**9. References**

34 Recent Advances in Plasticizers

The acid soluble collagen from jumbo squid induces modification of crosslinking reaction in chitosan films affecting their mechanical properties (Table 6). In general, the presence of acid soluble collagen from jumbo squid on chitosan films induces the formation of more flexible

According with Arias-Moscoso et al., (2011) the general trends of the stress-strain curves of acid soluble collagen-chitosan films are characteristic of elastic films. However, these tensile properties vary with the collagen content on the film. It was detected that the tensile strength values of most of ASC/chitosan films evaluated were within the acceptance range of low density polyethylene food packaging (4 and 78.6 mPa42). Meanwhile, the elongation at the break of chitosan films with 20% of ASC was comparable to cellophane and also comparable to polypropylene when contained 50% of ASC, which for some specific

CH ASC/CH

and less rigid films (Arias-Moscoso et al., 2011; Uriarte-Montoya et al., 2010).

Properties Films

Tensile strength (MPa) 46.5-53.7 1.4-39.6 Elongation at break (%) 4.9-5.5 11.0-4.3 Elastic modulus (Mpa) 2210-2514 660-2430

Table 6. Mechanical properties of acid soluble collagen from jumbo squid-chitosan

possibilities of movements, producing films more flexible and less rigid.

temperature, similar to type I collagen from bovine skin.

exhibit great potential in areas not much exploited such as plasticizers.

It is known that the mechanical properties are dependent on the distribution and intensity of inter- and intramolecular interaction; therefore, when the content of ASC increases, the collagen molecules also increases, and this may reduce chitosan interaction, inducing high

It is possible to recover and utilize compounds from squid wastes, which may represent a potential for increased business and more ways to make a more environmentally sounded use of natural resources from this seafood product. From this wastes or by-products

ACS can be extracted from the muscle jumbo squid with 0.5 M acetic acid with an average yield of 15% from the total muscle protein, and showed comparable biochemical characteristics to the collagen of skin from squid species, but it presented higher transition

Novel biomaterials from collagen-chitosan blends, with excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial properties can be successfully prepared. One of the applications of these blends is the elaboration of films. Moreover, the interactions between collagen and chitosan may

Chitosan, a polysaccharide that is produced by deacetylation of naturally occurring chitin, has a great potential for a wide range of applications due to its biodegradability,

**6.2.1 Mechanical properties** 

applications is a desirable attribute.

Adapted from Arias-Moscoso et al. (2011)

(ASC/CH) and chitosan (CH) films.

**7. Conclusion** 

collagen can be obtained.


By-Products From Jumbo Squid (*Dosidicus gigas*): A New Source of Collagen Bio-Plasticizer? 37

Chen, L.; Fu, Q.; Tang, C. Y.; Ning, N. Y.; Wang, C. Y. & Zhang, Q. (2009). Preparation and

Chen, Z.; Wei, B.; Mo, X.; Lim, C. T.; Ramakrishna, S. & Cui, F. (2009). Mechanical properties

Chien, P. J.; Sheu, F. & Lin, H. R. (2007b). Quality assessment of low molecular weight

Chiu, L. L. Y. & Radisic, M. (2011). Controlled release of thymosin β4 using collagen-

Colla, E.; Sobral, P. J. d. A. & Menegalli, F. C. (2006). *Amaranthus cruentus* Flour Edible Films:

Coma, V.; Deschamps, A. & Martial-Gros, A. (2003). Bioactive packaging materials from

Cota-Arriola, O.; Cortez-Rocha, M. O.; Rosas-Burgos, E. C.; Burgos-Hernández, A.; López-

Daayf, F.; El Hadrami, A.; Adam, L. R. & El Hadrami, I. (2010). Chitosan in Plant Protection.

Dan, W. H.; Ye, Y. C.; Zeng, R.; Lin, H.; Dan, N. H.; Guan, L. B. & Mi, Z. J. (2007). Miscibility

De Azeredo, H. M. C. (2009). Nanocomposites for food packaging applications. *Food Research* 

De la Cruz González, F.; Aragón Noriega, A.; Urciaga García, J. I.; Salinas Zavala, C.;

Dutta, P. K.; Ravikumar, M. N. V. & Dutta, J. (2002). Chitin and chitosan for versatile

*International*, Vol.60, No.6, (June 2011), pp. (937-944), 0959-8103.

