**6. Conclusions**

PCa has become a huge burden on the health and wealth of Western societies. It is now the commonest solid malignancy and in spite of an excellent general outcome it is expected to become the main cause of cancer-related death in men. There is therefore an urgent need for improved therapies. Sipuleucel-T for PCa was the first immunotherapy to show a survival advantage in cancer, and it has been quickly followed by ipilimumab in melanoma. Radiotherapy has many applications for PCa and it is clear that there are many interactions between immunotherapy and radiation. In general these are positive such that immunotherapy may improve outcomes for those being irradiated and vice versa. The challenge is to move the science into the clinical setting, optimising combinations and sequences, identification of appropriate biomarkers and designing appropriate trials.
