**2.2 Other DC based vaccines**

A wide variety of other approaches using DCs have been studied, including evaluation of DCs pulsed with defined proteins like PSMA (Tjoa et al., 1999; Fishman, 2009), PSA (Barrou et al., 2004; Hildenbrand et al., 2007), xenogeneic PAP (Fong et al., 2001), PSCA (Thomas-Kaskel et al., 2006), and telomerase (Vonderheide et al., 2004; Su et al., 2005). Strategies based on peptides included pulsing DCs with multiple but defined peptides (prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA14–22), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP299–307), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA4–12), Prostein (31-39), Survivin (95–104), Trp-p8 (187–195), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA154–163)) (Fuessel et al., 2006; Waeckerle-Men et al., 2006). To expand antitumor reactivity and prevent tumor escape from the immune system, researchers have used DCs genetically engineered to express an enlarged range of antigens by the use of tumor cell lysates (Pandha et al., 2004), and allogeneic PCa cell lines (DU145, LNCaP and PC-3) messenger RNA (Mu et al., 2005).
