**6. References**

Anderson, D. (2005) Reversed liquid crystalline phases with non-paraffin hydrophobes. European Patent 1539099A2, 2005

Bardelmeijer, H. A., Beijnen, J. H., Brouwer, K. R., Rosing, H., Nooijen, W. J., Schellens, J. H. M., & van Tellingen, O. (2000) Increased oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by GF120918 in mice through selective modulation of P-glycoprotein. *Clin. Cancer Res.,* Vol. 6. pp. 4416-4421

Development, Optimization and Absorption Mechanism of

pp. 271– 278

DHP107, Oral Paclitaxel Formulation for Single-Agent Anticancer Therapy 373

Ibrahim, N. K., Desai, N., Legha, S., Soon-Shiong, P., Theriault, R. L., Rivera, E., Esmaeli, B.,

Kearns, C. M., Gianni, L., & Egorin, M. J. (1995). Paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and

Kim, D. W., Kwon, J. S., Kim, Y. G., Kim, M. S., Lee, G. S., Youn, T. J., & Cho, M. -C. (2004)

Kim, J.-H., Kim, Y.-S., Kim, S., Park, J. H., Kim, K., Choi, K., Chung, H., Jeong, S. Y., Park, R.-

Lee, I. H., Hong, J. W., Y. H., Kwak, Y. H., Park, Y. T., Kwon, I. C., Jeong, S. Y., & Chung, H.

Lee, I.-H., Park, Y. T., Roh, K., Chung, H., Kwon, I. C., & Jeong, S. Y. (2005) Stable paclitaxel formulations in oily contrast medium. *J. Cont. Rel.,* Vol. 102. pp. 415–425 Lee, J. H., Gi, U.-S., Kim, J.-H., Kim, Y., Kim, S.-H., Oh, H., & Min, B. (2001) Preparation and

Lee, S.-J., Kim, S. W., Chung, H., Park, Y. T., Choi, Y. W., Cho, Y.-H., & Yoon, M. S. (2005)

Liggins, R.T., Hunter, W. L., & Burt, H. M. (1997) Solid-state characterization of paclitaxel. *J.* 

Meerum Terwogt, J. M., Malingre, M. M., Beijnen, J. H., ten Bokkel Huinink, W. W., Rosing,

Nielsen, L. S., Schubert, L., & Hansen, J. (1998) Bioadhesive drug delivery systems. I.

Pfeifer, R.W., Hale, K.N., Cronquist, & S. E., Daniels, M. (1993) Precipitation of paclitaxel during infusion by pump. *Am. J. Hosp. Pharm.,* Vol. 50. pp. 2518–2521

oleate and glyceryl monolinoleate. *Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.,* Vol. 6. pp. 231-239 Peltier, S., Oger, J.-M., Lagarce, F., Couet, W., Benoît, J.-P. (2006) Enhanced oral paclitaxel

nanoparticles as carriers for paclitaxel. *J. Cont. Rel.,* Vol. 111. pp. 228-234 Konishi, T., Satsu, H., Hatsugai, Y., Aizawa, K., Inakuma, T., Nagata, S., Sakuda, S.-h.,

small cell lung cancer. *J. Clin. Oncol.,* Vol. 15. pp. 317–329

pharmacodynamics*. Semin. Oncol.,* Vol. 3. pp. 16-23

artery injury model. *Circulation,* Vol. 109. pp. 1558-1563

poorly water-soluble drug. *J. Pharm. Sci.,* Vol. 94. pp. 481-492

paclitaxel. *Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.,* Vol. 22. pp. 925-928

administration of paclitaxel. *Chemotherapy,* Vol. 51. pp. 311–318

*Annual Meeting*, Honolulu, HA, 2004

*Pharm. Sci.,* 86 pp. 1458-1463

*Res.,* Vol. 23. pp. 1243-1250

*Cancer Res.,* Vol. 5. pp. 3379– 3384

carboplatin in a dose escalating and dose sequencing study in patients with non

Ring, S. E., Bedikian, A., Hortobagyi, G. N., & Ellerhorst, J. A. (2002) Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ABI-007, a Cremophor-free, protein-stabilized, nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel. *Clin. Cancer Res.,* Vol. 8. pp. 1038-1044 Kan, P., Chen, Z. B., Lee, C. J., & Chu, I. M. (1999) Development of nonionic surfactant/

phospholipids o/w emulsion as a paclitaxel delivery system. *J. Control. Rel.,* Vol. 58.

