**Meet the editor**

Thierry Burger-Helmchen is a professor in Management Science at EM Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Alsace, France. He is a researcher at BETA-CNRS and his research topics are entrepreneurship and innovation management. He teaches Strategy of SMEs and Entrepreneurship in the M3E program (Management and Entrepreneurship in the European Environment), a

multi-country entrepreneurship program of IUT Louis Pasteur, University of Strasbourg.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

Chapter 1 **Gender Differences Among** 

Julius Kikooma

Eva Leffler

**Part 1 Gender & Entrepreneurship 1** 

**Social vs. Business Entrepreneurs 3**  Ayala M. Pines, Miri Lerner and Dafna Schwartz

**Women Manoeuvring Economic Space 15** 

Chapter 3 **Entrepreneurship in Schools and the Invisible of Gender:** 

Chapter 4 **Social Entrepreneurship and Cross-Sectoral Partnerships** 

Mewaldt Andrea and Sanchez Bengoa Dolores

**The Case of Lebanese Family Businesses 81** 

Chapter 6 **Entrepreneurship: Geographies and Social Context 93**  Elaine Da Silveira Leite and Natalia Maximo e Melo

**Join the Innovation Driven Economy? 103** 

**Kinds of Business and Advances in Research 121**  Ángeles Arjona Garrido and Juan Carlos Checa Olmos

Josiane Fahed-Sreih and David Pistrui

Alexandru Borcea and Rosemari Fuica

Chapter 8 **Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Spain Concepts,** 

Chapter 2 **Gender and Entrepreneurship in Uganda:** 

**A Swedish Context 31** 

**in CEE Countries 55**  Kaufmann Hans Ruediger,

Chapter 5 **Motives for Entrepreneurship:** 

Chapter 7 **Does Romania Have a Chance to** 

**Part 2 Geographies & Entrepreneurship 53** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**


#### **Part 2 Geographies & Entrepreneurship 53**


#### **Part 3 Social Context & Entrepreneurship 169**


## Preface

The birth and infancy of entrepreneurship was turned into a specific area of academic study and empirical research quite early. The field greatly evolved, and at the same time, a constant urge to deal with real problems existed, from firm creation to industrial growth, including firm strategy and economic policy.

Economic, sociological, and managerial academics began to devise a detailed and interpretative framework for the study of entrepreneurship. Many people came from different fields, and there was a need to overcome the limitation of the standard neoclassical theory of entrepreneurship. New areas of research were embraced, thereby recognizing that powerful mechanisms are at work in entrepreneurship which now require systematic analysis.

#### **The economics of entrepreneurship**

Entrepreneurship, in a very broad sense, has always been at the heart of firm and industrial dynamics extoling influence at macro level. Starting with the analysis of the specific properties and effects of entrepreneurship as an economic function, researchers then proceeded to the historical and normative analysis of resource allocation mechanisms in the field of entrepreneurship. More generally, they analyzed the socio-economic institutions that could be relied upon to produce, mediate, and favor entrepreneurship.

Many authors tried to define Entrepreneurship

*"Entrepreneurship is an act of innovation that involves endowing existing resources with new wealth-producing capacity"* 

Drucker (1985)

*"Entrepreneurship is a process by which individuals pursue and exploit opportunities irrespective to the resources they currently control"* 

Stevenson (1985)

*"Entrepreneurship is the creation of organizations, the process by which new organizations come into existence"* 

Gartner (1988)

#### XII Preface

*"Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting that is opportunity drive, holistic in approach, and leadership balanced"* 

Timmons (1997)

Preface XI

**Thierry Burger-Helmchen**  BETA-CNRS, EM Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg

France

The second volume **"Entrepreneurship - Born, Made and Educated"** raises the question why some human beings turn into great entrepreneurs. Is it a gift of Mother Nature, or the outcome of a specific education system or from other institutional

The last volume **"Entrepreneurship - Ideas, Creativity and Innovative Business Models"** is more managerial oriented and takes into account the detection of opportunities, the creative processes, and the impact of the entrepreneurial mindset on

Entrepreneurship, in a gender-related approach, is tackled by the following works from the contributions in **Section I: Gender and Entrepreneurship. Section II: Geographies and Entrepreneurship** is composed of eight articles where the geographical origin of the entrepreneurs or the geographical location of their actions play a special role. The last six chapters of the book correspond to **Section III: Social Context and Entrepreneurship**. In this section, several presentations study the characteristics of some specific contexts, such as the agricultural context, farming, and

Drucker, P F. 1985. *Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles*. New York,

Gartner, W. 1988. "Who is an entrepreneur ? Is the wrong question ?", *American Journal*

Stevenson, H. 1985. "The Heart of Entrepreneurship." *Harvard Business Review*, March-

Venkataraman, S. 1997. "The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research: An

Editor's Perspective". *Advances in Entrepreneurship*. J. Katz and R. Brockhaus.

**Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context** 

construction?

business models.

family business.

**References**

USA: HarperBusiness.

April, pp. 85-94.

*of Small Business*, 12, pp.11-31.

Greenwich, JAI Press. pp.119-138.

Timmons, J.A. 1989. *The Entrepreneurial Mind*. Brick House Pub.

*"Entrepreneurship is about how, by whom, and with what consequences opportunities to bring future goods and services into existence are discovered, created and exploited"* 

Venkataraman (1997)

From these definitions, we can see that the academic understanding of entrepreneurship broadened over time. The first dimension of the entrepreneurial space is the continuum between economic approaches oriented towards the origin and context of entrepreneurship, social science approaches, and managerial concerns. Among others, influences can also be found in the education context, or, the institutional context. And finally, researchers raised the question of what happens if we do not take those issues into account? What if we take them for granted and simply state that entrepreneurs do things differently, for whatever the reason, and have ideas in different ways other than economic factors?

The following table summarizes these three divisions of research in entrepreneurship.


The three volumes of entrepreneurship are each dedicated to one of the above divisions. The first volume **"Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context"** sheds new light on how the entrepreneur is an important element of macro and local development by taking into account gender, geographical places, and social context.

The second volume **"Entrepreneurship - Born, Made and Educated"** raises the question why some human beings turn into great entrepreneurs. Is it a gift of Mother Nature, or the outcome of a specific education system or from other institutional construction?

The last volume **"Entrepreneurship - Ideas, Creativity and Innovative Business Models"** is more managerial oriented and takes into account the detection of opportunities, the creative processes, and the impact of the entrepreneurial mindset on business models.

#### **Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context**

Entrepreneurship, in a gender-related approach, is tackled by the following works from the contributions in **Section I: Gender and Entrepreneurship. Section II: Geographies and Entrepreneurship** is composed of eight articles where the geographical origin of the entrepreneurs or the geographical location of their actions play a special role. The last six chapters of the book correspond to **Section III: Social Context and Entrepreneurship**. In this section, several presentations study the characteristics of some specific contexts, such as the agricultural context, farming, and family business.

> **Thierry Burger-Helmchen**  BETA-CNRS, EM Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg France

#### **References**

X Preface

*holistic in approach, and leadership balanced"* 

in different ways other than economic factors?

Approaches

Where

and local

on gender, geographical location and social

context.

Political level (country, region, town level)

Description of

entrepreneur, object of the study:

Sectors of interest:

the

Classical economic and social context

The entrepreneur is an important element of macro

development. The impact can depend

*"Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting that is opportunity drive,*

*"Entrepreneurship is about how, by whom, and with what consequences opportunities to bring*

From these definitions, we can see that the academic understanding of entrepreneurship broadened over time. The first dimension of the entrepreneurial space is the continuum between economic approaches oriented towards the origin and context of entrepreneurship, social science approaches, and managerial concerns. Among others, influences can also be found in the education context, or, the institutional context. And finally, researchers raised the question of what happens if we do not take those issues into account? What if we take them for granted and simply state that entrepreneurs do things differently, for whatever the reason, and have ideas

The following table summarizes these three divisions of research in entrepreneurship.

Education,

Is one a born entrepreneur? Does one become an entrepreneur through a specific education system or a special institutional

context?

The three volumes of entrepreneurship are each dedicated to one of the above divisions. The first volume **"Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context"** sheds new light on how the entrepreneur is an important element of macro and local development by taking into account gender, geographical places, and social context.

Educational system, historical studies, political influence

Why

development and institutional context

*future goods and services into existence are discovered, created and exploited"* 

Timmons (1997)

Venkataraman (1997)

Managerial context

The entrepreneurial process, the detection of opportunities, the development of ideas,

creativity, and innovation.

The construction of new business models

Economists involved in theory of the firm, management science

How


Timmons, J.A. 1989. *The Entrepreneurial Mind*. Brick House Pub.

Venkataraman, S. 1997. "The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research: An Editor's Perspective". *Advances in Entrepreneurship*. J. Katz and R. Brockhaus. Greenwich, JAI Press. pp.119-138.

**Part 1** 

**Gender & Entrepreneurship** 
