**Evaluation for the UMA's of Diversified Breeding in the Mixteca Poblana, México**

Oscar Agustín Villarreal Espino Barros1,José Alfredo Galicia Domínguez1, Francisco Javier Franco Guerra1,Julio Cesar Camacho Ronquillo1 and Raúl Guevara Viera2 *1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 2Universidad de Camagüey 1México 2Cuba* 

#### **1. Introduction**

74 New Advances and Contributions to Forestry Research

Rodgers, M., M. O'Connor, M. G. Healy, C. O'Driscoll, Z. Asam, M. Nieminen, R. Poole, M.

Ryan J., E. George, and R. Abdul. (2001). Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual. Second

Ryder, L., E. de Eyto, M. Gormally, M. Sheehy-Skeffington, M. Dillane and R. Poole. (2010).

Scholes, R.J. and D. O. Hall. (1996). The carbon budget of tropical savannas, woodlands and

Sheaffer C.C., Rosen C.J. and Gupta S.C. (2008). Reed Canarygrass Forage Yield and

Shigaki F., Sharpley A.N. and Prochnow I. L., 2006. Rainfall intensity and phosphorus

Silvan N., H. Vasander, and J Laine. (2004). Vegetation is the main factor in nutrient

Stott T., Leeks G., Marks S. and Sawyer A. 2001. Environmentally sensitive plot-scale timber

Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2005). Phosphorus purification in buffer zones in cold climates. Ecological

Wagner, S., P. Truong, A. Vieritz, and C. Smeal. (2003). Response of Vetiver Grass to

Yusop Z., Douglas I., Nik R.A. (2006). Export of dissolved and undissolved nutrients from forested catchments in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecol. Manag. 224, 26-44.

retention in a constructed wetland buffer. Plant soil, 25, 179-187

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.037

Environment: Royal Irish Academy. (In press).

Agronomy and Crop Science, 194 (6), 465-469

Environ, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.048

Journal of Environmental Management 63: 3-25.

Vetiver Conference, Guangzhou, China. October 2003.

Engineering, 24(5), 491-502.

ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.

Wiley, Chichester.

Muller, and L. Xiao. (2010). Phosphorus release from forest harvesting on an upland blanket peat catchment. Forest Ecology and management ,

edition. Jointly published by the International Certer for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and the National Agricultural Research Center. Available from

Riparian zone creation in established coniferous forests in Irish upland peat catchments: Physical, Chemical and Biological Implications. Biology and

grasslands. In: Breymeyer A.I., D. O. Hall, J. M. Melillo, and G. I. Agren. (Eds.) Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands, SCOPE Volume 56.

Nutrient Uptake on a Year-round Wastewater Application Site. Journal of

source effects on phosphorus transport in surface runoff from soil trays. Sci Total

harvesting: impacts on suspended sediment, bedload and bank erosion dynamics.

Extreme Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supply. In: Proceedings of Third International

The ethnic zone named Mixteca in the state of Puebla, Mexico; is a region with rough topography, arid and semiarid climate, critical poverty, and isolated of the development. In that area, the white tail deer (*Odocoileus virginianus*) from the "*mexicanus*" subspecies is used, in Units for the Management and Wildlife Conservation or UMA's, by means of the model called Diversified Breeding (livestock) (Villarreal, 2006). This technology is based on a productive model of Diversified Integrated and Self-sufficient type (Sustainable Farming Systems), where the exploitation of bovine of meat is diversified, by means of rational and sustained utilization of the white tailed deer, other species of the wild fauna and their habitat, in the hunting game and the tourism of nature. These sustainable models are an alternative for the conservation of the natural resources, since they´ll favor the recycling of nutrients, production of biomass and their movement across the ecosystem, achieving to establish schemes that integrate the productive managing, with the exchange of energy and nutrients, with a natural base of coherent performance (Pimentel, 2001). The objective of this work was to realize an ecological and socioeconomic evaluation of the application of the model of Diversified Breeding in the UMA's of white-tailed deer, in the Mixteca region in the south of the Mexican state of Puebla. (Villarreal et al. 2008).