*Marine Drugs*, Vol.8, No.4, (April 2010), pp. (968-987), 1660-3397.

*Polymer Journal*, Vol.43, No.5, (May 2007), pp. (2066-2071), 0014-3057. Daniels, C.A. (1989). *Polymers: Structure and Properties,* (First edition) Technomic Publishing,

*International*, Vol.42, No.9, (Nov 2009), pp. (1240-1253), 0963-9969.

Vol.32, No.3, (January 2007), pp. (144–150), 0378-1844.

Vol.27, No.5, (September 2009), pp. (739-746), 0256-7679.

*Journal of Controlled Release*, (May 2011), 10.1016, 0168-3659.

2007a), pp. (225-229), 0260-8774.

8561.

2792), 0022-1147.

ISBN 0-87762-552-2, Lancaster, PA.

(January 2002), pp. (307-354), 0022-2348.

(March 2007b), pp. (736-740), 0260-8774.

Properties of Chitosan/Lignin Composite Films. *Chinese Journal of Polymer Science*,

of electrospun collagen-chitosan complex single fibers and membrane *Materials Science and Engineering: C*, Vol.29, No.8, (July 2009), pp. (2428-2435), 0921-5093. Chien, P. J.; Sheu, F. & Yang, F. H. (2007a). Effects of edible chitosan coating on quality and

shelf life of sliced mango fruit. *Journal of Food Engineering*, Vol.78, No.1, (January

chitosan coating on sliced red pitayas. *Journal of Food Engineering*, Vol.79, No.2,

chitosan composite hydrogels promotes epicardial cell migration and angiogenesis.

Influence of Stearic Acid Addition Plasticizer Concentration, and Emulsion Stirring Speed on Water Vapor Permeability and Mechanical Properties. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, Vol.54, No.18, (August 2006), pp. (6645-6653), 0021-

edible chitosan polymer - Antimicrobial activity assessment on dairy-related contaminants. *Journal of Food Science*, Vol.68, No.9, (December 2003), pp. (2788-

Franco, Y. L. & Plascencia-Jatomea, M. (2011). Antifungal effect of chitosan on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin B1. *Polymer* 

studies on the blends of collagen/chitosan by dilute solution viscometry. *European* 

Cisneros Mata, M. A. & Beltrán Morales, L. F. (2007). Análisis socioeconómico de las pesquerías de camarón y calamar gigante en el noroeste de México. *Interciencia*,

applications. *Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews*, Vol.42, No.3,


Avena-Bustillos, R. J.; Olsen, C. W.; Olson, D. A.; Chiou, B.; Yee, E.; Bechtel, P. J. & McHugh,

*Environmental Sciences*, Vol.13, No.2, (January 2005), pp. (43-56), 1110-7308 Badawy, M. E. I.; Rabea, E. I.; Rogge, T. M.; Stevens, C. V.; Steurbaut, W.; Hofte, M. &

Benjakul, S.; Jongjareonrak, A.; Visessanguan, W. & Tanaka, M. (2006). Effects of plasticizers

Bertan, L. C.; Tanada-Palmu, P. S.; Siani, A. C. & Grosso, C. R. F. (2005). Effect of fatty acids

Bhattacharya, M.; Correlo, V. M.; Boesel, L. F.; Mano, J. F.; Neves, N. M. & Reis, R. L. (2005).

