**4. Alumina for CIM**

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is ceramics with high mechanical hardness, high electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity. It has good strength and stiffness, good wear and corrosion resistance, good thermal stability, low dielectric constant and loss tangent, low thermal expansion, low weight, etc. It is suitable for technical ceramic, electronic and medical products, etc. CIM alumina exhibits properties close to pressed and sintered samples (Hwang & Hsieh, 2005; Hausnerova et al., 2011; Krauss et al., 2005). The most common material that is being used for feedstock preparation is Al2O3 powder with 99.7% purity (Wei et al., 2000). Properties and scanning electron micrograph of 99.7% alumina powder are given in Table 10 and Fig. 12.

Multicomponent binder commonly used in feedstock preparation is 30wt% polypropilene, 65wt% paraffin wax and 5wt% stearic acid. After injection molding procedure, samples are being subjected to a debinding process (Table 11). After the debinding procedure, all

Ceramic Injection Molding 143

Mass produced micro-parts are mainly being produced from ceramic materials which are readily available in submicron sizes because fine ceramic powders are easier to handle in comparison with metallic materials which are often pyrophoric in submicron sizes and for that reason difficult to handle. **Micro-CIM**, as an expanding technology for mass-production of micro-parts, emerged as a combination of plastic micro-injection molding technology and ceramic injection molding technology. It shares the same basic steps as the conventional CIM-technology, but it also exhibits special characteristics due to micro-size of the components (Liu et al., 2011; Piotter et al., 2003, 2010; Zauner, 2006). Micro-CIM parts can be formed using variety of ceramic materials such as ZrO2, Al2O3, Si3N4, AlN and PZT and their main application fields are microsystem technology, microfluidics, biosensors, MEMS,

The increasing expansion of microsystem technology (MST) induced a great demand for the production of high-quality low-cost 3D micro-sized components such as micro-sensors, micro-reactors and micro-parts. The current microsystem production technologies (microcutting, laser ablation, LIGA, etc.) due to their high cost, low efficiency and limited materials are being replaced by micro-CIM technology that, as a miniaturized variant of CIMtechnology, offers greater shape complexities, applicability to a wide range of materials and good mechanical properties. Micromechanical components made by micro-CIM are used to

Microfluidics Biosensors

MEMS Medical

technology

Micro-CIM

Fig. 13. CIM Al2O3 sample.

**5. Advanced CIM technologies** 

medical technology, etc. (Fig. 14).

Fig. 14. Micro-CIM applications.

Microsystem technology

samples should be inspected to ensure that all surfaces are free from visual defect. CIM alumina samples are then sintered in air at temperatures >1550ºC.


Table 10. Properties of Al2O3 powder.

Fig. 12. Scanning electron micrograph of alumina powder.


Table 11. Typical debinding procedure for CIM alumina samples.

CIM alumina is the most widely used injection molded ceramic material. CIM alumina components (Fig. 13) have high surface finish quality even with extremely complex geometries. They have high hardness end mechanical strength, high wear and corrosion stability and good electrical insulation. CIM alumina components are also dimensionally stable and able to withstand high working temperatures. Since they combine good mechanical properties with low specific weight, CIM alumina components are being used in engineering (sensor covers, sensor tubes, micro electrodes for ultrasonic welding, etc.), textile industry (textile thread guides, wire guides, etc.), medical and dental applications (orthodontic brackets, dental implants, prosthetic replacements, etc.), watches (precision watch gears), metallurgy (ceramic casting cores), automotive components (valve components), electrical components (microwave dielectric components), office equipment (inkjet printheads), etc. Recent research activities proved that CIM alumina has a great potential because nowadays it is a commonly used material in both micro-CIM and 2C-CIM technology – advanced CIM technologies.

samples should be inspected to ensure that all surfaces are free from visual defect. CIM

Na2O (0.05%) SiO2 (0.05%) CaO (0.02%) Fe2O3 (0.02%)

Ramping rate (ºC/min) Isothermal temperature (ºC) holding time (h) 2 200 0.3 2 250 2.0 5 450 0 10 1000 0.5 Cooling - -

