**5. References**


The use of probiotics for the prevention and / or treatment of gastrointestinal disorders have a strong theoretical justification, based on the beneficial functions of the indigenous microbiota, fundamental for maturation and health of the digestive ecosystem. However, a number of issues need to be resolved before general guidelines regarding the use of probiotics can be given. Basic research must provide more detailed data on the mechanisms of probiotic action on the molecular level, after which coordinated rigorously conducted clinical trials must be undertaken to find the probiotic strain and dosage with optimal results for each clinical situation. It is unlikely that one strain or probiotic combination will be sufficient for all purposes. At the moment, the heterogeneity of probiotic clinical trials hampers interpretation – in particular the diversity of probiotic strains, dosing regimens and forms of administration used and the varied patient groups recruited in the available studies makes interpretation difficult. Concluding, more biological and well controlled clinical trials must be carried out for a more precise understanding of both the mechanisms underlying the probiotic action and the complex gastrointestinal ecosystem with which probiotics are

Agazzi, A., Invernizzi, G., Ferroni, M., Fanelli, A. & Savoini, G. (2009). Effects of live yeast

Balcázar, J., De Blas, I., Zarzuela-Ruiz, I., Cunningham, M., Vendrell, D. & Músquiz, J.

Baroutkoub, A., Mehdi, R., Beglarian, R., Hassan, J., Zahra, S., Mohammad, M. &

*Scientific Research and Essays*, Vol. 5, No.16, pp. 2206-2209, ISSN 1992-2248 Beausoleil, M., Fortier, N., Guenette, S., L'Ecuyer, A., Savoie, M., Franco, M., Lachaine, J. &

Bechman, T., Chambers, J. & Cunningham, M. (1977). Influence of *Lactobacillus acidophilus* on

Billoo, A., Memon, M., Khaskheli, S., Murtaza, G., Iqbal, K., Shekhani, M. & Siddiqi, A.

*Gastroenterology*, Vol. 21, No.11, pp. 732-736, ISSN 0835-7900

*Journal of Animal Science*, Vol. 8, Suppl. 2, pp. 685-687, ISSN 1594-4077 Alexopoulos, C., Georgoulakis, I., Tzivara, A., Kritas, S., Siochu, A. & Kyriakis, S. (2004).

(*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*) administration on apparent digestibility of horses. *Italian* 

Field evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing *Bacillus licheniformis* and *Bacillus subtilis* spores, on the health status and performance of sows and their litters. *Journal of Physiology and Animal Nutrition*, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 381–392, ISSN

(2006). The role of probiotics in aquaculture. *Veterinary Microbiology*, Vol. 114, No. 1,

Mohammad hadi, E. (2010). Effects of probiotic yoghurt consumption on the serumcholesterol levels in hypercholestromic cases in Shiraz, Southern Iran.

Weiss, K. (2007). Effect of a fermented milk combining lactobacillus acidophilus Cl1285 and *Lactobacillus casei* in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. *The Canadian Journal of* 

performance of young dairy calves. *Journal of Dairy Science*, Vol. 60, Suppl. 1, pp. 74,

(2006). Role of a probiotic (*Saccharomyces boulardii*) in managementand prevention of diarrhea. *World Journal of Gastroenterology*, Vol.12, pp. 4557-4560, ISSN 1007-9327

**4. Conclusions** 

expected to interact.

0931-2439

pp. 173-186, ISSN 0378-1135

(Abstract), ISSN 0022-0302

**5. References** 


The Benefits of Probiotics in Human and Animal Nutrition 93

Frape, D. (1998). *Equine Nutrition and Feeding* (2nd edition), Blackwell Science, ISBN

Fritts, C., Kersey, J., Motl, M., Kroger, E., Yan, F., Si, J., Jiang, Q., Campos, M., Waldroup, A.

Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. *Journal of Applied Bacteriology*, Vol. 66, pp.

Fuller, R. (1992). Problems and prospects. In: *Probiotics – The scientific basis*, Fuller, R. pp. 377-

Furrie, E., Macfarlane, S., Kennedy, A., Cummings, J., Walsh, S., O'Neil, D. & Macfarlane, G.

