**10. References**


Heat Transfer Modeling of the Ground

(2011).

22-25.

Lausanne.

16.

558-566.

17. Stockholm, Sweden.

Ecostock 2006, Pomona, NJ.

Transactions, 1999, 105 (2): pp. 465-474.

125 (3): pp. 183-189.

475-485.

567.

Heat Exchangers for the Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems 145

Man, Y.; Yang, H. X.; Li, X.; Cui, P.; & Fang, Z. H. (2011). The spiral heat source

Mei, V. C. & Baxter, V. D. (1986). Performance of a ground-coupled heat pump with

Morino, K. & Oka, T. (1994). Study on heat exchanged in soil by circulating water in a steel

Nelson, M. G.; Philipp, B.; Zhu, K.; Bayer, P. & Fang, Z. H. (2011). A moving finite line

Pahud, D.; Fromentin, A. & Hadorn, J. C. (1996). The Duct Ground Heat Storage Model

Pahud, D.; Fromentin, A. & Hubbuch, M. (1999). Heat exchanger pile system for heating and

Sekine, K.; Ooka, R.; Yokoi, M.; Shiba, Y. & Hwang, S. (2007). Development of a ground-

Spitler, J. D. (2005). Ground-source heat pump system research – past, present and future. International Journal of HVAC&R Research, 2005, 11(2): pp. 165-167. Spitler, J. D.; Cullin, J.; Bernier, M.; Kummert, M.; Cui, P.; Liu, X.; Lee, E. & Fisher, D. (2009).

Sutton, M. G.; Nutter, D. W. & Couvillion, R. J. (2003). A ground resistance for vertical

Xu, X.; Spitler, J. D. (2006). Modeling of Vertical Ground Loop Heat Exchangers with

Yavuzturk, C. & Spitler, J. D. (1999). A short time step response factor model for

Yavuzturk, C.; Spitler, J. D.; & Rees, S. J. (1999). A transient two-dimensional finite volume

Zeng, H. Y.; Diao, N. R. & Fang, Z. H. (2002). A finite line-source model for boreholes in

International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2011, 50: pp. 2506-2513.

pile, Energy and Buildings, 1994, 21 (1): pp. 65-78.

model for the pile ground heat exchangers, In press by HVAC&R Research

multiple dissimilar U-tube coils in series. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986, 92(2): pp.

source model to simulate borehole heat exchangers with groundwater advection,

(DST) for TRNSYS Used for the Simulation of Heat Exchanger Piles, DGC-LASEN,

cooling at Zurich Airport, IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter, 1999, 17 (1): pp. 15-

source heat pump system with ground heat exchanger utilizing the cast-in-place concrete pile foundations of buildings, ASHRAE Transactions, 2007, 113 (1): pp.

Preliminary intermodel comparison of ground heat exchanger simulation models. Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage. June 14-

borehole heat exchangers with groundwater flow, J. Energy Resour. ASME, 2003;

Variable Convective Resistance and Thermal Mass of the Fluid. Proceedings of

vertical ground loop heat exchangers, ASHRAE Transactions, 1999, 105(2): pp.

model for the simulation of vertical U-tube ground heat exchangers, ASHRAE

geothermal heat exchangers, Heat Transfer-Asian Research, 2002, 31(7): pp. 558-


Cui, P.; Li, X.; Man, Y. & Fang, Z. H. (2011). Heat transfer analysis of pile geothermal heat exchangers with spiral coils, Applied Energy, 2011, 88 : pp. 4113-4119. Diao, N. R.; Li, Q. Y. & Fang, Z. H. (2004). Heat Transfer in Ground Heat Exchangers with

Diao, N. R. & Fang, Z. H. (2006). Ground-coupled heat pump technology, The Higher

Domenico, P.A. & Schwartz, F.W. (1998) Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, seconded.

Eskilson, P. (1987). Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes, Doctoral Thesis, University of Lund, Department of mathematical Physics, Lund, Sweden. Fang, Z. H.; Diao, N. R. & Cui, P. (2002). Discontinuous operation of geothermal heat exchangers. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 2002, 7(2): pp. 194-197. Fisher, D. E.; Murugappan, A.; Padhmanabhan, S. K. & Rees, S. J. (2006). Implementation

Hamada, Y.; Saitoh, H.; Nakamura, M.; Kubota, H. & Ochifuji, K. (2007). Field performance

Hellström, G. (1989). Duct Ground Heat Storage Model, Manual for Computer Code,

Hellström, G. (1991). Ground heat storage, Thermal analysis of duct storage systems.