CIM alumina is the most widely used injection molded ceramic material. CIM alumina components (Fig. 13) have high surface finish quality even with extremely complex geometries. They have high hardness end mechanical strength, high wear and corrosion stability and good electrical insulation. CIM alumina components are also dimensionally stable and able to withstand high working temperatures. Since they combine good mechanical properties with low specific weight, CIM alumina components are being used in engineering (sensor covers, sensor tubes, micro electrodes for ultrasonic welding, etc.), textile industry (textile thread guides, wire guides, etc.), medical and dental applications (orthodontic brackets, dental implants, prosthetic replacements, etc.), watches (precision watch gears), metallurgy (ceramic casting cores), automotive components (valve components), electrical components (microwave dielectric components), office equipment (inkjet printheads), etc. Recent research activities proved that CIM alumina has a great potential because nowadays it is a commonly used material in both micro-CIM and 2C-CIM

alumina samples are then sintered in air at temperatures >1550ºC.

Material Al2O3 99.7%

Typical properties of sintered parts Particle size, d50 0.4-0.6 μm Theoretical density 3.85 g/cm3 Density 96.7 % Purity 99.7 % Specific surface area 9.0 m2/g

Typical composition

Fig. 12. Scanning electron micrograph of alumina powder.

Thermal debinding:

technology – advanced CIM technologies.

Immersion: heptane, 3h at 60ºC

Table 11. Typical debinding procedure for CIM alumina samples.

Table 10. Properties of Al2O3 powder.

Fig. 13. CIM Al2O3 sample.

### **5. Advanced CIM technologies**

Mass produced micro-parts are mainly being produced from ceramic materials which are readily available in submicron sizes because fine ceramic powders are easier to handle in comparison with metallic materials which are often pyrophoric in submicron sizes and for that reason difficult to handle. **Micro-CIM**, as an expanding technology for mass-production of micro-parts, emerged as a combination of plastic micro-injection molding technology and ceramic injection molding technology. It shares the same basic steps as the conventional CIM-technology, but it also exhibits special characteristics due to micro-size of the components (Liu et al., 2011; Piotter et al., 2003, 2010; Zauner, 2006). Micro-CIM parts can be formed using variety of ceramic materials such as ZrO2, Al2O3, Si3N4, AlN and PZT and their main application fields are microsystem technology, microfluidics, biosensors, MEMS, medical technology, etc. (Fig. 14).

Fig. 14. Micro-CIM applications.

The increasing expansion of microsystem technology (MST) induced a great demand for the production of high-quality low-cost 3D micro-sized components such as micro-sensors, micro-reactors and micro-parts. The current microsystem production technologies (microcutting, laser ablation, LIGA, etc.) due to their high cost, low efficiency and limited materials are being replaced by micro-CIM technology that, as a miniaturized variant of CIMtechnology, offers greater shape complexities, applicability to a wide range of materials and good mechanical properties. Micromechanical components made by micro-CIM are used to

Ceramic Injection Molding 145

Besides small dimensions, micro-components are often required to have several functions at the same time. For that reason two-component CIM technology (**2C-CIM**) can be successfully applied in production of advanced ceramic micro-components (Piotter et al., 2008; Yin et al., 2008). This technology uses different combinations of ceramic materials thus providing the major advantage of the 2C-CIM process: any assembly of micro-CIM parts after sintering is not necessary. The sintering rate control is crucial part of 2C-CIM process. Both components must sinter at similar rates and similar positions in the sintering temperature to avoid delaminating. The sintering behavior can be adjusted by lowering the powder content in one mix thus affecting its green density and risking high porosity of the component. Also, a non-sintering composite phase can be added. When 2C-CIM process is in question, chosen materials must have compatible sintering characteristics. The feedstock components can be injected sequentially or simultaneously depending on the design and size of the contact area of both ceramic materials. In order to secure high compound strength, it is essential that injection processes are performed in a quick succession. Feedstocks that are being used must have comparable shrinkage rates during co-debinding and co-sintering. The shrinking behavior depends on the type of ceramic powder used and its particle size distribution as well as on the solid content of the feedstock. If the onsets of shrinkage of both components are comparable and thermal expansion coefficients are almost the same, then the defect-free material compounds can be achieved and high cooling

As an illustration of 2C-CIM process, a schematic presentation of two-component shaft-gear wheel combination with fixed shaft-to-collar connection is given in Fig. 16. As a suitable material for gear wheel, zirconia is selected because of its sufficiently high toughness. The shaft is composed of alumina because of its hardness. Each of two chosen materials has a characteristic behavior during processing. Zirconia has a thermal expansion coefficient of 10-11×10-6/K and therefore will show greater thermal expansion than alumina with a thermal expansion coefficient 7-8×10-6/K. The shrinkage behavior of the two components

Fig. 16. Schematic of a 2C-CIM shaft-gear wheel combination (shaft: Al2O3; gear wheel: ZrO2).

