**1. Introduction**

214 Prostate Cancer – Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances

Troy, A., Davidson, P., Atkinson, C. & Hart, D. (1998). Phenotypic characterisation of the dendritic cell infiltrate in prostate cancer. *J Urol* 160, 1, (Jul), 214-219. Tsai, C.H., Hong, J.H., Hsieh, K.F., Hsiao, H.W., Chuang, W.L., Lee, C.C., McBride, W.H. &

Van Der Meeren, A., Squiban, C., Gourmelon, P., Lafont, H. & Gaugler, M.H. (1999).

Viani, G., Stefano, E. & Afonso, S. (2009). Higher-than-conventional radiation doses in

Wan, Y. & Flavell, R. (2007). 'Yin-Yang' functions of transforming growth factor-beta and T

Warde, P., Mason, M., Sydes, M., Gospodarowicz, M., Swanson, G., Kirkbride, P.,

Wiegel, T., Bottke, D., Steiner, U., Siegmann, A., Golz, R., Storkel, S., Willich, N., Semjonow,

Wrzesinski, S., Wan, Y. & Flavell, R. (2007). Transforming growth factor-beta and the

Yokouchi, H., Yamazaki, K., Chamoto, K., Kikuchi, E., Shinagawa, N., Oizumi, S.,

antitumor immunity to murine lung cancer. *Cancer Sci* 99, 2, (Feb), 361-367. Younes, E., Haas, G.P., Dezso, B., Ali, E., Maughan, R.L., Kukuruga, M.A., Montecillo, E.,

regulatory cells in immune regulation. *Immunol Rev* 220, 199-213.

clinical trial. *Jama* 296, 19, (Nov 15), 2329-2335.

trials. *Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys* 74, 5, 1405-1418.

*Therapy* 13, 12, (Dec), 1082-1092.

(Nov), 831-838.

*Oncol* 28, 18s, CRA 4504.

5262-5270.

243-251.

*Clin Oncol* 27, 18, (Jun 20), 2924-2930.

Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: a randomized

Chiang, C.S. (2006). Tetracycline-regulated intratumoral expression of interleukin-3 enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy for murine prostate cancer. *Cancer Gene* 

Differential regulation by IL-4 and IL-10 of radiation-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production and ICAM-1 expression by human endothelial cells. *Cytokine* 11, 11,

localized prostate cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled

Kostashuk, E. & al., e. (2010). Intergroup randomised phase III study of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus radiation therapy (RT) in locally advanced prostate cancer (CaP) (NCIC-CTG, SWOG, MRC-UK, INY: T94-0110; NCT00002633). *J Clin* 

A., Souchon, R., Stockle, M., Rube, C., Weissbach, L., Althaus, P., Rebmann, U., Kalble, T., Feldmann, H.J., Wirth, M., Hinke, A., Hinkelbein, W. & Miller, K. (2009). Phase III postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy compared with radical prostatectomy alone in pT3 prostate cancer with postoperative undetectable prostate-specific antigen: ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95. *J* 

immune response: implications for anticancer therapy. *Clin Cancer Res* 13, 18 Pt 1,

Hommura, F., Nishimura, T. & Nishimura, M. (2008). Anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody therapy in combination with radiotherapy results in therapeutic

Pontes, J.E. & Hillman, G.G. (1995). Local tumor irradiation augments the response to IL-2 therapy in a murine renal adenocarcinoma. *Cell Immunol* 165, 2, (Oct 15), Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men in the Netherlands. The majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer develop skeletal metastases, with bone pain as a frequent symptom. This poses a significant medical problem. Amongst other treatments, bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals are used to palliate painful metastatic bone disease. Efficacy has been sufficiently proven, as well as safety and feasibility. Practical issues as well as new developments and future prospects will be discussed.

This chapter will discuss the treatment of metastatic bone pain in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients with bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Two main issues will be discussed:


But first a short introduction will be given on clinical relevance and bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals in general.
