**9. Acknowledgments**

This paper was supported by the Spanish MICINN project ENE2010-15509 and co-financed by FEDER, the Centre of Cooperation for Development of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), the Agència Catalana de Cooperació al Desenvolupament (ACCD), the Generalitat de Catalunya, the Ajuntament de Barcelona, the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo and the Directoraten-Generaal Internationale Samenwerking (DGIS).

## **10. References**


throughout the development of the plan, as well as community participation, since they are the ones who will ultimately be present at the implementation of the system. Currently, the CEDECAP has the strategy of working with local governments for making

Due to lack of references, CEDECAP's technical team is working to adapt the public investment system to project profiles in renewable energies. Mechanisms and guidelines have been created to support municipalities in the formulation of investment projects; the main idea is to save administrative processes. This guidance will also be delivered to the

Electrification systems based on the use of renewable energy sources are suitable for providing electricity to isolated communities autonomously. However, there are barriers that hinder this process and, between them, the major one is lack of local capacities. In this context, Practical Action (Peru), Engineers Without Borders (Spain), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Spain) and Green Empowerment (USA) are promoting the CEDECAP, a capacity development center in Peru that support the implementation of energy projects and trains farmers, community leaders, policy makers and students of technical degrees and universities. In 2006-2009, 22 courses were developed with 484 participants and 22

The future challenge of CEDECAP is to strengthen and to consolidate its role within formal education, both in professional schools and universities, to increase professional's training, upgrade research and keep on working to insert renewable energy projects on the political

This paper was supported by the Spanish MICINN project ENE2010-15509 and co-financed by FEDER, the Centre of Cooperation for Development of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), the Agència Catalana de Cooperació al Desenvolupament (ACCD), the Generalitat de Catalunya, the Ajuntament de Barcelona, the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo and the Directoraten-Generaal Internationale

Bouille, D. and McDade, S. (2002). Capacity for development. Energy for Sustainable

Chaureya, A., Ranganathana, M. and Mohanty, P. (2004). Electricity access for

Development. A policy agenda. Johansson and Goldemberg (eds.). UN

geographically disadvantaged rural communities—technology and policy insights.

agenda as a definitive step for promoting and improving their impact.

Development Programme. New York.

Energy Policy, 32, 1693–1705.

an energy planning in each of the districts jointly.

regional government presidency.

**8. Conclusions** 

educational materials.

**9. Acknowledgments** 

Samenwerking (DGIS).

**10. References** 


http://www.imta.gob.mx/index.php?option=com\_content&view=article&id=260 &Itemid=90


**8** 

**Utilization of Permanent Grassland for** 

Pavel Fuksa1, Josef Hakl1, Zuzana Hrevušová1,

Jaromír Šantrůček1, Ilona Gerndtová2 and Jan Habart3 *1Department of Forage Crops and Grassland Management,* 

*3Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition,* 

Permanent grasslands represent undoubtedly an inseparable part of landscape, which has historically both agriculture and environmental importance. Considering restricting agriculture-food-processing production, especially in Central and Eastern European countries, the main aim of European policy is to support mainly environmental function of permanent grasslands. To fulfil non-productive function of permanent grasslands, there is the base of their utilization and harvest of biomass. Therefore, agriculture is also focused on

This chapter is dealing with utilization of permanent grasslands for energy production and their energetic balance. The main attention deals with a particular way of production of biogas, which is the most applied method as far as energy production of this vegetation in Europe is concerned. The production of biomass for energy, as well as traditional forage produce, cannot omit functions of permanent grasslands. Therefore, a part of the chapter is also focused on biological and environmental aspects of permanent grasslands. It is not possible to incorporate all related topics in their entirety because of limited scope of the chapter. The aim of this chapter is to give general knowledge with emphasis on reciprocal

non-food processing production where the first place is taken by energy production.

coherence of mentioned issues. Detailed information can be found in cited literature.

area (Food and Agriculture Organization Statistic [FAOSTAT], 2011).

Permanent grasslands are important parts of natural landscape, as well as, element of management of agricultural land not only in the Europe territory. Grassland covers approximately 3.4 109 ha, i.e. 69 % of the world's agricultural area or 26 % of total land area. In Europe, grasslands also cover a considerable amount of landscape. Currently they represent almost 38 % of agricultural land area. Area in the Czech Republic has been expanding over last few years. At present grasslands cover over 23 % of agricultural land

**2. Importance of permanent grassland** 

**1. Introduction** 

**Biogas Production** 

*Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 2Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering* 

 *Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague* 

*Czech Republic* 


http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/energyaccesssituation/en/index.html.