Ingersoll, L. R. & Zobel, O. J. (1954). Heat conduction with engineering and geological

Kavanaugh, S. P. (1997). Ground source heat pumps, Design of geothermal systems for

Laloui, L.; Nuth, M. & Vulliet, L. (2006). Experimental and numerical investigations of the

Lin Y., (2010). Study on heat transfer modeling and design of ground heat exchangers,

Liu, X. (2008). Enhanced design and energy analysis tool for geothermal water loop heat

Man, Y.; Yang, H. X. & Fang, Z. H. (2008). Study on hybrid ground-coupled heat pump

Man, Y.; Yang, H. X.; Diao, N. R.; Liu, J. H. & Fang, Z. H. (2010). A new model and analytical

Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2006, 30 (8): pp. 763-781.

Master's Thesis, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China.

systems. Energy and Buildings, 2008, 40(11): pp. 2028-2036.

Department of Mathematical Physics, University of Lund, Sweden.

applications, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.

and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).

Conference. pp. 20-22, May. Zürich, Switzerland.

Heat and Mass Transfer, 2010, 53: pp. 2593-2601.

pp. 1203-1211.

pp. 693-710.

517-524.

Sweden.

Education Press, Beijing.

John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.

Groundwater Advection, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2004, 43 (12):

and Validation of Ground-Source Heat Pump System Models in an Integrated Building and System Simulation Environment. HVAC&R Research, 2006, 12 (3a):

of an pile GHE system for space heating, Energy and Buildings, 2007: 39 (5): pp.

Doctoral Thesis, Department of Mathematical Physics, University of Lund, Lund,

commercial and institutional buildings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

behaviour of a heat exchanger pile, International Journal for Numerical and

pump systems. Proceedings of 9th International Energy Agency Heat Pump

solutions for borehole and pile ground heat exchangers. International Journal of


**7** 

*1Practical Action* 

*1Peru 2,3Spain* 

*2Engineering Without Borders* 

**Promoting and Improving Renewable Energy** 

Rafael Escobar1, David Vilar2, Enrique Velo3, Laia Ferrer-Martí3 and Bruno Domenech3

*3Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech,* 

**Projects Through Local Capacity Development** 

Early in the 21st century, an estimated one and half billion people lacked access to electricity and three billion people, almost half of the world population, still rely on solid fuels and traditional biomass to meet their cooking needs (WHO, 2009). The important role of energy systems in the design of a sustainable development model has been recognized worldwide (Modi et al, 2006). It is estimated that, to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), among other goals, it is necessary "To provide access to modern energy services (in

Electricity effectively contributes to improve living conditions of people (Chaureya et al, 2004) through services such as night lighting (domestic and public), access to information and communications, drinking water and sanitation, medical assistance and education, and creates opportunities to generate incomes and jobs. Likewise, electricity can contribute

Nowadays, technologies that use renewable sources are considered appropriate for energy supply in isolated rural communities with autonomous systems (Chaureya et al, 2004). However, there are barriers that difficult this process, related to the social, technological, economical, financial, institutional or political context. Although in the countries of the Andean Community of Nations, some institutional and political barriers are starting to be overcome, lack of capacity and high investment costs remain major barriers (Figure 1),

In the Andean region, technical teams, municipalities and regional governmental authorities, community leaders and base organizations often have limited knowledge about the potential of renewable sources. Thus, despite belonging to organizations that should promote the development of poorest populations, they do not exploit the benefits of their potential for the implementation of energy systems and the increase of beneficiaries' quality of life. Due to this lack of knowledge and sometimes lack of confidence in renewable energy

efficiently to social empowerment, promoting equity and empowerment of women.

the form of mechanical power and electricity) to all rural communities".

which slow down the rural energy development in the region.

**1. Introduction** 

Zeng, H. Y.; Diao, N. R. & Fang, Z. H. (2003). Heat transfer analysis of boreholes in vertical ground heat exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2003, 46 (23): pp. 4467-4481.
