**5. References**


[Mundt, 2001]. Five year local control rate of 54%, disease specific survival of 51%, and overall survival of 44% has been reported in a group of patients with locoregional recurrence who made radiotherapy alone [Sears, 1994]. The tumors tend to become resistant to progestational therapy, but may offer a prolonged complete response interval [Fiorica, 2000]. For first-line chemotherapy combinations regimens are preffered of recurrent

There is no agreement on the standard treatment for women with advanced endometrial cancer. A combination of optimally debulked, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is employed. Metastatic endometrial cancer can be effectively treated with progestational agents. Response rates ranged from 40% with grade 1 disease and 0% with Broder's grade 4 lesions. [Podratz, 1985]. ESMO recommended hormonal therapy for endometrioid histologies only with overall response 25% [Colombo, 2011]. Chemotherapy alone determines a response rate of 40%. The most commonly used are compounds, antracyclines and taxanes, alone and in combination. Paclitaxel-based combination regimens are preffered for first-line chemotherapy of advanced endometrial cancer. The consistent response rate was only for paclitaxel>20% [Colombo, 2011]. The paclitaxelcontaining regimens demonstrated a response rate > 60% and a possibly prolonged survival. GOG shows that patients with metastatic endometrial carcinoma require pelvic irradiation with or without paraaortic irradiation, followed by cisplatin, doxorubicin and

Papillary serous and clear cell carcinoma require total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingoophorectomy, pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy, omentectomy, appendectomy and peritoneal biopsies. There is more aggressiveness with higher rates of metastatic disease and lower 5-year survival rates. The same chemotherapy regimens usually used for ovarian cancer could be also used in women with advanced or recurrent papillary serous or clear cell uterine cancer. Papillary serous endometrial carcinomas have

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**4.8 Advanced disease** 

paclitaxel (Randall, 2006).

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**1. Introduction**

2000).

(Duijm et al., 2007).

Breast cancer continues to be one of the most usual cancers in the world (Siegel et al., 2011). The primary signs that indicate the presence of breast cancer are masses and microcalcifications. Masses can be defined as three-dimensional structures demonstrating convex outward borders, usually evident on two orthogonal views. Microcalcifications are relevant radiologic signs of irregular shape, varying size, and located in an inhomogeneous background of parenchymal tissues. While individual microcalcifications are not, in most cases, clinically significant, clustered microcalcifications appear in 30%-50% of breast cancers (Murphy & DeSchryver, 1978). Moreover, the distribution of the calcification should be

**Reducing False Positives in a Computer-Aided** 

**Diagnosis Scheme for Detecting Breast** 

**with Generalized Additive Models** 

and Carmen Cadarso Suárez2

*2University of Santiago de Compostela* 

*1University of Vigo* 

*Spain* 

**19**

Javier Roca-Pardiñas1, María J. Lado1, Pablo G. Tahoces2

**Microcalcificacions: A Quantitative Study** 

It has been demonstrated that an early diagnosis of breast cancer can dramatically reduce the mortality rates. Mammography continues to be the most effective technique for an early detection of the disease, and it is recommended every 1-2 year for women aged between 40-50 years old, and every year for women over 50 years of age. Furthermore, mammography screening should not only be based on age and family history of breast cancer, but also on breast density, among other factors (Schousboe et al., 2011). In fact, mammographic sensitivity for breast cancer can significantly decrease with increasing breast density (Mandelson et al.,

It also deserves comment that radiologists do not detect all the breast cancers present in the mammograms. In fact, the cancers missed at mammographic screening can be categorized into different groups, such as screening errors; minimal sign present; radiographically occult; or radiographically occult at diagnosis (Van Dijck et al., 1993). To minimize the percentage of missed cancers, an independent double reading of mammograms can be an interesting option for increasing the number of breast cancers that are detected at screening mammography

specified as grouped, linear, segmental, regional, or diffuse.

