**6. Acknowledgment**

The authors wish to thank to EM Software & Systems (USA) Inc., for FEKO license. J. G. Vera-Dimas and J. A. Damián Morales acknowledge financial support from CONACYT

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**12**

Meng-Chun Lin

*Taiwan*

**Study on Low-Power Image Processing for**

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has been popularly applied for the diagnosis of diseases of the alimentary canal including Crohn's Disease, Celiac disease and other malabsorption disorders, benign and malignant tumors of the small intestine, vascular disorders and medication related small bowel injury. There are two classes of GI endoscopy; wired active endoscopy and wireless passive capsule endoscopy. The wired active endoscopy can enable efficient diagnosis based on real images and biopsy samples; however, it causes discomfort for the patients to push flexible, relatively bulky cables into the digestive tube. To relief the patients' discomfort, wireless passive capsule endoscopes are being developed worldwide

The capsule moves passively through the internal GI tract with the aid of peristalsis and transmits images of the intestine wirelessly. Developed by Given Imaging Ltd., the PillCam capsule is a state-of-the-art commercial wireless capsule endoscope product. The PillCam capsule transmits the GI images at a resolution of 256-by-256 8-bit pixels and the frame rate of 2 frames/sec (or fps). Because of its high mobility, it has been successfully utilized to diagnose diseases of the small intestine and alleviate the discomfort and pain of patients. However, based on clinical experience; the PillCam still has some drawbacks. First, the PillCam cannot control its heading and moving direction itself. This drawback may cause image oversights and overlook a disease. Second, the resolution of demosaicked image is still low, and some interesting spots may be unintentionally omitted. Therefore, the images will be severely distorted when physicians zoom images in for detailed diagnosis. The first drawback is the nature of passive endoscopy. Some papers have presented approaches for the autonomous moving function (7; 8; 21; 22; 25). Very few papers address solutions for the second drawback. Increasing resolution may alleviate the second problem; however, it will result in significant power consumption in RF transmitter. Hence, applying image compression is necessary for

Our previous work (11) has presented an ultra-low-power image compressor for wireless capsule endoscope. It helps the endoscope to deliver a compressed 512-by-512 image, while the RF transmission rate is at 1 megabits ((<sup>256</sup> <sup>×</sup> <sup>256</sup> <sup>×</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>×</sup> <sup>8</sup>)/10242) per second. No any references can clearly define how much compression is allowed in capsule endoscope application. We define that the minimum compression rate is 75% according to two considerations for our capsule endoscope project. The first consideration is that the new

saving the power dissipation of RF transmitter (9)-(14), (23), (24), (26).

**1. Introduction**

(1)-(6).

**Gastrointestinal Endoscopy**

*Department of Computer National Chengchi University*

scholarships under grants 270210/219230 and 336781/235572, respectively. R. Vargas-Bernal acknowledges partial financial support from PROMEP.

#### **7. References**

