**4. Clinical presentation of iatrogenic bile duct injuries**

The most frequently observed clinical symptoms include jaundice, fever, chills, abdominal pain, pruritus. Clinical symptoms can be divided into two main groups. The first group are patients with the bile leakage in the early postoperative period due to the bile duct injury. In the presence of a drain in the peritoneal cavity, the injury indicates the appearance of bile in the drain. In patients without a catheter in the peritoneal cavity, bile leak into the abdominal cavity, leading to biloma or bile peritonitis. In these patients, jaundice is not observed because there is no cholestasis. In the second group of patients, usually in a remote time after surgery, there are primarily clinical symptoms resulting from cholestasis due to biliary obstruction. This is most commonly jaundice,