Gao, X., Mubasher, M., Fang, C., Reifer, C., & Miller, L. (2010). Dose – Response Efficacy of

Gil de los Santos, J., Storch, O. & Gil-Turnes, C. (2005). *Bacillus cereus* var. toyoii and

*enteritidis*. *British Poultry Science*, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 494-497, ISSN 0007-1668 Glade, M. (1991). Dietary yeast culture supplementation of mares during late gestation and

Gram, L., Melchiorsen, J., Spanggard, B., Huber, I. & Nielsen, T. (1999). Inhibition of *Vibrio* 

Guo, Y. & Liu, C. (1997). Impact of heat stress in broiler chicks and effect of supplemental

Harmsen, H., Wildeboer-Veloo, A., Raangs, G., Wagendorp, A., Klijin, N., Bindels, J. &

Hayashi, H., Sakamoto, M. & Benno, Y. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut

methods. *Microbiology and Immunology*. Vol. 46, pp. 535–548, ISSN 1348-0421

& Waldroup, P. (2000). *Bacillus subtilis* C-3102 (Calsporin) improves live performance and microbiological status of broiler chickens. *Journal of Applied* 

(2005). Synbiotic therapy (Bifido bacteriumlongum/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with activeulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled

a Proprietary Probiotic Formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and *Lactobacillus casei* LBC80R for Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and *Clostridium difficile* -Associated Diarrhea Prophylaxis in Adult Patients, *The American Journal of* 

*Saccharomyces boulardii* increased feed efficiency in broilers infected with *Salmonella* 

early lactation. 2. Effects on milk production, milk composition, weight gain and linear growth of nursling foals. *Journal of Equine Veterinary Science*. Vol. 11, No. 2,

*anguillarum* by *Pseudomonas fluorescens* AH2, a possible probiotic treatment of fish. *Applied and Environmental Microbiology*, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 969-973, ISSN 1098-5336 Grandy, G., Medina, M., Soria, R., Terán, C. &, Araya, M.(2010). Probiotics in the treatment

ofacute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using twodifferent probiotic preparations in Bolivian children. *BMC Infectious Diseases*,

yeast chromium. *Biotehnologija u Srocarstvu*, Vol. 13, No. 3-4, pp. 171-176, ISSN 0353-

Welling, G. (2000). Analysis of intestinal flora development in breast-fed and formula-fed infants by using molecular identification and detection methods. *Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition*, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 61-67, ISSN

microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culture-based

9780632053032, United States of America: 1998. 404 pp.

*Poultry Research*, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 149-155, ISSN 1537-0437

386, Chapman & Hall, ISBN 0412408503, London

pilot trial. Gut; Vol. 54, pp. 242–249, ISSN 1468-3288

*Gastroenterology*, Vol. 105, pp.1636–1641, ISSN 0002-9270

365-378, ISSN 1365-2672

pp. 89-95, ISSN 0737-0806

6289

1536-4801

Vol. 10, No. 253, pp. 1-7, ISSN 1471-2334

of antibiotic-associated associated diarrhea in infants. *Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology*, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 385-389, ISSN 1539-2031


Corrêa, N., Penna, F., Lima, F., Nicoli, J. & Péret Filho, L. (2011). Treatment of acute diarrhea

Cristani, J., White, C. & Sabino, N. (1999). Efeitos do uso do *Lactobacillus acidophilus* como

Dalmin, G., Kathiresan, K. & Purushothaman, A. (2001). Effect of probiotics on bacterial

De Vrese, M., Stegelmann, A., Richter, B., Fenselau, S., Laue, C. & Schrezenmeir, J. (2001).

DeVrese, M. & Marteau, P. (2007). Probiotics and Prebiotics: Effects on Diarrhea. *The Journal* 

Dutta, P., Mitra, U., Dutta, S., Rajendran, K., Saha, T. & Chatterjee, M. (2011). Randomised

Eckburg, P., Lepp, P. & Relman, D. (2003). Archaea and their potential role in human disease. *Infection and Immunity*, Vol. 71, pp. 591–596, ISSN 0019-9567 El-Nezami, H., Polychronaki, N., Ma, J., Zhu, H., Ling, W., Salminen, E., Juvonen, R.,

Ezendam, J. & van Loveren, H. (2006). Probiotics: immunomodulation and evaluation of safety and efficacy. *Nutrition Reviews*, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 1-14 ISSN 1753-4887 FAO/WHO. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on evaluation of health and

Figueiredo, P., Vieira, E., Nicoli, J., Nardi, R., Raibaud, P., Duval-Iflah, Y. & Penna, F. (2001).