Fig. 15. Schematic of a ZrO2 micro gearwheel (outer diameter 1200 μm).

stresses can be avoided.

replace plastic parts and they especially benefit from ceramic material properties like corrosion resistance and high-temperature performance. Microfluidics and microreaction technology, biomedical industry and other growing markets give excellent opportunities for microparts. For some applications, such as reactions of highly corrosive media or high temperature gas phase reactions, micro-CIM components are of greatest interest due to their hardness and high chemical and thermal resistance. Also, there is a strong request for biocompatible materials such as ceramics and reliable technologies to produce complex shaped medical components.

The raw materials for micro-CIM technology are fine ceramic powders that allow production of micro-components with feature sizes down to 5μm. The powder has to be homogeneous and in order to obtain a fairly isotropic behavior the grain size of the sintered part should be at least one order of magnitude smaller than the minimum internal dimensions of the micro-part. From the aspect of surface quality, the best results can be achieved by using ceramic powders with mean particle diameter of 0.5μm or smaller. The viscosity of the melt should be sufficiently low to fill even the smallest structural details down to submicron range. For that reason, the molding tool should be heated near the melting point of the feedstock prior to injection into the tool. Because of the micro-part fragility highly precise tool movements are required. In order to control acceleration or slowing down of the injection molding process, ramps are being used. Micro injection molding machines use position regulated screws for that purpose. Also, micro components are considerably more difficult to handle from macroscopic components. They tend to stick to handling systems instead of dropping when electrostatic forces exceed gravitation force.

As an example of micro-CIM component, schematic presentation of zirconia (ZrO2) micro gearwheel is shown in Fig. 15. It is a typical example of micro component for micromechanical applications. Micro gearwheels are demanding microstructures. Successful replication of structural details requires establishment of critical dimensions and determination of various physical properties such as densities, surface qualities, etc. However, geometry of the part is not a key factor when performances of the component are in question. The key factor is the surface quality of micro-CIM component. For production of ZrO2 micro gearwheels high quality mold inserts are required. Cavities have to be scaled up by the certain percentage because of the shrinkage and have to be micro milled employing smallest mill cutters. Minimum edge radius within the mold and cutting depth affect the tooth shape. Besides restrictions related to manufacturing adequate mold inserts for micro gearwheel realization, there are also restrictions of molding as well as restrictions of sintering. Beside typical limits for ejection molding (aspect ratio), there are limitations related to design of the gate system. Demolding is also a challenge because the ejector pins have to be arranged very accurately due to the lack of space. When sintering process is in question, the shrinking, temperature and other process variables must be particularly taken into account. There are different temperatures in different places in the oven resulting in variable shrinking factors and therefore different sizes of micro gearwheels. Required tolerances for these components are in the same range as measurement accuracy (~1μm). This is of special interest when production of micro planetary gears is in question because it requires highly accurate micro assembly and micro measurements.

replace plastic parts and they especially benefit from ceramic material properties like corrosion resistance and high-temperature performance. Microfluidics and microreaction technology, biomedical industry and other growing markets give excellent opportunities for microparts. For some applications, such as reactions of highly corrosive media or high temperature gas phase reactions, micro-CIM components are of greatest interest due to their hardness and high chemical and thermal resistance. Also, there is a strong request for biocompatible materials such as ceramics and reliable technologies to produce complex

The raw materials for micro-CIM technology are fine ceramic powders that allow production of micro-components with feature sizes down to 5μm. The powder has to be homogeneous and in order to obtain a fairly isotropic behavior the grain size of the sintered part should be at least one order of magnitude smaller than the minimum internal dimensions of the micro-part. From the aspect of surface quality, the best results can be achieved by using ceramic powders with mean particle diameter of 0.5μm or smaller. The viscosity of the melt should be sufficiently low to fill even the smallest structural details down to submicron range. For that reason, the molding tool should be heated near the melting point of the feedstock prior to injection into the tool. Because of the micro-part fragility highly precise tool movements are required. In order to control acceleration or slowing down of the injection molding process, ramps are being used. Micro injection molding machines use position regulated screws for that purpose. Also, micro components are considerably more difficult to handle from macroscopic components. They tend to stick to handling systems instead of dropping when electrostatic forces exceed gravitation