#### **1.1 Study´s setting**

The Mixteca poblana belongs to the dry tropic of the depression of the Balsas River (Fig. 1), with habitat whit tropical deciduous forest (Fig. 2), arid brushwood and oaks forest, among other vegetative types. It covers 47 Municipalities, with a principally mountainous surface of 10.565 km2. Due to its geographical conditions the region shows under agricultural potential, the activities of the primary sector of the economy are the agriculture of temporarily and the extensive ranching of bovine's and goats livestock. The secondary and tertiary activities concentrated in two growth points, the cities of Tehuacán and Izúcar of Matamoros (Villarreal, 2006). Due to the lack of opportunities of development the rural

Evaluation for the UMA's of Diversified Breeding in the Mixteca Poblana, México 77

The application of the Pressure-State-Response framework or PSR was used, which allows to analyze and to quantify the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of agricultural systems to regional or local levels (De Camino & Muller, 1993; OCDE, 1993 Winograd, 1995). The work was realized by means of technologies of group by the farmers from seven UMA's, as well as the collection of information of all the UMA's in governmental dependences, into federal level as the Environment and Natural Resources Secretary (SEMARNAT), and Puebla State Government as, the Sustainable Environmental and Territorial Organization Secretary (SSAOT), and the Rural Development Secretary (SDR). The information was analyzed attending to a group of variables of the technological model such as: the population density, evaluation of the habitat, carrying capacity and diversity of the diet, the rate of crop and regional development between others. The determined results for the different variables used in the matrix appeared for unit of measure, or according to

The socioeconomic and environmental evaluation by means of the PSR matrix to the UMA's of Diversified Breeding, threw the following results (Table 1): the increase of the population density of deer like response to the application of the technological model; though they are not spectacular for treating itself about animals in free life, represent a positive progression already brought in hunting ranches in the southwest of the United States, and UMA's the North-East of Mexico (Brown, 2004). On the other hand, the calculations "*in situ*" of the primary productivity of phytomass usable in the order of 0,79 and 0,88 ton,/dray matter per year, has contributed in the decisions of managing of the population density and its relation with the capacity of load, which is between 7,28 and 9,41 has./UA (United Animal), besides 139 vegetable species which have been identified like consumed by the deer. As a consequence, it has produced an optimization itself in the employment of food supplements and waters in critical epochs (Villarreal, 2006). The consumption of herbaceous plants and tree and shrub in the diet constitutes an advantage for the system of corporal reservations in drought (Savory, 2005; Villarreal & Marín, 2005); that produced increases in the rates of crop of the deer. Another undeniable aspect though not quantified, it is the relative to environmental services for the capture of carbon of the biomass, and the recycling nitrogen in the soil (Savory, 2005). In relation to the use of land, has been observed that for the past period from March, 2001 to December, 2009, occurred unexpectedly an increase in the number of properties incorporated as UMA's from 13 to 72, which means the pass from 14.423,92 ha. to 82.522,02 ha., incorporated into this model which respects the biodiversity and takes advantage of the animal resource in rational form; in addition, of six initial Municipalities it has increased to 35. This information relates to the degree of adoption in the time of the technology in the region, where the works of conservation, managing and crop, developed by institutions of top education (Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla) and lenders of technical services for the UMA's, have had good results recognized and supported by the Federal institutions Environment and Natural Resources Secretary (SEMARNAT) and Government of Puebla State, that are the organisms tracers of the public policies in the

**2. Materials and methods** 

the type of action quantifiable.

**3. Results and discussions** 

rural way.

population migrates principally to the New York, California and Texas states in the American Union. In the region the white tailed deer of the "*mexicanus*" subspecies, is distributed in 37 Municipalities by a surface of 547.550 ha. (Villarreal & Guevara, 2002).

Fig. 1. Map from location of Mixteca region, Puebla State, Mexico.

Fig. 2. Tropical deciduous forest in the Mixteca Poblana, México (Picture, Oscar Villarreal).

#### **2. Materials and methods**

76 New Advances and Contributions to Forestry Research

population migrates principally to the New York, California and Texas states in the American Union. In the region the white tailed deer of the "*mexicanus*" subspecies, is distributed in 37 Municipalities by a surface of 547.550 ha. (Villarreal & Guevara, 2002).

Fig. 1. Map from location of Mixteca region, Puebla State, Mexico.

Fig. 2. Tropical deciduous forest in the Mixteca Poblana, México (Picture, Oscar Villarreal).

The application of the Pressure-State-Response framework or PSR was used, which allows to analyze and to quantify the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of agricultural systems to regional or local levels (De Camino & Muller, 1993; OCDE, 1993 Winograd, 1995). The work was realized by means of technologies of group by the farmers from seven UMA's, as well as the collection of information of all the UMA's in governmental dependences, into federal level as the Environment and Natural Resources Secretary (SEMARNAT), and Puebla State Government as, the Sustainable Environmental and Territorial Organization Secretary (SSAOT), and the Rural Development Secretary (SDR). The information was analyzed attending to a group of variables of the technological model such as: the population density, evaluation of the habitat, carrying capacity and diversity of the diet, the rate of crop and regional development between others. The determined results for the different variables used in the matrix appeared for unit of measure, or according to the type of action quantifiable.