*Instituto de Pesca*, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 403-412, ISSN 1678-2305

*and International Health*, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 555–561, ISSN 1360-2276

*Experimental Biology*, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 939-942, ISSN 0019-5189

*Nutrition*. Vol. 73, Suppl. 2, pp. 421–429, ISSN 1938-3207

*of Nutrition*. Vol.137, No. 3, pp. 803-811, ISSN 1541-6100

acid bacteria. Córdoba, Argentina, 2001.

0437

*Gastroenterology*, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 385-389, ISSN 1539-2031

DOI:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31822b7ab0, ISSN 1536-4801

*Especialistas em Suínos*, 9., pp. 433-434, CD-ROOM

of antibiotic-associated associated diarrhea in infants. *Journal of Clinical* 

with *Saccharomyces boulardii* in infants: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. *Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition*, (Ahead of Print)

aditivo alimentar na produção de suínos. In: *Congresso Brasileiro de Veterinários* 

population and health status of shrimp in culture pond ecosystem. *Indian Journal of* 

Probiotics-compensation for lactase insufficiency. *The American Journal of Clinical* 

controlled clinical trial of *Lactobacillus sporogenes* (*Bacillus coagulans*), used as probiotic in clinical practice, onacute watery diarrhoea in children. *Tropical Medicine* 

Salminen, S., Poussa, T. & Mykkanen, H. (2006). Probiotic supplementation reduces a biomarker for increased risk ofliver cancer in young men from Southern China. *The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, Vol. 83, pp. 1199–203, ISSN 1938-3207 Estrada, A., Wilkie, D. & Drew, M. (2001). Administration of *Bifidobacterium bifidum* to

chicken broilers reduces the number of carcass condemnations for cellulitis at the abattoir. *Journal of Applied Poultry Research*, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 329-334, ISSN 1537-

nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic

Influence of oral inoculation with plasmid-free human *Escherichia coli* on the frequency of diarrhea during the first year of life in human newborns. *Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition*, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 70-74, ISSN 1536-4801 França, F., Dias, D., Teixeira, P., Marcantônio, A., De Stéfani, M., Antonucci, A., Rocha, G.,

Ranzani-Paiva, M. & Ferreira, C. (2008). Efeito do probiótico *Bacillus subtilis* no crescimento, sobrevivência e fisiologia de rãs-touro (*Rana catesbeiana*). *Boletim do* 


The Benefits of Probiotics in Human and Animal Nutrition 95

Kamalamma, Krishnamoorty, U. & Krishnappa, P. (1996). Effect of feeding yeast culture

Kozasa, M. (1989). Probiotics for animal use in Japan. *Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Ofisse International des Epizooties*, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 517-531, ISSN 0253-1933 Krehbiel, C., Rust, S., Zhang, G. & Gilliland, S. (2003). Bacterial direct-fed microbials in

Kritas, S., Alexopoulos, C. & Kyriakis, S. (2006). The effect of an EU-registered probiotic on

Kumar, R., Mukherjee, S., Prasad, K. & Pal, A. (2006). Evaluation of *Bacillus subtilis* as a

Lambertini, L., Zaguini, G. & Dammacco, D. (1990). Risultati acquisiti com l'impiego di

Lara-Flores, M., Olvea-Novoa, M., Guzman-Mendez, B. & López-Madrid, W. (2003). Use of

Leandro, N., Oliveira, A., Andrade, M., Stringhini, J., Andrade, L., Chaves, L.S. & Silva, T.

Lin, H., Guo, Z., Yang, Y., Zheng, W. & LI, Z. (2004). Effect of dietary probiotics on apparent

Ma, E., Choi, Y., Choi, J., Rhee, S. & EunokIm. (2010). The anticancer effect of probiotic

Mack, D. (2011). Probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases and associated conditions.