Branden, C. & Tooze, J. (1999). *Introduction to Protein Structure* (2nd), Garland Publishing,

Brinckmann, J. (2005). Collagens at a glance. *Collagen*, Vol.247, (June 2005), pp. (1-6), 0340-

Bourtoom, T. (2008). Plasticizer effect on the properties of biodegradable blend film from

Bures, P.; Huang, Y.; Oral, E. & Peppas, N. A. (2001). Surface modifications and molecular

*Journal of Food Science*, Vol.61, No.5, (October 1996), pp. (953-956), 0022-1147. Carvalho, R. A.; Grosso, C. R. F. & Sobral, P. J. A. (2008). Effect of chemical treatment on the

Chen, J.; Li, Q.; Xu, J.; Huang, Y.; Ding, Y.; Deng, H.; Zhao, S. & Che, R. (2005). Study on

*Controlled Release*, Vol.72, No.1-3, (May 2001), pp. (25-33), 0168-3659. Butler, B. L.; Vergano, P. J.; Testin, R. F.; Bunn, J. M. & Wiles, J. L. (1996). Mechanical and

*of Food Science*, Vol.71, No.4, (May 2006), pp. (E202-E207), 0022-1147. Badawy, M. E. & Rabea, E. I. (2005). Synthesis of some N-benzylphosphoryl chitosan

*Science*, Vol.88, No.1, (April 2003), pp. (64-71), 0021-8995.

Vol.403, No.1-2, (August 2005), pp. (57-68), 0921-5093.

(February 2006), pp. (229-235), 1438-2377.

Vol.19, (June 2005), pp. (73-82), 0268-005X.

978-0815323051, New York, USA.

1, (April, 2008), 149-165, 0125-3395.

(165-169), 0894-3214.

1434-7229.

1022.

T. H. (2006). Water vapor permeability of mammalian and fish gelatin films. *Journal* 

derivatives and their fungicidal and insecticidal activity. *Journal of Pest Control and* 

Smagghe, G. (2005). Fungicidal and insecticidal activity of O-acyl chitosan derivatives. *Polymer Bulletin*, Vol.54, No.4-5, (July 2005), pp. (279-289), 0170-0839. Bawa, A. S.; Jagannath, J. H.; Nanjappa, C. & Das Gupta, D. K. (2003). Mechanical and

barrier properties of edible starch-protein-based films. *Journal of Applied Polymer* 

on the properties of edible films from skin gelatin of bigeye snapper and brownstripe red snapper. *European Food Research and Technology*, Vol.222, No.3-4,

and ''Brasilian elemi" on composite lms based on gelatine. *Food Hydrocolloids*,

Properties of melt processed chitosan and aliphatic polyester blends. *Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing*,

rice-starch-chitosan. Sonklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 30, No.

imprinting of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications. *Journal of* 

barrier properties of edible chitosan films as affected by composition and storage.

mechanical properties, water vapour permeability and sorption isotherms of gelatin-based films. *Packaging Technology and Science*, Vol.21, No.3, (May 2008), pp.

Biocompatibility of Complexes of Collagen-Chitosan-Sodium Hyaluronate and Cornea. *Journal of Artificial Organs*, Vol.29, No.2, (February 2005), pp. (104-113),


By-Products From Jumbo Squid (*Dosidicus gigas*): A New Source of Collagen Bio-Plasticizer? 39

Hu, J. L.; Meng, Q. H.; Ho, K. C.; Ji, F. L. & Chen, S. J. (2009). The Shape Memory Properties

Kim, S. K. & Mendis, E. (2006). Bioactive compounds from marine processing byproducts -

Kim, S. K.; Mendis, E.; Rajapakse, N. & Byun, H. G. (2005). Investigation of jumbo squid

Kurita, K. (2006). Chitin and chitosan: Functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. *Marine Biotechnology*, Vol.8, No.3, (June 2006), pp. (203-226), 1436-2228. Le-Tien, C.; Millette, M.; Lacroix, M. & Mateescu, M. A. (2004). Modified alginate and

Lee, C. H.; Singla, A. & Lee, Y. (2001). Biomedical applications of collagen. *International Journal of Pharmaceutics*, Vol.221, No.1-2, (June 2001), pp. (1-22), 0378-5173. Lee, C. R.; Grodzinsky, A. J. & Spector, M. (2001). The effects of cross-linking of collagen-

Lee, H. G.; Lee, K. Y. & Shim, J. (2004). Mechanical properties of gellan and gelatin

Lee, S. J.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, K. H.; Shin, S. Y.; Rhyu, I. C.; Lee, Y. M.; Park, Y. J. & Chung, C. P.