As an example of micro-CIM component, schematic presentation of zirconia (ZrO2) micro gearwheel is shown in Fig. 15. It is a typical example of micro component for micromechanical applications. Micro gearwheels are demanding microstructures. Successful replication of structural details requires establishment of critical dimensions and determination of various physical properties such as densities, surface qualities, etc. However, geometry of the part is not a key factor when performances of the component are in question. The key factor is the surface quality of micro-CIM component. For production of ZrO2 micro gearwheels high quality mold inserts are required. Cavities have to be scaled up by the certain percentage because of the shrinkage and have to be micro milled employing smallest mill cutters. Minimum edge radius within the mold and cutting depth affect the tooth shape. Besides restrictions related to manufacturing adequate mold inserts for micro gearwheel realization, there are also restrictions of molding as well as restrictions of sintering. Beside typical limits for ejection molding (aspect ratio), there are limitations related to design of the gate system. Demolding is also a challenge because the ejector pins have to be arranged very accurately due to the lack of space. When sintering process is in question, the shrinking, temperature and other process variables must be particularly taken into account. There are different temperatures in different places in the oven resulting in variable shrinking factors and therefore different sizes of micro gearwheels. Required tolerances for these components are in the same range as measurement accuracy (~1μm). This is of special interest when production of micro planetary gears is in question because it requires highly accurate micro

shaped medical components.

assembly and micro measurements.

force.

Fig. 15. Schematic of a ZrO2 micro gearwheel (outer diameter 1200 μm).

Besides small dimensions, micro-components are often required to have several functions at the same time. For that reason two-component CIM technology (**2C-CIM**) can be successfully applied in production of advanced ceramic micro-components (Piotter et al., 2008; Yin et al., 2008). This technology uses different combinations of ceramic materials thus providing the major advantage of the 2C-CIM process: any assembly of micro-CIM parts after sintering is not necessary. The sintering rate control is crucial part of 2C-CIM process. Both components must sinter at similar rates and similar positions in the sintering temperature to avoid delaminating. The sintering behavior can be adjusted by lowering the powder content in one mix thus affecting its green density and risking high porosity of the component. Also, a non-sintering composite phase can be added. When 2C-CIM process is in question, chosen materials must have compatible sintering characteristics. The feedstock components can be injected sequentially or simultaneously depending on the design and size of the contact area of both ceramic materials. In order to secure high compound strength, it is essential that injection processes are performed in a quick succession. Feedstocks that are being used must have comparable shrinkage rates during co-debinding and co-sintering. The shrinking behavior depends on the type of ceramic powder used and its particle size distribution as well as on the solid content of the feedstock. If the onsets of shrinkage of both components are comparable and thermal expansion coefficients are almost the same, then the defect-free material compounds can be achieved and high cooling stresses can be avoided.

As an illustration of 2C-CIM process, a schematic presentation of two-component shaft-gear wheel combination with fixed shaft-to-collar connection is given in Fig. 16. As a suitable material for gear wheel, zirconia is selected because of its sufficiently high toughness. The shaft is composed of alumina because of its hardness. Each of two chosen materials has a characteristic behavior during processing. Zirconia has a thermal expansion coefficient of 10-11×10-6/K and therefore will show greater thermal expansion than alumina with a thermal expansion coefficient 7-8×10-6/K. The shrinkage behavior of the two components

Fig. 16. Schematic of a 2C-CIM shaft-gear wheel combination (shaft: Al2O3; gear wheel: ZrO2).

Ceramic Injection Molding 147

Authors are grateful for the partial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of

Gu, Y.W.; Li, T.; Li, Q.F.; Pook, S.F. Pook, & Goh, C.W. (2008). Piezoelectric ceramics by

TechnicalReports/STR\_V9\_N4\_CD\_Version/STR\_V9\_N4\_02\_FTG.pdf Hausnerova, B; Marcanikova, L.; Filip, P. & Saha, P. (2011). Rheological Characterization of

Hwang, K. S. & Hsieh, C. C. (2005). Injection-Molded Alumina Prepared with Mg-

Krauss, V.A.; Pires, E.N.; Klein, A.N. & Fredel, M.C. (2005). Rheological Properties of

Liu, L; Loh, N.H.; Tay, B.Y.; Tor, S.B.; Yin, H.Q. & Qu, X.H. (2011). Preparation and

Luo, J.S.; Yi, Z.Z.; Xiao, B.; Gao, Y.; Xie, Z.P.; Li, J.B. & Huang, Y. (2006). Injection molding of

Pigram, A. J. & Freer, R. (1994). The production of Mn-Zn ferrite ceramics by injection

Piotter, V.; Gietzelt, T. & Merz, L. (2003). Micro powder-injection moulding of metals and

Piotter, V.; Plewa, K.; Prokop, J.; Ruh, A.; Ritzhaupt-Kleissl, H.J. & Hausselt, J. (2008).