Majamaa, H. & Isolauri, E. (1997). Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food

*Aquaculture Research*, Vol. 35, No. 15, pp. 1441-1447, ISSN 1355-557X Line, E., Bailey, S., Cox, N., Stern, N. & Tompkins, T. (1998). Effect of yeast-supplemented

*Aquaculture*, Vol. 216, No. 1-4, pp. 193-201, ISSN 0044-8486

*Brasileira de Zootecnia*, 31.08.2011, Available from http://www.sbz.org.br/visualizar.php?idiom=pt&artigo=13752

77, No. 3, pp. 405-410, ISSN 0032-5791

*Nutrients*, Vol. 3, pp. 245-264, ISSN 2072-6643

Vol. 81, No. 14, Suppl. 2, pp. 120-132, ISSN 1525-3163

*americano de Suinocultura*, pp. 737-740, CD-ROOM

12, pp. 1215-1221, ISSN 1355-557X

32, ISSN 0010-5929

ISSN 1097-0215

0091-6749

ISSN 0377-8401

(Yea-sacc1026) on rumen fermentation in vitro and production performance in crossbred dairy cows. *Animal Feed Science Technology*, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 247-256,

ruminant diets: performance response and mode of action. *Journal of Animal Science*,

the health status and performance of sows and their litters. In: *3º Congresso Latino-*

probiotic to indian major carp *Labeo rohita* (Ham.). *Aquaculture Research*, Vol. 37, No.

*Bacillus subtilis* in mangini per conigli. *Rivista di Coniglicoltura*, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 29-

the bacteria *Streptococcus faecium* and *Lactobacillus acidophilus*, and the yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (*Oreochromis niloticus*).

(2004). Efeito de probiótico inoculado via ovo sobre o desempenho e colonização do TGI por *Salmonella enteritidis* de pintos desafiados. In: *41ª Reunião Anual da Sociedade* 

digestibility coefficients of nutrients of white shrimp *Litopenaeus vannamei* Boone.

feed on *Salmonella* and *Compylobacter* populations in broilers. *Poultry Science*, Vol.

Bacillus polyfermenticuson human colon cancer cells is mediated through ErbB2and ErbB3. *Inhibition International Journal of Cancer*, Vol. 127, pp. 780–790,

allergy. *Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology*, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 179-185, ISSN


He, T., Priebe, M., Zhong, Y., Huang, C., Harmsen, H., Raangs, G., Antoine, J., Wellingand,

Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, Thomas R RogersTrust, Want,S., Rajkumar, C. & Bulpitt,

Hill, J., Tracey, S., Willis, M., Jones, L. & Ellis, A. (2006). Yeast culture in equine nutrition

Hollister, A., Cheeke, P., Robinson, K. & Patton, M. (1989). Effects of water-administered

Hooper, L. (2004). Bacterial contributions to mammalian gut development. Trends in

Hooper, L. & Macpherson, A. (2010). Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. *Nature Reviews – Immunology*, Vol.10, pp. ISSN 1474-1733 Ignatova, M., Sredkova, V. & Marasheva, V. (2009). Effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic on

J. Boudeau, Glasser, A., Julien, S., Colombel, J. & Darfeuille-Michaud, A. (2003). Inhibitory

Jain, S., Yadav, H., Sinha, P., Kapila, S., Naito, Y. & Marotta, F. (2010) Anti-allergic effects

Jin, L., Ho, Y., Abdullah, N. & Jalaludin, S. (1997). Probiotics in poultry: modes of action. *World's Poultry Science Journal*, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 351-368, ISSN 0043-9339 Jonsson, E. & Henningsson, S. (1991). Establishment in the piglet gut of lactobacilli capable

Kalavathy, R., Abdullah, N., Jalaludin, S. & Ho, Y. (2003). Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on

Kalliomaki, M., Salminen, S., Poussa, T., Arvilommi, H. & Isolauri, E. (2003). Probiotics and

trial. *The Lancet*, Vol. 361, No. 9372, pp. 1869-1871, ISSN 0140-6736

*Medical Journal*, Vol. 335, No. 7610, pp. 80, ISSN 0959-8138

Microbiology, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 129–134, ISSN 0966-842X

*Gastroenterology*. Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 244-250, ISSN 1300-4948

104, pp. 595–604, ISSN 1364-5072

culture-equine-nutrition-t279/p0.htm

No. 5-6, pp.1079-1085, ISSN 1450-9156

pp. 512-516, ISSN 1364-5072

0738-9760

0269-2813

1668

G. & Vonk, R. (2008). Effects of yogurt and bidobacteria supplementation onthe colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects. *Journal of Applied Microbiology*, Vol.