Novel oral formulation of paclitaxel inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid

W., Kim, I.-S., & Kwon, I. C. (2006) Hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan

Nagasawa, H., & Shimizu, M. (2004) Inhibitory effect of a bitter melon extract on the P-glycoprotein activity in intestinal Caco-2 cells*. Brit. J. Pharm.,* Vol. 143. pp. 379-387 Kossena, G. A., Charman, W. N., Boyd, B. J., & Porter, C. J. H. (2005) Influence of the

intermediate digestion phases of common formulation lipids on the absorption of a

(2004) Oral paclitaxel delivery systems, *Proceedings of Controlled Release Society 31st* 

characterization of solvent induced dihydrated, anhydrous, and amorphous

Bioadhesive drug delivery system using glyceryl monooleate for the intravesical

H., Koopman, F. J., van Tellingen, O., Swart, M., & Schellens, J. H. M. (1999) Coadministration of oral cyclosporin A enables oral therapy with paclitaxel. *Clin.* 

Characterisation of mucoadhesive properties of systems based on glyceryl mono-

bioavailability after administration of paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanocapsules. *Pharm.* 


Bardelmeijer, H. A., Ouwehand, M., Beijnen, J. H., Schellens, J. H. M,. & van Tellingen, O.

Briggs, J., Chung, H., & Caffrey, M. (1996) The temperature-composition phase diagram and

Choi, J. S., & Li, X. (2005) The effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in

Choi, J. -S., Choi, H. -K., & Shin, S. -C. (2004) Enhanced bioavailability of paclitaxel after oral coadministration with flavone in rats. *Int. J. Pharm.,* Vol. 275. pp. 165–170 Choi, J. -S., Jo, B. -W., & Kim, Y. -C. (2004) Enhanced paclitaxel bioavailability after oral

Chung, H., Kim, J.-s., Um, J. Y., Kwon, I. C., & Jeong, S. Y. (2002) Self-assembled "nanocubicle" as a carrier for peroral insulin delivery. *Diabetologia,* Vol. 45. pp. 448-451 Chung, H., Kim, T. W., Kwon, M., Kwon, I. C., & Jeong, S. Y. (2001) Oil components

Clogston, J., Craciun, G., Hart D.J., & Caffrey, M. (2005) Controlling release from the lipidic cubic phase by selective alkylation. *J. Cont. Rel.,* Vol. 102. pp. 441-461 Clogston, J., & Caffrey, M. (2005) Controlling release from the lipidic cubic phase. Amino acids, peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. *J. Cont. Rel.,* Vol. 107. pp. 97-111 Clogston, J., Rathman, J., Tomasko, D., Walker, H., & Caffrey, M. (2000) Phase behavior of a

Ganem-Quintanar, A., Quintanar-Guerrero, & D., Buri, P. (2000) Monoolein: A review of pharmaceutical applications. *Drug Dev. Indust. Pham.,* Vol. 26. pp. 809–820 Gao, P., Rush, B. D., Pfund, W. P., Huang, T., Bauer, J. M., Morozowich, W., Kuo, M. -S., &

Garber, K. (2004) Improved paclitaxel formulation hints at new chemotherapy approach. *J.* 

Gianni, L., Kearns, C. M., Giani, A., Capri, G., Vigano, L., Lacatelli, A., Bonadonna, G., &

Hennenfent, K. L., & Govindan, R. (2006) Novel formulations of taxanes: a review. Old wine

Hong, J. W., Lee, I. H., Kwok, Y. H., Park, Y. T., Kwon, I. C., Jeong, S. Y., & Chung, H. (2004)