Li, H. Y. & Yu, T. (2001). Effect of chitosan on incidence of brown rot, quality and

Li, Q.; Dunn, E. T.; Grandmaison, E. W. & Goosen, M. F. A. (1992). Applications and

Liang, Z. H.; Zhou, C. R.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Li, L. H. & Wang, B. (2005). Microstructure of

*Agriculture*, Vol.81, No.2, (January 2001), pp. (269-274), 0022-5142.

*Sciences*, Vol.77, No.17, (September 2005), pp. (2166-2178), 0024-3205. Kolodziejska, I.; Sikorski, Z. E. & Niecikowska, C. (1999). Parameters affecting the isolation

*Environment*, Vol.17, No.3, (September 2009), pp. (212-224), 1566-2543. Janjarasskul, T. & Krochta, J. M. (2010). Edible Packaging Materials. *Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Vol 1*, Vol.1, (January 2010), pp. (415-448), 1941-1413. Jongjareonraka, A.; Benjakula, S.; Visessanguanb, W.; Nagaic, T. & Tanakad, M. (2005).

(December 2005), pp. (475-484), 0021-8561.

(August 1999), pp. (153-157), 0308-8146.

pp. (3145-3154), 0142-9612.

0144-8617.

Vol.39, No.3, (June 2004), pp. (347–354), 0273-2289.

Vol.76A, No.3, (March 2006), pp. (530-539), 1549-3296.

(November 1992), pp. (370-397), 08839115.

(February 2005), pp. (62-72), 1000-0518.

0963-9969.

of Biodegradable Chitosan/Poly(L-lactide) Composites. *Journal of Polymers and the* 

Isolation and characterisation of acid and pepsin-solubilised collagens from the skin of Brownstripe red snapper (*Lutjanus vitta*). *Food Chemistry*, Vol.93, No.3,

A review. *Food Research International*, Vol.39, No.4, (October 2006), pp. (383-393),

(*Dosidicus gigas*) skin gelatin peptides for their in vitro antioxidant effects. *Life* 

of collagen from squid (Illex argentinus) skins. *Food Chemistry*, Vol.66, No.2,

chitosan for lactic acid bacteria immobilization. *Biotechnology Appied Biochemistry*,

glycosaminoglycan scaffolds on compressive stiffness, chondrocyte-mediated contraction, proliferation and biosynthesis. *Biomaterials*, Vol.22, No.23, (Dec 2001),

composite films. *Carbohydrate Polymers*, Vol.56, No.2, (June 2004), pp. (251-254),

(2006). Enhanced bone formation by transforming growth factor-beta 1-releasing collagen/chitosan microgranules. *Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A*,

physiological attributes of postharvest peach fruit. *Journal of the Science of Food and* 

Properties of Chitosan. *Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers*, Vol.7, No.4,

collagen and chitosan blend films. *Chinese Journal Applied Chemistry*, Vol.22,


Dutta, P. K.; Tripathi, S.; Mehrotra, G. K. & Dutta, J. (2009). Perspectives for chitosan based

Ehrhardt, N. M.; Jacquemin, P.; Garcia, F.; Gonzales, G.; Lopez, J. M.; Ortiz, J. & Solis, A.

El Ghaouth, A.; Arul, J.; Grenier, J. & Asselin, A. (1992). Antifungal activity of chitosan on

Engel, J. & Bachinger, H. P. (2005). Structure, stability and folding of the collagen triple

Exposito, J. Y.; Cluzel, C.; Garrone, R. & Lethias, C. (2002). Evolution of collagens. *Anatomical* 

Fernández, M.; Heinämäki, J.; Krogars, K.; Jörgensen, A.; Karjalainen, M.; Colarte, A. &

Fornes, F.; Almela, V.; Abad, M. & Agusti, M. (2005). Low concentrations of chitosan coating

Friess, W. (1998). Collagen - biomaterial for drug delivery. *European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics*, Vol.45, No.2, (March 1998), pp. (113-136), 0939-6411. Garcia, J. A.; de Damborenea, J.; Navas, C.; Arenas, M. A. & Conde, A. (2007). Corrosion-

helix. *Collagen*, Vol.247, (October 2005), pp. (7-33), 0340-1022.