C. (2007). Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised doubleblind placebo controlled trial. *British* 

and physiology. In: *Proceedings of Alltech's Annual Symposium*, 17., 31.08.2011, Available from: http://eNo.engormix.com/MA-equines/nutrition/articles/yeast-

probiotics and acidifiers on growth, feed conversion and enteritis mortality of weanling rabbits. *Journal of Applied Rabbit Research*, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 143-147, ISSN

chickens performance and some blood. *Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry*, Vol. 25,

effect of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917on adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cellsby adherent–invasive E. coli strains isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. *Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics*. Vol. 18, pp. 45–56, ISSN

of probiotic Dahi through modulation of the gut immune system. *Turkish Journal of* 

of degrading mixed-linked beta-glucans. *Journal Applied Bacteriology*, Vol. 70, No. 6,

growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. *British Poultry Science*, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 139-144, ISSN 0007-

prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled


The Benefits of Probiotics in Human and Animal Nutrition 97

Nagala, M. & Routray, M. (2011). Clinical case study—multispecies probiotic supplement

Ng, S., Hart, A., Kamm, M., Stagg, A. & Knight, S. (2009). Mechanisms of Action of

Nguyen, T., Kang, J. & Lee, M. (2007). Characterization of Lactobacillus plantarum PH04, a

Noriega, L., Cuevas, I., Margolles, A. & Reyes-Gavilán, C. (2006). Deconjugation and bile

Nurmi, E. & Rantala, M. (1973). New aspects of *Salmonella* infection in broiler production.

Ocaña, V., Holgado, A. & Nader-Macias, M. (1999). Characterization of a bacteriocin-like

*Environmental Microbiology*, Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 5631-5635, ISSN 1098-5336 Oelschlaeger, T. (2010). Mechanisms of probiotic actions – A review. *International Journal of* 

Parker, R.B. (1974). Probiotics, the other half of the antimicrobial story. *Animal Nutrition and* 

Parvez, S., Kim, H., Lee, H. & Kim, D. (2006). Bile salt hydrolase and cholesterol removal

Penna, F., Peret, L., Vieira, L. & Nicoli, J. (2008). Probiotics and mucosal barrier in children.

Pereira, D., McCartney, A. & Gibson, G. (2003). An In Vitro Study of the Probiotic Potential

Pietras, M. (2001). The effect of probiotics on selected blood and meat parameters of broiler

Pollman, D. & Bandyck, C. (1984). Stability of viable lactobacillus products. *Animal Feed* 

Regadera, J., Verges, R., Romero, J., Fuente, I., Biete, A., Villori, J., Cobo, J. & Guarner, F.

Riquelme, C., Hayashida, G., Araya, R., Uchida, A., Satomi, M. & Ishida, Y. (1996). Isolation

*Science and Technology*, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 261-267, ISSN 0377-8401

*Physics*, Vol.71, No .4, pp.1213–1219, ISSN 0360-3016

*of Food Microbiology*, Vol. 113, No. 3, pp. 358-361, ISSN 0168-1605

*International Dairy Journal*, Vol.16, pp. 850–855, ISSN 0958-6946

*Nature*, Vol. 241, No. 1, pp. 210-211, ISSN 0028-0836

*Medical Microbiology*. Vol. 300, pp. 57-62, ISSN 1438-4221

*Biotechnology*, Vol. 22, pp. 455-459, ISSN 1573-0972

*Health*, Vol.29, pp.4-8, ISSN 0003-3553

No. 8, pp. 4743–4752, ISSN 0099-2240

ISSN 1230-1388

369–374, ISSN 0730-8000

*Hepatology Review*. Vol.7, pp. 36-37, ISSN 1758-3934

ISSN 1536-4844

minimizes symptoms of irritable Bowel Syndrome. *US Gastroenterology &* 

Probiotics: Recent Advances. *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases*, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.300-310

potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects. *International Journal* 

salts hydrolase activity by Bifido bacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile.

substance produced by a vaginal *Lactobacillus salvaricus* strain. *Applied and* 

effect by Bifidobacterium bifidum NRRL 1976S. *World Journal of Microbiology &* 

*Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care*, 11: 640-644, ISSN 1473-6519

of a Bile-Salt-Hydrolyzing Lactobacillus fermentum Strain, and Determination of ItsCholesterol-Lowering Properties. *Applied and Environmental Microbiology*, Vol. 69,

chickens. *Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences*, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 297-302, Suppl.2,

(2008). Effects of probiotic *Lactobacillus casei* DN-114 001 in prevention ofradiationinduced diarrhea: results from multicenter, randomized,placebo-controlled nutritional trialjordi giraltInt. *International Journal of Radiation Oncology - Biology -* 

of a native bacterial strain from the scallop *Argopecten purpuratus* with inhibitory effects against pathogenic vibrios. *Journal of Shellfish Research*, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.


