**4.2** *In vitro* **data**

Resveratrol results in dose-dependent inhibition of PI3K and pAkt in LNCaP cells that in turn modulates anti-apoptotic bcl2 family proteins (Aziz et al., 2006). Resveratrol reduces ERK 1/2 activation in PC3 cells (Stewart & O'Brian, 2004) amongst many other targets; some of these are listed in Table 2. For example, resveratrol also reduces the activity of clusterin by functioning as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Sallman et al., 2007), phosphoAkt and mTOR (Chen et al., 2010), and NFkB (Benitez et al., 2009). Resveratrol causes growth inhibition in typical prostate cancer cell lines: PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP (Hsieh & Wu, 1999), but interestingly, whole cranberry extract (containing resveratrol) was also effective in inducing apoptosis (Maclean et al., 2011). As in all whole-food extract studies, however, there is no certainty that the molecule of interest is responsible for the effect seen.