*Record*, Vol.268, No.3, (November 2002), pp. (302-316), 0003-276X.

pp. (1173-1182), 0308-8146.

(September 1992), pp. (769-779), 0953-7562.

(December 2004), pp. (109-114), 1530-9932.

(1105-1112), 0022-5142.

1469), 0268-005X.

(1133-1143), 0268-005X.

(January 2002), pp. (25-34), 0268-005X.

340), 0429-9345.

antimicrobial films in food applications. *Food Chemistry*, Vol.114, No.4, (June 2009),

(1983). On the fishery and biology ofthe giant squid Dosidicus gigas in the Gulf of California, Mexico. *FAO Fisheries Technical Paper*, Vol.231, (February 1983), pp. (306-

two post harvest pathogens of strawberry fruits. *Mycological Research*, Vol.96, No.9,

Yliruusi, J. (2004). Solid-State and Mechanical Properties of Aqueous Chitosan-Amylose Starch Films Plasticized With Polyols. *Aaps Pharmscitech*, Vol.5, No.1,

reduce water spot incidence and delay peel pigmentation of Clementine mandarin fruit. *Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture*, Vol.85, No.7, (May 2005), pp.

erosion of TiN-PVD coatings in collagen and cellulose meat casing. *Surface & Coatings Technology*, Vol.201, No.12, (March 2007), pp. (5751-5757), 0257-8972. Giménez, B.; Gómez-Estaca, J.; Alemán, A.; Gómez-Guillén, M. C. & Montero, M. P. (2009).

Physico-chemical and film forming properties of giant squid (*Dosidicus gigas*) gelatin. *Food Hydrocolloids*, Vol.23, No.3, (July 2009), pp. (585-592), 0268-005X. Gómez-Estaca, J.; Gómez-Guillén, M. C.; Fernández-Martín, F. & Montero, P. (2011). Effects

of gelatin origin, bovine-hide and tuna-skin, on the properties of compound gelatin-chitosan films. *Food Hydrocolloids*, Vol.25, No.6, (January 2011), pp. (1461-

from tuna-fish gelatin with antioxidant extracts of two different murta ecotypes leaves (*Ugni molinae Turcz*). *Food Hydrocolloids*, Vol.21, No.7, (October 2007), pp.

Montero, P. (2002). Structural and physical properties of gelatin extracted from different marine species: a comparative study. *Food Hydrocolloids*, Vol.16, No.1,

collagen with chitosan: Effect on thermal and morphological characteristics.

Gomez-Guillen, M. C.; Ihl, M.; Bifani, V.; Silva, A. & Montero, P. (2007). Edible films made

Gomez-Guillen, M. C.; Turnay, J.; Fernandez-Diaz, M. D.; Ulmo, N.; Lizarbe, M. A. &

Horn, M. M.; Amaro Martins, V. C. & de Guzzi Plepis, A. M. (2009). Interaction of anionic

*Carbohydrate Polymers*, Vol.77, No.2, (January 2009), pp. (239-243), 0144-8617.


By-Products From Jumbo Squid (*Dosidicus gigas*): A New Source of Collagen Bio-Plasticizer? 41

Ohkawa, K.; Cha, D. I.; Kim, H.; Nishida, A. & Yamamoto, H. (2004). Electrospinning of

Oxford University. (1893). *The Little Oxford Dictionary* (8th Edition), Oxford University Press

Pelissari, F. M.; Grossmann, M. V. E.; Yamashita, F. & Pineda, E. A. G. (2009). Antimicrobial,

Plascencia-Jatomea, M.; Martinez-Camacho, A. P.; Cortez-Rocha, M. O.; Ezquerra-Brauer, J.