Makridis, P., Fjellheim, A., Skjermo, J. & Vadstein, O. (2000). Colonization of the gut in first

Martin, S. (1998). Manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: a review. *Journal* 

Martins, F., Elian, S., Vieira, A., Tiago, F., Martins, A., Silva, F., Souza, E., Sousa, L., Araujo,

Martins, F., Dalmasso, G., Arantes, M., Doye, A., Lemichez, E., Lagadec, P., Imbert, V.,

Michail, S., Sylvester, F., Fuchs, G. & Issenman, R. (2006). North American Society for

Michelan, A., Scapinello, C., Natali, M., Furlan, A., Sakaguti, E., Faria, H., Santolin, M. &

Mir, Z. & Mir, P. (1994). Effect of the addition of live yeast (*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*) on

Momose, Y., Hirayama, K. & Itoh, K. (2008) Competition for proline between indigenous

Moore, B. & Newman, K. (1993). Influence of feeding yeast culture (Yea-Sacc) on cecum and

Morgan, L., Coverdale J., Froetschel, M. & Yoon, I. (2007). Effect of yeast culture

*Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia*, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 1045-1050, ISSN 1516-3598

*of Equine Veterinary Science*, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 260-265, ISSN 0737-0806 Moura, R., Saliba, E., Almeida, F., Lana, A., Silva, V. & Rezende, A. (2009). Feed efficiency in

*Aquaculture International*, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 367-380, ISSN 1573-143X

*of Animal Science*, Vol. 76, No. 12, pp. 3123-3132, ISSN 1525-3163

*Microbiology*, Vol. 301, No. 4, pp. 359-364, ISSN 1438-4221

6203

550-557, ISSN 1536-4801

537-545, ISSN 1525-3163

ISSN 1572-9699

ISSN 1525-3163

pp. 2227-2237, ISSN 1516-3598

feeding turbot by bacterial strains added to the water or biencapusated in rotifers.

H., Pimenta, P., Bonjardim, C., Arantes, R., Teixeira, M. & Nicoli, J. (2011). Oral treatment with *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* strain UFMG 905 modulates immune responses and interferes with signal pathways involved in the activation of inflammation in a murine model of typhoid fever. *International Journal of Medical* 

Peyron, J., Rampal, P., Nicoli, J. & Czerucka, D. Interaction of *Saccharomyces boulardii* with *Salmonella enterica* serovar Typhimurium protects mice and modifies T84 cell response to the infection*. Plos One, Vol.* 5, No. 1, e8925, 2010, ISSN 1932-

Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Nutrition Report Committee. Clinical efficacy of probiotics: review of the evidence with focus on children. *Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition*, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp.

Hernandes, A. (2002). Utilização de probiótico, ácido orgânico e antibiótico em dietas para coelhos em crescimento: ensaio de digestibilidade, avaliação da morfometria intestinal e desempenho. *Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia*, Vol. 31, No. 6,

growth and carcass quality of steers fed high-forage or high-grain diets and on feed digestibility and in situ degradability. *Journal of Animal Science*, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp.

*Escherichia coli* and *E. coli* O157:H7 in gnotobiotic mice associated with infant intestinal microbiota and its contribution to the colonization resistance against *E. coli* O157:H7. *Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Journal of Microbiology*, Vol. 94, pp. 165-171,

colon pH of the equine. *Journal of Animal Science*, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 261 (Abstract),

supplementation on digestibility of varying forage quality in mature horses. *Journal* 

Mangalarga Marchador foals fed diet supplemented with probiotics or phytase.