Huizing, M. T., Giaccone, G., Van Warmerdam, L. J. C., Rosing, H., Bakker, P. J. M.,

paclitaxel in mice. *Inves. New Drugs,* Vol. 22. pp. 219–229

or gene delivery system. *J. Control. Rel.,* Vol. 71. pp. 339-350

*France,* Vol. 6. pp. 723-751

191–220

pp. 2386-2398

Vol. 13. pp. 180-190

HA, 2004

*Natl. Cancer Inst.,* Vol. 96. pp. 90-91

in a new bottle? *Ann. Oncol.,* Vol. 17. pp. 735 - 749

rats. Eur. *J. Pharm. Sci.,* Vol. 24. pp. 95-100

*Pharm. Biopharm.,* Vol. 57. pp. 313–318

(2004) Efficacy of novel P-glycoprotein inhibitors to increase the oral uptake of

mesophase structure characterization of the monoolein/water system. *J. Phys. II* 

administration paclitaxel or prodrug to rats pretreated with quercetin. *Eur. J.* 

modulate physical characteristics and function of the natural oil emulsions as drug

monoacylglycerol (Myverol 18-99K)/water system. *Chem. Phys. Lipids,* Vol. 107. pp.

Hageman, M. J. (2003) Development of a supersaturable SEDDS (S-SEDDS) formulation of paclitaxel with improved oral bioavailability. *J. Pharm. Sci.,* Vol. 92.

Egorin, M. J. (1995). Nonlinear pharmacokinetics and metabolism of paclitaxel and its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships in humans. *J. Clin. Oncol.,*

The tissue distribution of paclitaxel after peroral administration of mucoadhesive formulation, *Proceedings of Controlled Release Society 31st Annual Meeting*, Honolulu,

Vermorken, J. B., Postmus, P. E., Zandwijk, N., van Koolen, M. G. J., ten Bokkel Huinink, W. W., van der Vijgh, W. J., Bierhorst, F. J., Lai, A., Dalesio, O., Pinedo, H. M., Veenhof, C. H., & Beijnen, J. H. (1997) Pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and carboplatin in a dose escalating and dose sequencing study in patients with non small cell lung cancer. *J. Clin. Oncol.,* Vol. 15. pp. 317–329


**17** 

Soňa Gancarčíková

*Slovakia* 

**Differences in the Development of the** 

The health quality of human population is strongly connected to the decrease of environmental burden and increase of quality and safety of food. The production of highquality and safe food and materials of animal origin is conditioned by the good health of raised animals. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can be considered the most important health and economic problem of rearing young animals, since they may cause extremely high losses due to morbidity, mortality, cost of treatment and weight loss. At an early age, diseases debilitate the animal organism and cause delays in development which can subsequently become evident as health problems and decreased productivity. For this reason, it is extremely important to ensure optimum development of the digestive tract in young animals. These relations are determined by digestive juice and enzyme secretion, morphological development and microbial colonization of the digestive tract as well as by absorption capacity of the latter. The pig gut is exposed to a variety of stress factors particularly in the early postnatal period and just after weaning. This is the period of significant growth, morphological changes and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract (Godlewski et al., 2005; Trahair & Sanglid, 2002; Xu, 1996). Prior to birth, the alimentary tract is exposed to substances from the ingested amniotic fluid which seems to be of importance to its development (Trahair & Sanglid, 2002). The colostrum, however, differs from the amniotic fluid by the density of nutrients and high immunoglobulin, enzyme, hormone, growth factor and neuroendocrine peptide levels. Widdowson & Crabb (1976) were the first to demonstrate the effect of the colostrum upon development of the alimentary tract by comparing the colostrums-suckling piglets with watered animals. Maternal colostrums contained high levels of several hormones and growth promoting peptides like insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I and II (IGF-I and II), transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and leptin. It was proved that colostral growth factors play an important role in the postnatal development of the digestive tract in newborn animals (Guilloteau et al., 2002; Xu, 1996). During the several initial days of life of newborns, their small intestine increases its weight by about 70%, length by approx. 20%, diameter by 15%. Its absorption area increases by about 50% during the first postnatal day and by 100% during the first 10 postnatal days (Marion et al., 2003; Xu, 1996). A large luminal surface area with optimal enterocyte functional maturity is

**1. Introduction** 

**Small Intestine Between Gnotobiotic** 

**and Conventionally Bred Piglets** 

*University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice* 