#### **3. Results and discussions**

The socioeconomic and environmental evaluation by means of the PSR matrix to the UMA's of Diversified Breeding, threw the following results (Table 1): the increase of the population density of deer like response to the application of the technological model; though they are not spectacular for treating itself about animals in free life, represent a positive progression already brought in hunting ranches in the southwest of the United States, and UMA's the North-East of Mexico (Brown, 2004). On the other hand, the calculations "*in situ*" of the primary productivity of phytomass usable in the order of 0,79 and 0,88 ton,/dray matter per year, has contributed in the decisions of managing of the population density and its relation with the capacity of load, which is between 7,28 and 9,41 has./UA (United Animal), besides 139 vegetable species which have been identified like consumed by the deer. As a consequence, it has produced an optimization itself in the employment of food supplements and waters in critical epochs (Villarreal, 2006). The consumption of herbaceous plants and tree and shrub in the diet constitutes an advantage for the system of corporal reservations in drought (Savory, 2005; Villarreal & Marín, 2005); that produced increases in the rates of crop of the deer. Another undeniable aspect though not quantified, it is the relative to environmental services for the capture of carbon of the biomass, and the recycling nitrogen in the soil (Savory, 2005). In relation to the use of land, has been observed that for the past period from March, 2001 to December, 2009, occurred unexpectedly an increase in the number of properties incorporated as UMA's from 13 to 72, which means the pass from 14.423,92 ha. to 82.522,02 ha., incorporated into this model which respects the biodiversity and takes advantage of the animal resource in rational form; in addition, of six initial Municipalities it has increased to 35. This information relates to the degree of adoption in the time of the technology in the region, where the works of conservation, managing and crop, developed by institutions of top education (Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla) and lenders of technical services for the UMA's, have had good results recognized and supported by the Federal institutions Environment and Natural Resources Secretary (SEMARNAT) and Government of Puebla State, that are the organisms tracers of the public policies in the rural way.

Evaluation for the UMA's of Diversified Breeding in the Mixteca Poblana, México 79

reason of emigration of the population in productive age to the United States, and that affect

Fig. 3. Arturo Villarreal, young hunter and his trophy of Mexican white tailed deer, taken in

In addition, it is necessary to indicate, the labor in favor of the wild fauna with game potential, since there are three groups of investigators that realize functions of researching, transferring of technology, extensions, promoting and advising (Villarreal et al. 2011). On the part of Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), stand out the groups of the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ) and the Biology School, besides the group of the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, from Universidad Autónoma Metroplitana (UAM). The Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla has come organizing the "Symposiums on Game Animals of Mexico", academic and national event that looks for the conservation of the natural resources and generation of socioeconomic benefits, using as tool the hunting game

On the other hand, the sector of the Non-Governmental Organizations (ONG's), is represented in a general form by three groups that are employed at subject matters of forestry development join with wild fauna. Finally only there was only a natural protected area. The Biosphere Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Reserve (RBT-C), dependent organism on the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) from Environment and

the Mixteca Poblana region (Picture from Oscar Villarreal).

and the ecotourism.

the sustainable regional development (Villarreal, 2002, 2006).


Table 1. Analysis of PSR Matrix (framework) to model of Diversified Breeding from Mixteca Poblana region, Mexico

Other measured indicators in the PSR matrix are: the participation of the producers in the accomplishment of socio cultural events such as: the "Thummler Award" (Mexican Deer Super Slam) and the "Regional Tournament of Hunting Game, slams directed in order to obtain big game trophies, which confirms the validity of the technological adoption, in the search of the sustainability of the use of the natural resources, in harmony with the agricultural activities to attack the poverty and social inequality (Fig 3); which they are a

Capacity of load

Growth Population density Before

Variety

Utilization Rate of crop Before

Extension Surfaces (has.) 2001

Municipalities Numbers 2001

plan.