The Benefits of Probiotics in Human and Animal Nutrition 99

Thirabunyanon, M., Boonprasom, P. & Niamsup, P. (2009). Probiotic potential of lactic acid

Utiyama, C., Oetting, L., Giani, P., Ruiz, U. & Miyada, V. (2006). Efeitos de antimicrobianos,

Vahedi, H., Ansari, R., Mir-Nasseri, M. & Jafari, E. (2010). Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A

Vasiljevic, T & Shah, N. (2008). Probiotics— from Metchnikoff to bioactives. *International* 

Veizaj-Delia, E., Piub, T., Lekajc, P. & Tafaj, M. (2010). Using combined probiotic to improve

Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. & Verstraete, W. (2000). Probiotic bacteria as

Wang, Y., Xu, Z. & Xia, M. (2005). The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in Northern

Westerbeek, E., van der Berg, A., Lafeber, H., Knol, J., Fetter, W. & van Elburg, R. (2006) The

WHO/FAO. Joint World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization

Yamani, K., Ibrahim, H. & Rashwan, A. (1992). Effects of a pelleted diet supplemented with

Zhao, T., Doyle, M., Harmon, B., Brown, C., Mueller, P. & Parks, A. (1998). Reduction of

Ziaei-Nejad, S., Rezaei, M., Takami, G., Lovett, D., Mirvaghefi, A. & Shakouri, M. (2006). The

Zoetendal, E., Akkermans, A., Akkermans-van Vliet, W., de Visser, J. & de Vos, W. (2001).

cells. *Biotechnology Letters*, Vol. 31, pp. 571–576, ISSN 1573-6776

*Brasileira de Zootecnia*, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 2359-2367, ISSN 1516-3598

*Dairy Journal*, Vol. 18, pp. 714– 728, ISSN 0958-6946

*Clininical Nutrional*, Vol. 25, pp. 361-368, ISSN 1532-1983

*Science*, Vol.134, pp. 249–251, ISSN 1871-1413

Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 655–671, ISSN 1098-5557

Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1087-1100, ISSN 0738-9760

Vol. 252, No. 2-4, pp. 516-524, ISSN 0044-8486

1039, ISSN 0919-9268

Ontario, Canada

0095-1137

5249

bacteria isolated from fermented dairy milks on antiproliferation of colon cancer

prebióticos, probióticos e extratos vegetais sobre a microbiota intestinal, a frequência de diarreia e o desempenho de leitões recém-desmamados. *Revista* 

Review Article. *Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases*. Vol. 2, No. 2, ISSN 2008-

growth performance of weanedpiglets on extensive farm conditions. *Livestock* 

biological control agents in aquaculture. *Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review*,

White Shrimp *Penaeus vannamei* ponds. *Fisheries Science*, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 1034-

intestinal bacterial colonization in preterm infants: a review of the literature.

Working Group. (2002). *Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food*, London,

probiotic (Lacto-Sacc) and water supplemented with a combination of probiotic and acidifier (Acid Pak-4-Way) on digestibility, growth, carcass and physiological aspects of weanling New Zealand White rabbits. *Journal of Applied Rabbit Research*,

carriage of enterohemorrhagic *Escherichia coli* O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. *Journal of Clinical Microbiology*, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 641-647, ISSN

effect of *Bacillus* sppp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp *Fenneropenaeus indicus*. *Aquaculture*,

The host genotype affects the bacterial community in the human gastronintestinal tract. *Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease*, Vol.13, pp. 129–134, ISSN 1651-2235


Robinson, J., Whipp, S., Bucklin, J. & Allison, M. (1984). Characterization of predominant

Rolfe, R. (2000). The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health. *The* 

Rosenfeldt, V., Benfeldt, E., Nielsen, S., Michaelsen, K., Jeppesen, D., Valerius, N. &

Roth, F. & Kirchgessner, M. (1988). Nutritive effects of toyocerin. 1 Piglet feeding. *Landwirtschaftliche Forschung*, Vol. 41, No. 1-2, pp. 58-62, ISSN 0023-8147 Russel, E. (1979). Types and distribution of anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine of pigs. *Applied and Environmental Microbiology*, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 187-193, ISSN 1098-5336 Sazawal, S., Hiremath, G., Dhingra, U., Malik, P., Deb, S. & Black, R. (2006) Efficacy of

Schrezenmeir, J. & de Vrese, M. (2001) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics – approaching a

Servin, L. & Coconnier, M. (2003) Adhesion of probiotic strains to the intestinal mucosa and

Servin, A. (2004) Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. *Microbiology Reviews*, Vol. 28, pp.405–440, ISSN 0168-6445 Shortt, C. (1999) The probiotic century: historical and current perspectives. *Trends in Food* 

Soleimani, N., Kermanshahi, R., Yakhchali, B.& Sattari, T. (2010). Antagonistic activity of

Sommart, K., Wanapat, M., Wongsrikeao, W. & Ngarmsak, S. (1993). Effects of yeast culture

