**10. Acknowledgement**

Contributing Authors include Raymond Johnson, (Manager Portfolio Development, Southern California Edison, CA, USA), Michael Urbina and Zuyi Li (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA), Vulkan Polimac (Polimac Ltd., Godalming, UK), George Hopley, Commodities Research and Michael Zenker, North American Gas and Power Research (Barclays Capital, San Francisco, USA), Nikolai Voropai, Victor Rabchuk, Sergey Senderov, and Natalia Pyatkova (Energy Systems Institute, Irkutsk, Russia), BinBin Jiang (Stanford University, USA), Chen Wenying (Tsinghau University, Beijing, China), Yu Yuefeng (Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China), Zeng Lemin (Guangdong Technoeconomic Research and Development Center, Guangzhou, China), Luiz Augusto Barroso (PSR, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), Hugh Rudnick (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile), and Niko Iliadis (Energy Consultant, Athens, Greece).

## **11. References**

236 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems

There is a fine geopolitical balance defined by US and Russian interests that are directly depicted from the projects under construction or study. Moreover, the provenance of funds from very different sources such as international organizations, countries, investment funds and utilities define an uneven order of priorities that might have a negative effect on overall development of the projects. Hence, there is a very delicate task submitted to all commissions, forums and boards that govern and supervise the process of development where a set of technical specifications and plans defining the projects have to be combined

1. As the electricity industry becomes more and more dependent on natural gas-fired generation, limits in the natural gas delivery system are becoming increasingly relevant

2. Dependence on gas imports to replace UK reserves for electric power generation is most likely to be both pricey and vulnerable to the loss of supply due to political

3. With US and Canadian end-users adverse to long-term contracts for LNG there is risk that without committing to LNG it may not be available if needed in the future. 4. The gas share at thermal power plants of Russia, despite a sharp rise in gas price (from 50\$/1000 m3 in 2007 to 170 \$/1000 m3 in 2020), can be decreased only 11-12% in favor of increase in the coal share, which to some extent will mitigate the rise in cost of

5. Growth in gas demand in China could lead to a surge of natural gas imports, as demand is likely to far outstrip domestic supplies in certain parts of the country. Fuel mix for electricity generation in China is unlikely to change dramatically. Non-climate policies could have a large impact on carbon emissions. Although China is unlikely to accept binding carbon dioxide emission reductions targets in near future, very large CO2 reductions might be realized as a side benefit from other policies enacted such as a

6. There are opportunities for economic integration of regional gas-electricity markets in

7. There are major projects under study and in operation for planned gas routes in South East Europe. The Caspian Region holds 6% of the world's natural gas reserves and production will double in the next 15 years. There is a fine geopolitical balance defined

Contributing Authors include Raymond Johnson, (Manager Portfolio Development, Southern California Edison, CA, USA), Michael Urbina and Zuyi Li (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA), Vulkan Polimac (Polimac Ltd., Godalming, UK), George Hopley, Commodities Research and Michael Zenker, North American Gas and Power Research (Barclays Capital, San Francisco, USA), Nikolai Voropai, Victor Rabchuk, Sergey Senderov, and Natalia Pyatkova (Energy Systems Institute, Irkutsk, Russia), BinBin Jiang (Stanford University, USA), Chen Wenying (Tsinghau University, Beijing, China), Yu Yuefeng (Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China), Zeng Lemin (Guangdong Techno-

electricity and centralized heat produced at Thermal Power Plants.

with a tense geopolitical situation.

to power system operation.

cap on SO2 emissions.

by United Sates and Russian interests.

South America.

**10. Acknowledgement** 

**9. Conclusions** 

instability.


**10** 

*Spain* 

**An Analysis of the Effect of Renewable Energies** 

*2University of La Coruna/Department of Economic Analysis and Business Administration* 

The deployment of renewable energy is a key concept in European Union by environmental and economic reasons. This energy contributes to the securing of the objectives established by Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, 11 December 1997) which entails that European Union has made the commitment to reduce their emissions by 8% during the period 2008-2012 and by at least 20% below 1990

In order to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and others greenhouse gases, special strategies have been implemented to promote electricity generation from renewable within the regulatory framework of the European Union. The 2009/28/EC directive of the European Parliament on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources requires each member state to increase its share of renewable energies in energy mix to raise the overall share to 20% by 2020. In Spain, the target means that renewable sources must account for at least 20% of final energy consumption by 2020 - the same as the EU

In Spain, the Renewable Energy Development Plan 2005-2010 -and the Renewable Energy Plan 2011-2020 which is concurrently being drafted, processed by the Industry and Energy Council of the Spanish government and the Spanish Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving-IDEA, set the policies and strategies to its deployment of renewable energies (RES). According to the first plan is expected a contribution from RES of 12.1% of primary energy consumption in 2010 and electricity generation from RES of 30.3% of gross electricity consumption. As a result of the design of policies to promote renewable energies, Spain has registered an increase in the share of electricity from RES from 17.8% in 1990 to 29.4% in

The development of renewable energy industries became a way to achieve environmental objectives. Besides, provides several positive effects, mainly referred to the expected increasing in energy self-sufficiency, employment, investment and production, the improvement of opportunities of regional and local development and the creation of a domestic industry (Moreno and López, 2008). Some of those positive effects which have

**1. Introduction** 

levels by 2020.

average.

2009 as we can see in Figure 1.

been quantified by Deloitte-Appa (2009) are:

**on Spanish Electricity Market Efficiency** 

Blanca Moreno1 and María Teresa García-Álvarez2 *1University of Oviedo/Department of Applied Economics* 