Privalov, P. L. & Tiktopoulo, E. I. (1970). Thermal conformation transformation of

Quereshi, S.; Mhaske, A.; Raut, D.; Singh, R.; Mani, A. & Patel, J. (2010). Extraction and

Raafat, D. & Sahl, H. G. (2009). Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential - a critical literature survey. *Microbial Biotechnology*, Vol.2, No.2, (March 2009), pp. (186-201), 1751-7907. Sato, K.; Yoshinaka, R.; Itoh, Y. & Sato, M. (1989). Molecular species of collagen in the

Schauer, C. L. & Schiffman, J. D. (2008). A review: Electrospinning of biopolymer nanofibers

Schnepf, M.; Wu, Y.; Rhim, J. W.; Weller, C. L.; Hamouz, F. & Cuppett, S. (2000). Moisture

Shahidi, F.; Arachchi, J. K. V. & Jeon, Y. J. (1999). Food applications of chitin and chitosans.

Shahidi, F.; Jeon, Y. J. & Kamil, J. Y. V. A. (2002). Chitosan as an edible invisible film for

Shane, K. & Champa, A. (2009). Rapid biomineralization of chitosan microparticles to apply

Shanmugasundaram, N.; Ravichandran, P.; Neelakanta Reddy, P.; Ramamurty, N.; Pal, S. &

*Chemistry*, Vol.50, No.18, (August 2002), pp. (5167-5178), 0021-8561

pp. (1600-1605), 1022-1336.

pp. (305-315), 0144-8617.

pp. (127-253), 1097-0282.

1558-3724.

Johns, Canada

398), 0022-2461.

2001), pp. (1943-1951), 0142-9612.

2244

0198611285, Oxford, United Kingdom.

(August 2009), pp. (7499-7504), 0021-8561.

No.9, (January 2010), pp. (28-31), 2076-5061.

92B, No. 1, (January, 1989), pp. (87-91), 1096-4959

chitosan. *Macromolecular Rapid Communications*, Vol.25, No.18, (September 2004),

Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of Cassava Starch-Chitosan Films Incorporated with Oregano Essential Oil. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, Vol.57, No.16,

M.; Graciano-Verdugo, A. Z.; Rodriguez-Felix, F.; Castillo-Ortega, M. M. & Yepiz-Gomez, M. S. (2010). Chitosan composite films: Thermal, structural, mechanical and antifungal properties. *Carbohydrate Polymers*, Vol.82, No.2, (September 2010),

tropocollagen. Part I. Calorimetric study. *Biopolymers*, Vol.9, No.2, (February 1970),

partial characterization of collagen from different animal skins. *Biotechnology*, Vol.2,

intramuscular connective tissue of fish. *Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology*, Vol.

and their applications. *Polymer Reviews*, Vol.48, No.2, (January 2008), pp. (317-352),

loss and lipid oxidation for precooked beef patties stored in edible coatings and films. *Journal of Food Science*, Vol.65, No.2, (March 2000), pp. (300-304), 0022-1147 Shahidi, F. (2006). *Maximising the value of marine by-products* CRC Press, 9780849391521, St.

*Trends in Food Science & Technology*, Vol.10, No.2, (February 1999), pp. (37-51), 0924-

quality preservation of herring and Atlantic cod. *Journal of Agricultural and Food* 

in bone regeneration. *Journal of Materials Science*, Vol.21, No.2, (July 2009), pp. (393-

Panduranga Rao, K. (2001). Collagen-chitosan polymeric scaffolds for the in vitro culture of human epidermoid carcinoma cells. *Biomaterials*, Vol.22, No.14, (June


Lima, C. G. A.; de Oliveira, R. S.; Figueiró, S. D.; Wehmann, C. F.; Góes, J. C. & Sombra, A. S.

Luna-Raya, M. C.; Urciaga-Garcia, J. I.; Salinas-Zavala, C. A.; Cisneros-Mata, M. A. &

Markaida, U.; Rosenthal, J. J. C. & Gilly, W. F. (2005 ). Tagging studies on the jumbo squid

Martínez-Camacho, A. P.; Cortez-Rocha, M. O.; Castillo-Ortega, M. M.; Burgos-Hernández,

Meena, C.; Mengi, S. A. & Deshpande, S. G. (1999). Biomedical and industrial applications of

Miller, E. J. & Rhodes, R. K. (1982). Preparation and Characterization of the Different Types

Mo, X. M.; Chen, Z. G.; He, C. L. & Wang, H. S. (2008). Intermolecular interactions in

Montero, P.; Morales, J. & Moral, A. (2000). Isolation and partial characterization of two

Nagai, T. (2004). Characterization of collagen from Japanese sea bass caudal fin as waste

Nalwa, H., Ed. (2005). *Handbook of Nanostructured Biomaterials and Their Applications in Nanobiotechnology. II.* Stevenson Ranch, California, American Scientific Publishers.

