleni Palioura, Eleni Kandaraki and Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis

Robert Bjerknes

Chapter 20 **Retinoids and Bone 443** 

Benjamin U. Nwosu

Chapter 21 **Environmental Endocrinology:** 

Gonzalo Díaz-Soto and Manuel Puig-Domingo


VI Contents

Chapter 7 **Clinical Workup of** 

Xiaoqi Lin and Bing Zhu

Chapter 9 **Diagnosis and Differential** 

Chapter 10 **Molecular Diagnostics in**

Chapter 12 **Status for Congenital** 

Sevil Ari Yuca

**Part 4 Adrenal Glands 289** 

Duarte Pignatelli

Chapter 11 **Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma** 

Chapter 8 **Molecular Biology of Thyroid Cancer 189**

Giuseppe Viglietto and Carmela De Marco

Antongiulio Faggiano, Valeria Ramundo, Gaetano Lombardi and Annamaria Colao

Melpomeni Peppa and Sotirios A. Raptis

Chapter 13 **Adrenal Incidentaloma and Adrenocortical**

S.H.A. Brouns, T.M.A. Kerkhofs, I.G.C. Hermsen and H.R. Haak

Chapter 14 **Adrenal Cortex Tumors and Hyperplasias 311**

Chapter 15 **Autoimmunity to Steroid-Producing Cells 355**  Alberto Falorni and Stefania Marzotti

Juan Manuel Busso and Rubén Daniel Ruiz

Chapter 17 **New Trends in Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders – Hypoparathyroidism 399**  Gonzalo Díaz-Soto and Manuel Puig-Domingo

Chapter 16 **Excretion of Steroid Hormones in Rodents: An Overview on Species Differences**

**Part 5 Metabolic Bone Disease 397** 

**Hypothyroidism at Advanced Ages 281** 

**Carcinoma: A Clinical Guideline on Treating** 

**the Unexpected and a Plea for Specialized Care 291**

**for New Biomedical Animal Research Models 375**

**Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer 235** 

**Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma 251**  Brigitte M. Pützer, Alf Spitschak and David Engelmann

**Associated with** *RET* **Mutations Located in Exon 8 271** 

**Nodular and Mass Lesions of the Endocrine Organs 165** 

Chapter 21 **Environmental Endocrinology: Endocrine Disruptors and Endocrinopathies 455**  Eleni Palioura, Eleni Kandaraki and Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis

Preface

affecting endocrinology is provided.

focused on hormonal and metabolic disorders.

the expanding spectrum of endocrine disorders.

The book is organized into the following sections:

sporadic and familiar pituitary adenomas.

**II. PITUITARY ADENOMAS** including the following chapters:

signalling pathways.

Comprehending endocrine disorders requires a combination of basic knowledge on molecular biology and genetics as well as a good grasp of the clinical aspects. Given the recent advances in these fields, an overview of the latest trends and developments

As one of the most up to date publications on this specialist field, this book is the result of a collaboration between a number of leading researchers and practitioners in the field who are recognized for their work over the years in the field of endocrinology. The book provides and indepth analysis across a range of topics

The book aims to provide a basic as well as advanced recent trends in endocrine disorders in addition to an analytical focus on those topics less well-studied. Readers will find a large spectrum of endocrinopathise from thyroid carcinogenesis and pituitary adenomas to adrenal tumors and metabolic bone disease. Emphasis has also been focused on more specific issues not yet fully elucidated (e.g. the molecular pathways involved in

We hope that the scope of this book is not only to answer questions but mainly to stimulate new questions.In sharing the knowledge, of the eminent scientists and clinicians in this book with a broad spectrum of readers,it will spark new interest in

**I. INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY** including the chapter « The power of an evolutionary perspective in studies of endocrinology» by Dr. Zhang Yaping et al.; a review focused on recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of hormone

 «The Genetics of Pituitary Adenomas» by Dr. Fedele Monica et al.; a review on pituitary adenomas covering a wide spectrum from pituitary tumorigenesis to

thyrotropin beta gene regulation or monogenic phosphate balance disorders).