Increase of each 1000 ha., of operation

UMA's Management

Regional Tournament and Mexican "Slam"

Researching groups

Working groups

Number of Municipalities

N° hectares

Table 1. Analysis of PSR Matrix (framework) to model of Diversified Breeding from Mixteca

Other measured indicators in the PSR matrix are: the participation of the producers in the accomplishment of socio cultural events such as: the "Thummler Award" (Mexican Deer Super Slam) and the "Regional Tournament of Hunting Game, slams directed in order to obtain big game trophies, which confirms the validity of the technological adoption, in the search of the sustainability of the use of the natural resources, in harmony with the agricultural activities to attack the poverty and social inequality (Fig 3); which they are a

**years** 

Later

Later

Before Later

Before Later

Later

2009

2009

2009

Before Later

Before Later

Before After

2000 2011

2000 2011

1998 2011

1998 2011 **Effects**





13 35

00 2-3


1 3

9 11

Anyone 5

145.715,8 161.662,8

Evaluated *in situ*

Unknown 139 *Spp.*

14.423.92 82.522,02

13 Predios 72 Predios

Non include Include

**Variables Element Indicator Period or** 

Habitat Components Evaluation Before

Biodiversity UMA's Number of lands 2001

Consumption of

Generation of permanents employments

Activities of training and capture of decisions

Agreements big game trophies

ONG´s

Conservation Protected natural areas

Poblana region, Mexico

Universities and

forage

Deer`s population

Big game trophies

Regional development

land

Management of

Socio-economic Development

Information and participation

Agreements and

Investigations and consultations

events

Deer`s supply Phytomass

reason of emigration of the population in productive age to the United States, and that affect the sustainable regional development (Villarreal, 2002, 2006).

Fig. 3. Arturo Villarreal, young hunter and his trophy of Mexican white tailed deer, taken in the Mixteca Poblana region (Picture from Oscar Villarreal).

In addition, it is necessary to indicate, the labor in favor of the wild fauna with game potential, since there are three groups of investigators that realize functions of researching, transferring of technology, extensions, promoting and advising (Villarreal et al. 2011). On the part of Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), stand out the groups of the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ) and the Biology School, besides the group of the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, from Universidad Autónoma Metroplitana (UAM). The Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla has come organizing the "Symposiums on Game Animals of Mexico", academic and national event that looks for the conservation of the natural resources and generation of socioeconomic benefits, using as tool the hunting game and the ecotourism.

On the other hand, the sector of the Non-Governmental Organizations (ONG's), is represented in a general form by three groups that are employed at subject matters of forestry development join with wild fauna. Finally only there was only a natural protected area. The Biosphere Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Reserve (RBT-C), dependent organism on the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) from Environment and

Evaluation for the UMA's of Diversified Breeding in the Mixteca Poblana, México 81

subspecies (geographical races) exotic animals, it means, foreign to the regional ecosystems, such as: the red deer (*Cervus elaphus*), sika deer (*Cervus nippon*), axis deer (*Axis axis*), fallow deer (*Dama dama*), Texan white tailed deer (*Odocoileus virginianus texanus*) and European wild boar (*Sus scropha*), among other exotic species (Álvarez et al. 2008). The society in general and the government in its three levels (Municipal, State and Federal) are correspondents of the conservation, managing and rational utilization and supported of the Mexican white tailed deer and its habitat for the benefit of the Puebla society, Mexico and

Álvarez-Romero, J. G.; Medellín R. A.; Oliveras de Ita, A.; Gomes de Silva, H. & Sánchez, O.

Brown, K. (2004). Experiences in Texas Private Properties: Lessons in wildlife coordinated

De Camino R. y S. Muller. (1993). *Sostenibilidad de la agricultura y los recursos naturales. Bases para establecer indicadores*. Proyecto IICA/GTZ. San José, Costa Rica, 38 pp. OCDE (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development). (1993). *OECD core set* 

Pimentel, D. (2001). Limits of biomass utilization. *Encyclopedia of Physical Science and* 

Savory, A. (2005). *Manejo Holístico; Un nuevo marco metodológico para la toma de decisiones*.

Villarreal, O. A. (2002). El "Grand Slam" del Venado Cola Blanca Mexicano, una Alternativa

Villarreal, O. A. & Guevara, R. 2002. "Distribución Regional del Venado Cola Blanca

Villarreal, O. A. & Marín. M. (2005). Agua de Origen Vegetal para el Venado Cola Blanca

*Technology.* 3a Ed. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York. USA.

Recursos Naturales; ISBN 978-970-9000-46-7. México, D. F. 518 pp.

