**Section 2**

**Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns in Cancer Prevention** 

148 Cancer Prevention – From Mechanisms to Translational Benefits

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**6** 

*Serbia* 

**Lifestyle Changes May Prevent Cancer** 

Cancer development is a result of interactions among environmental and hereditary factors (Kim, 2006). The majority of genetic abnormalities, which increase the risk of cancer are not hereditary, but a result of DNA damage occurring during lifetime. The causes of DNA damage include internal (nutrient metabolism, cell hormones) and/or external factors (diet, insufficient physical activity, tobacco use, exposure to chemical agents and radiation) (International Life Sciences Institute [ILSI], 2005; World Cancer Research Fund [WCRF], 2007; Kryston et al., 2011). Epidemiological studies have shown that diet and lifestyle are the most important external factors implicated in the development of malignant diseases (ILSI,

Why the same environmental factors cause different changes in human genome among individuals is a question for scientists searching unique combinations of factors leading to cancer (Brower, 2011). There is a growing body of evidence that many cancers are not caused by mutations in genes, but by chemical modifications that alter the way genes function. Chemical modifications of genes are called epigenetic changes. Epidemiological

According to World Cancer Report (Boyle & Levin, 2008) 12.4 million new cases of cancer were reported in 2008. Malignant diseases accounted for 7.6% of all deaths during the same year and estimations are that in 2030, cancers will be responsible for 17.0% of deaths worldwide. The number of new cases is expected to rise, especially in developing countries

In total, malignancies account for 83 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The estimated global economic loss from cancer is US\$ 895.2 billion, measured by the economic

The aforementioned data, coupled with rising health care expenditures for cancer patients, led to cancer being seen not only as a health problem, but also as a political issue (WHO, 2011a, 2011b). Identification of cancers as the leading non-communicable diseases [NCDs], together with cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, was followed by an initiative to include NCDs among the global development goals that will succeed the Millennium Development Goals in 2015 (The NCD Alliance,

studies have shown that diet and lifestyle may cause such changes (Brower, 2011).

value of DALYs (American Cancer Society & Livestrong, 2010).

**1. Introduction** 

(Boyle & Levin, 2008).

2011).

2005; WCRF & AICR, 2007; Go et al., 2003).

Budimka Novaković, Jelena Jovičić and Maja Grujičić

*University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine* 