Sonnenburg, J., Chen, C. & Gordon, J. (2006). Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact

Swanson, K., Grieshop, C., Flickinger, E., Bauer, L., Wolf, B., Chow, J., Garleb, K. &

Tereda, A., Hara, H., Li, T., Ichikawa, H., Nishi, J. & Ko, S. (1994). Effect of a microbial

*Science & Technology,* Vol. 10, pp. 411-417, ISSN 0924-2244

*Nutrition*, Vol. 132, No. 10, pp. 3042-3050, ISSN 1760-4788

*Technology*, Vol. 65, No. 9, pp. 806-814, ISSN 0918-2365

*Microbiology*, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 964-969, ISSN 1098-5336

*Journal Nutrition*, Vol. 130, pp. 396–402, ISSN 0899- 9007

95, ISSN 0091-6749

382, ISSN 1474-4457

pp.741–754, ISSN 1521-6918

Suppl.1, pp. 281, ISSN 1525-3163

10.1371/journal.pbio.0040413

ISSN 1938-3207

bacteria from the colons of normal and dysenteric pigs. *Applied and Environmental* 

Paerregaar, A. (2003). Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. *Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology*, Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 389-

probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. *The Lancet Infectious Diseases*, Vol.6, pp. 374-

definition. *The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, Vol. 73, pp. 361S-364S, ISSN ,

interaction with pathogens. *Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology*, Vol. 17,

probiotic lactobacilli against *Staphylococcus aureus* isolated from bovine mastitis. *African Journal of Microbiology Research*. Vol. 4, No .20, pp. 2169-2173, ISSN 1996-0808

and protein levels on ruminal fermentation, intake, digestibility and performance in ruminants fed straw based diets. *Journal of Animal Science*, Champaign, Vol. 71,

of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS Biol 4(12): e413. DOI:

Williams, J. (2002). Fructooligosaccharides and *Lactobacillus acidophilus* modify bowel function and protein catabolites excreted by healthy humans. *The Journal of* 

preparation on fecal flora and fecal metabolic products of pigs. *Animal Science and* 


**5** 

*Norway* 

**Gut Microbiota in Disease Diagnostics** 

A substantial amount of scientific documentation is mounting for the significance of the gastrointestinal microbiota (gut or GI microbiota) on human health. In addition to the obvious connection between the gut microbiota and inflammation in the colon (leading to IBD, IBS and possibly colon cancer), recent articles have highlighted the not-so-obvious connection between the gut microbiota and the brain (Heijtz et al., 2011)) and cardiovascular

Despite several major breakthrough discoveries of the importance of the gut microbiota in human health, this information has not yet been transformed into diagnostic or therapeutic approaches. A major bottleneck in the gut microbiota diagnostics is the reproducibility and

Since we do not know the growth conditions for most gut bacteria, traditional cultivation based analysis of bacteria cannot be used for a comprehensive overview of the gut microbiota. Currently, quantitative PCR are quite extensively being used to detect the presence of specific pathogens. However, since the gut microbiota is complex and contains hundreds of different microbes, such technology does not hold the promise to be used as a general analysis tool to monitor changes in the gut microbiota that affect health conditions. The current focus in human gut microbiota screenings are based on explorative deep sequencing. It is expected that it will take considerable time and further development before sequencing of the gut microbiota could become a routine diagnostic tool. However, since the human gut microbiota is getting more thoroughly characterized, it is time to look for more targeted approaches rather than the current explorative

The most widely applied targeted approach to describe microbial diversity are by probes targeting the gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA. This gene is ancient, universally distributed and comprise highly conserved sequence domains interspersed with more variable regions (Woese, 1987). The conserved regions provide information for classification of higher taxa, while the variable regions can be used for differentiation between closely related species. An average bacterial 16S rRNA molecule has a length of approximately 1 500 nucleotides, making it experimentally manageable by e.g. PCR

**1. Introduction** 

screenings.

amplification.

system (Wang et al., 2011).

throughput of the analytical approaches used.

Knut Rudi1,2,3 and Morten Isaksen1

*3Hedmark University College, Hamar* 

*2The Norwegian University for Life Sciences, Ås* 

*1Genetic Analysis AS, OSLO* 

Zulkifli, I., Abdullah, N., Azrin, N. & Ho, Y. (2000). Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions. *British Poultry Science*, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 593-597, ISSN 0007-1668
