**6. Conclusion**

With more and more people being diagnosed with cancer every day, undoubtedly, more effort needs to be vested in cancer prevention and therapy. Research organizations are starting to infuse a prevention ethos into their medical approach. Prevention messages are being added to the patient consultation process. A crosstalk between multiple disciplines such as psychology, molecular genetics, epidemiology, and medicine is needed for progressing cancer prevention and therapy.

#### **7. References**


noninfectious virus-like particles that induce a protective host immune response. Because the virus-like particles contain the same epitopes as naturally occurring HPV, the immune system mounts a primary immune response to the vaccine, enabling a stronger and faster secondary immune response if naturally exposed to the same HPV types (Huh et al. 2007). The difference in the immune response generated by vaccination and natural infection is attributable to high immunogenicity of virus like particles inducing much higher concentrations of neutralizing antibodies to L1. In addition, higher antigen dose in the virus like particles and direct exposure of capsids to systemic immune responses are also observed. One of the challenges in vaccine formulation is balancing immunogenicity and toxicity. Addition of aluminum adjuvants to these vaccines helped to stimulate an immune response by acting as vehicles or immunomodulators. These vehicles transport antigen to lymphoid tissues or cause formation of an antigen depot at the site of injection. Immunomodulators help activate innate and adaptive immunity and increased immunogenicity of the vaccine (Huh et al. 2007, Huh and Roden 2008). The mechanisms by which these vaccines induce protection have not been fully defined but involve cellular immunity and neutralizing immunoglobulin G antibodies. HPV vaccines are designed for prophylactic use only; they do not clear existing HPV infection or treat HPV-related disease. Data from clinical trials utilizing these vaccines suggest that molecular targeting through immunization against infectious agents related to neoplasia is a successful way to prevent or

The FDA has also approved a cancer preventive vaccine that protects against HBV infection. Chronic HBV infection can lead to liver cancer. The original HBV vaccine was approved in 1981, making it the first cancer preventive vaccine to be successfully developed and marketed (Poland and Jacobson 2004). Today, most children in the United States are

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treat early steps of host cell damage that can otherwise lead to cancer.

vaccinated against HBV shortly after birth.

progressing cancer prevention and therapy.

**6. Conclusion** 

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**4** 

Jaime Cofre

*Brazil* 

**Kaiso and Prognosis of Cancer** 

*and Cancer Laboratory, Florianopolis, SC,* 

**in the Current Epigenetic Paradigm** 

*Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Molecular Embryology* 

The term cancer is used generically to represent a set of more than 100 diseases, including malignant tumors from different locations. The understanding, diagnosis and management of malignancies require scientific knowledge and experiences ranging from the knowledge of the complex epigenetic mechanisms (intracellular regulation) to the individual lifestyle choice in different societies. Therefore, cancer prevention, prognosis and control are issues

Cancer appears as a major public health problem both in developed and developing countries. According to the latest report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) / WHO (Boyle & Levin, 2008), the overall impact of cancer more than doubled in 30 years. About 12 million cancer cases and 7 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008. Of these, lung cancer had the greatest incidence rate (1.52 million new cases), followed by breast cancer (1.29 million cases) and colorectal cancer (1.15 million cases). Due to poor prognosis, lung cancer was the leading cause of death (1.31 million), followed by stomach cancer (780,000 deaths) and liver cancer (699,000 deaths About one million new cancer cases and 589,000 cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in South America, Central America and in the Caribbean. Prostate cancer was the most common cancer in men, followed by lung, stomach and colon and rectum. Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women, followed by cancers of the cervix, colon and rectum, stomach

The continued population growth and ageing significantly affect the impact of cancer in the world, which is greater in developing and under-developed countries. Half of the world's new cancer cases and about two thirds of cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008 in these countries (Farmer et al., 2010). Therefore, it is essential that resources and efforts are directed towards guiding strategies for cancer prevention, diagnosis and

In this particular chapter the strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment in the current epigenetic scenario of the new molecular mechanisms proposed for the

**1. Introduction** 

of profound importance to global public health.

and lung (Boyle & Levin, 2008).

development of cancer will be discussed.

treatment.

