**7. References**

160 Recent Advances in Plasticizers

 12.5DOP35 6.25DOP35 DOP35

Fig. 18. The tensile stress-strain curves for samples prepared with 35% of DOP.

Taking into consideration obtained results we can conclude that type and amount of applied plasticizer as well as incorporation of inorganic phase into CAB matrix affected mechanical properties of the examined samples. Changing the type and concentration of the plasticizer, and amount of inorganic phase can modify the strength and extensibility of the materials. The higher the amount of incorporated silica, the harder and more brittle the material, however exhibiting good flexibility at 30 and 35% plasticizer concentration. All of the plasticizers investigated, excluding TEC, caused an antiplasticization effect at concentration 30% resulting in an increase in tensile strength, in comparison with the values at 25%. At higher concentration of plasticizers (35%) the additives caused plasticization reflected as a decreases in tensile strength and an increase in elongation at break values. Regarding the influence of inorganic phase incorporated into polymer matrix, the tensile strength was substantially improved, as compared with neat CAB,

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

[%]

Among all plasticizers, DEP was found to be the least efficient for CAB, as well as for organic-inorganic hybrids. Low plasticization efficiency showed also TEC. All samples prepared with DEP and TEC showed the noticeable low values of tensile strength as well as poor flexibility, as compared to the same formulations with other plasticizers used in this study. DOP, TBC and TEA were the most efficient plasticizers for CAB and organicinorganic CAB hybrids. The best formulations in terms of mechanical properties were those containing 30% of above mentioned plasticizers. DOP at 30% concentration was the

**6. Conclusions** 

0

5

10

15

[MPa]

20

25

30

regardless of the plasticizer type.


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**9** 

*Malaysia* 

**Characterization of High Molecular Weight** 

**Poly(vinyl chloride) – Lithium Tetraborate** 

Ramesh T. Subramaniam1,\*, Liew Chiam-Wen1,

*Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur* 

Lau Pui Yee2 and Ezra Morris2 *1Centre for Ionics University Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 2Faculty of Engineering and Science,* 

**Electrolyte Plasticized by Propylene Carbonate** 

An electrolyte is a substance consisting of free ions and acts as a medium channel for transferring the charges between a pair of electrodes. Sometimes, they are also referred as "lytes" which is derived from the Greek word, "lytos", which means "it may be dissolved". Electrolyte is comprised of positively charged species which is called as cation and negatively charged species, anion. The properties of an electrolyte can be exploited via electrolysis process: separation of chemically bonded element or compounds by applying the electrical current. In the early stage, liquid electrolytes have been discovered and investigated. Liquid electrolyte is a substance that conducts the electricity in an aqueous solution by migrating both cations and anions to the opposite electrodes through an electrically conducting path as a useful electric current. However, it faces problem of leakage of hazardous liquids or gases. Other drawbacks are formation of lithium dendrite, electrolytic degradation of electrolyte and uses of ammable organic solvent (Ramesh et al., 2011a). Apart from that, it exhibits poor long–term stability due to the evaporation of the liquid phase in the cells (Yang et al., 2008). Therefore, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were

synthesized to prevail over the limitations of conventional liquid electrolytes.

The development on SPEs was initiated by the pioneering work of Wright et al. three decades ago (Lee and Wright, 1982). A polymer electrolyte (PE) is defined as a solvent–free system whereby the ionically conducting pathway is generated by dissolving the low lattice energy metal salts in a high molecular weight polar polymer matrix with aprotic solvent (Gray, 1997a). The fundamental of ionic conduction in the polymer electrolytes is the covalent bonding between the polymer backbones and ions. Initially, the electron donor group in the polymer would form solvation onto the cation component in the doping salt

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1 Solid polymer electrolytes** 

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