**9. References**

36 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

Before we bring the final concluding remarks for our chapter, we will briefly summarize the Physics results delivered by the LHC experiments by the time of writing this document.

In addition to many specific new results describing different Physics phenomena in the energy regime never explored before, there have been new findings concerning some of the major

• ATLAS and CMS experiments have been delivering results concerning the energy regions excluding the mass of the Higgs boson. The latest results on the topic of Higgs boson searches exclude a wide region of Higgs boson masses: ATLAS excludes Higgs boson masses above 145 GeV, and out to 466 GeV (apart from a couple of points in-between, which are however excluded by CMS studies). For some of the latest references see [73-75]. • To contribute new results on the topic of the dominance of matter over antimatter in the present Universe, the LHCb experiment has been pursuing studies of phenomena demonstrating the so-called CP-symmetry violation. Violation of this symmetry plays an important role in the attempts of Cosmology to explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in our world. The latest LHCb results concerning the demonstration of the

• The study of properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), the phase of matter which existed in a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, is the mission of the ALICE experiment. During the lead-lead collisions at the LHC energies, the individual collisions can be seen as "little Big Bangs". The matter produced in these collisions is under extreme conditions: the energy density corresponds to a situation when 15 protons are squeezed into the volume of one proton and the temperature reaches more than 200000 times the temperature in the core of the Sun. ALICE has confirmed the previous findings of the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven that this QGP behaves like an ideal

As we already stressed, the WLCG performance during the LHC data taking in 2009-2011 was excellent and the basic mission of the WLCG has been fulfilled: the data taking and processing is ongoing without major show-stoppers, hundreds of people are using the Grid to perform their analysis and unique scientific results are delivered within weeks after the data was recorded. In addition, the experience gained during this data taking .stress test. launched new strategies to be followed on the way of the future WLCG development. There are fundamental issues like the approaching lack of WLCG resources and the expansion of new technologies like the Cloud computing. In the time of writing this chapter it looks like we will see in the future some combination of Grid and Cloud technologies will be adopted

to operate the distributed computing infrastructures used by the HEP experiments.

We would like to thank Jiri Adam for a critical reading of the manuscript and for a great help with the LATEX matters. The work was supported by the MSMT CR contracts No. 1P04LA211

**7.7 Physics results achieved by the LHC experiments**

existence of the CP-violation can be found, e.g., in [76].

liquid [68] even at the LHC energies.

**7.8 Concluding remarks**

**8. Acknowledgements**

and LC 07048.

issues addressed by the LHC research.


https://tnc2011.terena.org/web/media/archive/7A


[49] Pythia6: http://projects.hepforge.org/pythia6/;

http://www-nsdth.lbl.gov/~xnwang/hijing/

http://alimonitor.cern.ch/job\_details.jsp

http://pcalimonitor.cern.ch:8889/reports/;

http://pcalimonitor.cern.ch/stats?page=SE/table

http://indico.cern.ch/materialDisplay.py?contribId=

production in pp, pA and AA collisions,

Phys. Rev. D44 (1991), 3501;

Offline-Policy.html

[53] ALICE simulation framework:

[54] ALICE MC simulation cycles:

ALICE Distributed Storage:

http://glite.cern.ch/

ALICE Grid Analysis:

[64] LHC Performance and Statistics:

[62] Job statuses in AliEn:

3&materialId=2&confId=153622;

[59] The AliEn Shell-aliensh, AliEn User Interfaces:

apiservice/AA-UserGuide-0.0m.pdf

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[60] The PANDA Experiment: http://www-panda.gsi.de/ [61] The CBM Experiment: http://www-cbm.gsi.de/

[57] gLite-Lightweight Middleware for Grid Computing,

[58] ARC-The Advanced Resource Connector middleware,

http://www.nordugrid.org/arc/about-arc.html

apiservice/guide/guide-1.0.html#\_Toc156731986;

[55] ALICE Computing sites:

[52] Monitoring of Analysis trains in ALICE: http://alimonitor.cern.ch/prod/

[51] ALICE Offline policy:

html

Pythia8: http://home.thep.lu.se/~torbjorn/pythiaaux/present.html [50] Xin-Nian Wang and Miklos Gyulassy: HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet

Grid Computing in High Energy Physics Experiments 219

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http://project-arda-dev.web.cern.ch/project-arda-dev/alice/

http://project-arda-dev.web.cern.ch/project-arda-dev/alice/

[63] LHC Design Report: http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/LHC-DesignReport.html

[65] The ALICE Collaboration: First proton-proton collisions at the LHC as observed with the ALICE detector: measurement of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density at

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http://pcalimonitor.cern.ch/show?page=jobStatus.html

https://lhc-statistics.web.cern.ch/LHC-Statistics/

http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Offline/General-Information/


38 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

[25] Virtual Organisation: http://technical.eu-egee.org/index.php?id=147

[28] OMII - The Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute: http://www.omii.ac.uk/

https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/LCG/DataManagementTop

[38] SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center): http://slac.stanford.edu/

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http://project-arda-dev.web.cern.ch/project-arda-dev/xrootd/

[23] USLHCNet: High speed TransAtlantic network for the LHC community,

[26] The European Middleware Initiative: http://www.eu-emi.eu/home [27] The Globus Toolkit: http://www-unix.globus.org/toolkit/

Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A502 (2003) 437; http://alien2.cern.ch/

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https://www.gridpp.ac.uk/wiki/Disk\_Pool\_Manager;

Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A389 (1997) 81; http://root.cern.ch

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http://alimonitor.cern.ch/production/raw.jsp

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[31] Computing Element: http://glite.cern.ch/lcg-CE/

http://glite.cern.ch/glite-CREAM/

[39] INFN - The National Institute of Nuclear Physics: http://www.infn.it/indexen.php

[41] VOMS-Virtual Organization Membership Service:

[43] ALICE Experiment Computing TDR:

2009, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 219, 062050. [45] ALICE raw data production cycles:

glite-VOMS\_mysql/glite-VOMS\_mysql.asp [42] The VO-box: http://glite.cern.ch/glite-VOBOX/

http://monalisa.cern.ch/monalisa.html;

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site/index.html

[37] XRootD:

html

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http://lhcone.net/



The LHCb Collaboration: Measurement of the CP Violation Parameter *A*<sup>Γ</sup> in Two-Body Charm Decays;

**1. Introduction**

used to represent these test-suites.

degree of controlled interaction.

combinations is reduced to 9 test cases.

To continue at the forefront in this fast paced and competitive world, companies have to be highly adaptable and to suit such transforming needs customized software solutions play a key role. To support this customization, software systems must provide numerous configurable options. While this flexibility promotes customizations, it creates many potential

**Using Grid Computing for Constructing** 

*1Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M), Centro Mixto CSIC -* 

*2CINVESTAV-Tamaulipas, Information Technology Laboratory, Km. 5.5 Carretera* 

**Ternary Covering Arrays** 

Himer Avila-George1, Jose Torres-Jimenez2, Abel Carrión1 and Vicente Hernández1

*Universitat Politècnica de València - CIEMAT, Valencia* 

*Victoria-Soto La Marina, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas* 

*1Spain 2Mexico* 

**10**

A good strategy to test a software component involves the generation of the whole set of cases that participate in its operation. While testing only individual values may not be enough, exhaustive testing of all possible combinations is not always feasible. An alternative technique to accomplish this goal is called combinatorial testing. Combinatorial testing is a method that can reduce cost and increase the effectiveness of software testing for many applications. It is based on constructing economical sized test-suites that provide coverage of the most prevalent configurations. Covering arrays (CAs) are combinatorial structures which can be

A covering array (CA) is a combinatorial object, denoted by *CA*(*N*;*t*, *k*, *v*) which can be described like a matrix with *N* × *k* elements, such that every *N* × *t* subarray contains all possible combinations of *v<sup>t</sup>* symbols at least once. *N* represents the rows of the matrix, *k* is the number of parameters, which has *v* possible values and *t* represents the strength or the

To illustrate the CA approach applied to the design of software testing, consider the Web-based system example shown in Table 1, the example involves four parameters each with three possible values. A full experimental design (*t* = 4) should cover 34 = 81 possibilities, however, if the interaction is relaxed to *t* = 2 (pair-wise), then the number of possible

system configurations, which may need extensive quality assurance.

http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1370107/files/LHCb-CONF-2011-046. pdf