Piotter, V.; Mueller, T.; Plewa, K.; Prokop, J.; Ritzhaupt-Kleissl, H.J. & Hausselt J. (2010).

Rak, Z.S. (1999). New trends in powder injection moulding. *Powder Metallurgy and Metal* 

(January 2010), pp. 131-134, DOI: 10.1007/s00170-009-2095-7

powder processing. *SIMTech technical reports*, Volume 9, Number 4, (Oct-Dec 2008), pp. 189-194, Available from: http://www.simtech.astar.edu.sg/Research/

Powder Injection Moulding using Feedstock Based on Aluminium Oxide and Multicomponent Water-Soluble Polymer Binder. *Proceedings of Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics and Heat & Mass Transfer*, pp. 245-250, ISBN: 978-1-61804-026-8,

Containing Binders. *Journal of the American Ceramic Society,* 88 (9), (September 2005),

Alumina Injection Feedstocks. *Materials Research*, Vol.8, No.2, (April-June 2005),

characterization of micro components fabricated by micro powder injection molding. *Materials Characterization*, 62 (6), (June 2011), pp. 615-620,

ultra-fine zirconia (Y-TZP) powders. *Journal of Ceramic Processing Research*, 7(1),

moulding. *Journal of Materials Science*, Vol. 29, No. 24, (January 1994), pp. 6420-6426,

ceramics. *Sadhana*, Vol. 28, Parts 1 & 2, (February/April 2003), pp. 299–306,

Manufacturing of Versatile Ceramic or Metal Micro Components by Powder Injection Moulding. *Proc.of the 4th Internat.Conf. on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture*, pp. 69-72, ISBN 978-1-904445-76-0, Cardiff, GB, September 9-11, 2008,

Manufacturing of complex-shaped ceramic components by micropowder injection molding. *The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,* 46 (1-4),

*Ceramics*, Volume 38, Numbers 3-4, (March 1999), pp. 126-132, DOI:

**7. Acknowledgment** 

**8. References** 

Republic of Serbia (contracts III45007 and III44003).

Florence, Italy, August 23-25, 2011

pp. 187-189, ISSN 1516-1439

DOI:10.1016/j.matchar.2011.04.009

(2006), pp. 14-19, ISSN: 1229-9162

Dunbeath : Whittles Publ., 2008

DOI: 10.1007/BF00353998

ISSN: 02562499

10.1007/BF02676037

pp. 2349–2353, DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00370.x

strongly depends on properties of selected zirconia and alumina powders. Since their sintering properties are affected by particle size, specific surface and additives, the shrinkage of both components should be adapted in such a way that dynamics of densification provide a shrink fit without cracking or destruction of the assembly. A different adaptation of parameters may lead to loosening of both components resulting in a formation of movable joint. Movable connections open new possibilities for 2C-CIM with a great reduction in mounting and assembly efforts and costs.

At the moment major growth areas in CIM are micro-CIM and 2C-CIM technologies (Fig. 17). Combination of the physical properties of the various materials is the key research activity when 2C-CIM technology is in question. Micro-CIM technology faces the challenge of developing suitable feedstock and high precision miniaturized mold cavities. Also, both technologies require computer modeling of molding, debinding and sintering in order to predict shape, size and reliability issues. Additionally, there are research activities ongoing to include higher functionality into micro-CIM components e.g. by the use of nano-sized powders.

Fig. 17. Ceramic injection molding technology development.