(2008). *Animales exóticos en México; una amenaza para la biodiversidad*. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y

management, regulatory decrease and free market economy. *Proceedings of: 16th National Diversified Livestock (Wildlife Breeders) Congress*. Asociación Nacional de Ganaderos Diversificados Criadores de Fauna, Nuevo Laredo, Tams., México, pp

*of indicators for environmental performance reviews. A synthesis report by the Group on the State of the Environment. Environment monographs*. N° 83. OCDE/GD (93)179. 39

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, ISBN: 968-817732-6 México,

Sostenible. *Archivos de Zootecnia*, Vol. 51, Nº 193-194. Instituto de Zootecnia; Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdoba, España; pp 187-193. ISSN 0004-

Mexicano (*Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus*); en la Mixteca Poblana, México". *Producción Animal*, Año 2002. Vol. 14, Nº 2. pp 35-40. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Universidad de Camagüey, Ministerio de Educación Superior,

Mexicano. *Archivos de Zootecnia*. Vol. 54 Núm. 206-207, pp 191-196. Instituto de Zootecnia; Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Córdova, España. ISSN 0004-

the world.

**5. References**

20-21.

pp.

0592.

0592.

D. F. pp 115-180.

Cuba. ISSN 0258-6010.

Natural Resources Secretary, which includes nine Municipalities of the east of the region, with a surface of 145.715,8 ha., (Villarreal, 2006). On May 2, 2011, the Sustainable Environmental and Territorial Organization Secretary, of the Puebla State Government, had decreed the Natural Protected State Area "Tentzo's Sierra", which includes inside the Mixteca Poblana two north Municipalities with 15.947 ha. from the conservation and sustainable managing in to the region(Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Dr. Rafael Moreno Valle, Governor of Puebla State and Eng. Juan Elvira Quesada, Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Secretary, during inauguration of Natural Protected State Area "Tentzo's. Sierra". At right show up the Mexican royal (golden) eagle *Aquila chrysaetos canadensis* (Picture Oscar Villarreal).

#### **4. Conclusion**

We can conclude that the analysis-summary of the PSR matrix for the conservation and managing of the Mexican white-tailed deer in the UMA's from Mixteca, demonstrated the potentials of the rational utilization of the cervid and its habitat, a regional level as resource of wild life inside the model of Diversified Breeding, to reach the sustainability of this technological model in the region, from the auto management, the empowerment and the community participation, respecting its biodiversity. Therefore, there is advisable the application of PSR matrix for similar valuations in other regions of Mexico.

We recommend to have care in the conservation and the appropriate managing of this biodiversity, since some threats besides the deforestation due to the advance of the urban borders, industrial and agricultural, it is the introduction of plants and species and subspecies (geographical races) exotic animals, it means, foreign to the regional ecosystems, such as: the red deer (*Cervus elaphus*), sika deer (*Cervus nippon*), axis deer (*Axis axis*), fallow deer (*Dama dama*), Texan white tailed deer (*Odocoileus virginianus texanus*) and European wild boar (*Sus scropha*), among other exotic species (Álvarez et al. 2008). The society in general and the government in its three levels (Municipal, State and Federal) are correspondents of the conservation, managing and rational utilization and supported of the Mexican white tailed deer and its habitat for the benefit of the Puebla society, Mexico and the world.

#### **5. References**

80 New Advances and Contributions to Forestry Research

Natural Resources Secretary, which includes nine Municipalities of the east of the region, with a surface of 145.715,8 ha., (Villarreal, 2006). On May 2, 2011, the Sustainable Environmental and Territorial Organization Secretary, of the Puebla State Government, had decreed the Natural Protected State Area "Tentzo's Sierra", which includes inside the Mixteca Poblana two north Municipalities with 15.947 ha. from the conservation and

Fig. 4. Dr. Rafael Moreno Valle, Governor of Puebla State and Eng. Juan Elvira Quesada, Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Secretary, during inauguration of Natural Protected State Area "Tentzo's. Sierra". At right show up the Mexican royal (golden) eagle

We can conclude that the analysis-summary of the PSR matrix for the conservation and managing of the Mexican white-tailed deer in the UMA's from Mixteca, demonstrated the potentials of the rational utilization of the cervid and its habitat, a regional level as resource of wild life inside the model of Diversified Breeding, to reach the sustainability of this technological model in the region, from the auto management, the empowerment and the community participation, respecting its biodiversity. Therefore, there is advisable the

We recommend to have care in the conservation and the appropriate managing of this biodiversity, since some threats besides the deforestation due to the advance of the urban borders, industrial and agricultural, it is the introduction of plants and species and

application of PSR matrix for similar valuations in other regions of Mexico.

sustainable managing in to the region(Fig. 4).

*Aquila chrysaetos canadensis* (Picture Oscar Villarreal).

**4. Conclusion** 


**Section 2** 

**Forest and Organisms Interactions** 