#### **6. Conclusion**

In the recent years CIM technology has been accepted as one of the fundamental manufacturing techniques for mass production of ceramic components with complex geometries. Most commonly used CIM components are based on ferrite, piezoelectric and alumina ceramic powders. CIM components are widely used in automotive industry (mechanical parts), chemical applications (valves, membranes), medical applications (artificial bones), aerospace (mechanical parts, sensors and actuators), communications, oil and gas exploration (sensors, valves), etc. Advanced CIM technology, micro-CIM, offers microparts with structures in sub-millimetre range where materials like silicon and polymers rapidly reach their limits. Next step in micro-CIM technology is two-component micro-CIM that allows the production of multi-functional ceramic parts in just one processing step without any additional joining of the compound partners. Two-component injection molding allows one to combine materials with different properties, such as electrical conductivity/electrical insulation, high thermal conductivity/thermal insulation, or magnetic/non-magnetic properties. This opens new prospects for CIM technology and leads the way to new prospective market segments.

strongly depends on properties of selected zirconia and alumina powders. Since their sintering properties are affected by particle size, specific surface and additives, the shrinkage of both components should be adapted in such a way that dynamics of densification provide a shrink fit without cracking or destruction of the assembly. A different adaptation of parameters may lead to loosening of both components resulting in a formation of movable joint. Movable connections open new possibilities for 2C-CIM with a

At the moment major growth areas in CIM are micro-CIM and 2C-CIM technologies (Fig. 17). Combination of the physical properties of the various materials is the key research activity when 2C-CIM technology is in question. Micro-CIM technology faces the challenge of developing suitable feedstock and high precision miniaturized mold cavities. Also, both technologies require computer modeling of molding, debinding and sintering in order to predict shape, size and reliability issues. Additionally, there are research activities ongoing to include higher functionality into micro-CIM components e.g. by the use of nano-sized

In the recent years CIM technology has been accepted as one of the fundamental manufacturing techniques for mass production of ceramic components with complex geometries. Most commonly used CIM components are based on ferrite, piezoelectric and alumina ceramic powders. CIM components are widely used in automotive industry (mechanical parts), chemical applications (valves, membranes), medical applications (artificial bones), aerospace (mechanical parts, sensors and actuators), communications, oil and gas exploration (sensors, valves), etc. Advanced CIM technology, micro-CIM, offers microparts with structures in sub-millimetre range where materials like silicon and polymers rapidly reach their limits. Next step in micro-CIM technology is two-component micro-CIM that allows the production of multi-functional ceramic parts in just one processing step without any additional joining of the compound partners. Two-component injection molding allows one to combine materials with different properties, such as electrical conductivity/electrical insulation, high thermal conductivity/thermal insulation, or magnetic/non-magnetic properties. This opens new prospects for CIM technology and

great reduction in mounting and assembly efforts and costs.

Fig. 17. Ceramic injection molding technology development.

leads the way to new prospective market segments.

powders.

**6. Conclusion** 

### **7. Acknowledgment**

Authors are grateful for the partial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Serbia (contracts III45007 and III44003).

#### **8. References**


**7** 

*Tianjin University,* 

*China* 

**Optimization and Simulation for Ceramic** 

Fiber ferrule is a crucial part for manufacturing fiber connectors. It is fairly difficult to produce fiber ferrule because that it requires high dimension accuracy. Currently, YTZ ceramic powder is the main material used to produce fiber ferrule and Ceramic Injection Molding (CIM) is a new fabricating method capable of producing ZrO2 fiber ferrule (Fig. 1(a), Fig. 1(b)) with complex geometry and high accuracy. ZrO2 fiber ferrule quality is significantly influenced by the process conditions of CIM. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to optimize mould structure and processing parameters based on the simulation of CIM, which promotes solid load of ceramic powder and product quality. Optimal process conditions of Ceramic Injection Molding could be determined by analyzing the simulation results. It has been found that runner cross-section shape and runner system contribute to the efficiency and filling process significantly. Hence, optimal runner cross-section shape and runner system are proposed. Reducing the gravity influence on CIM is also suggested. Moreover, optimization of cooling system could be considered an effective way to improve

the dimensional precision and surface quality of ZrO2 fiber ferrule.

**2. Optimization of runner cross-section shape** 

**1. Introduction** 

**Injection Mould of ZrO2 Fiber Ferrule** 

 (a) (b) Fig. 1. ZrO2 fiber ferrule; (a) Roughcast of the ZrO2 fiber ferrule; (b) Geometry of the mould.

During filling stage, the melt is firstly injected into mould cavity and this stage is accomplished as the mould cavity is fully filled by melt. Therefore, it is of great importance

Bin Lin, Meiming Zhang, Chuhan Wu and Feng Liu