No, H. K.; Kim, S. H. & Prinyawiwatkul, W. (2007). Effect of molecular weight, type of

O'Sullivan, M.; Longares, A.; Monahan, F. J. & O'Riordan, E. D. (2005). Physical properties of

*Journal*, Vol.15, No.12, (December 2005), pp. (1255-1260), 0958-6946.

Nesis, K. N. (1985). *Oceanic Cephalopods: Distribution, Life Forms, Evolution* Nauka, Moscow Nigmatullin, C. M.; Nesis, K. N. & Arkhipkin, A. I. (2001). A review of the biology of the

*Chemistry*, Vol.48, No.6, (June 2000), pp. (2142-2148), 0021-8561.

Vol.54, No.1, (December 2001), pp. (9-19), 0165-7836.

(November 2005), pp. (253-257), 1521-3900.

0254-0584,

6879.

(535-560), 1405- 8421.

DOI 10.1002, 0959-8103.

(424-427), 1438-2377.

(March 2005 ), pp. (219-226)., 0090-0656.

No.2, (April 1999), pp. (319-329), 0253-4134.

No.3, (May 2008), pp. (410-418), 0144-8617.

B. (2006). DC conductivity and dielectric permittivity of collagen-chitosan films. *Materials Chemistry and Physics*, Vol.99, No.2-3, (December 2006), pp. (284-288),

Beltran-Morales, L. F. (2006). Diagnóstico del consumo del calamar gigante en México y en Sonora. *Economía, Sociedad y Territorio*, Vol.6, No.22, (June 2006), pp.

(*Dosidicus gigas*) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. *Fishery Bulletin*, Vol.103, No.1,

A.; Ezquerra-Brauer, J. M. & Plascencia-Jatomea, M. (2011). Antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanofibers obtained by electrospinning. *Polymer International,* (2011),

collagen. *Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Chemical Sciences*, Vol.111,

of Collagen. *Methods in Enzymology*, Vol.82, (November 1982), pp. (33-64), 0076-

electrospun collagen-chitosan complex nanofibers. *Carbohydrate Polymers*, Vol.72,

types of muscle collagen in some cephalopods. *Journal of Agricultural and Food* 

material. *European Food Research and Technology*, Vol.218, No.5, (April 2004), pp.

jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (*Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae*). *Fisheries Research*,

chitosan, and chitosan solution pH on the shelf-life and quality of coated eggs. *Journal of Food Science*, Vol.72, No.1, (February 2007), pp. (S44-S48), 0022-1147. Nogueira, M. G.; Ferreira, C. R.; Cárdenas, G. & Inocentinni, L. H. (2005). Effects of

Neutralization Process on Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Membranes for Wound Dressing. *Macromolecular Symposia*, Vol. 229, No.1,

edible films made from mixtures of sodium caseinate and WPI. *International Dairy* 


By-Products From Jumbo Squid (*Dosidicus gigas*): A New Source of Collagen Bio-Plasticizer? 43

Tharanathan, R. N. (2003). Biodegradable films and composite coatings: Past, present, and future. *Trends in Food Science and Technology*, Vol.14, 2003), pp. (71-78), 0924-2244. Tharanathan, R. N. & Srinivasa, P. C. (2007). Chitin/chitosan - Safe, ecofriendly packaging

Tharanathan, R. N.; Srinivasa, P. C.; Baskaran, R.; Ramesh, M. N. & Prashanth, K. V. H.

Tohni, E. (2002). Obtention and characterization of collagen-chitosan blends. *Quimica Nova*,

Torres-Arreola, W.; Pacheco-Aguilar, R.; Sotelo-Mundo, R. R., Rouzaud-Sandez, O. &

Uriarte-Montoya, M.; Arias-Moscoso, J.; Plascencia-Jatomea, M.; Santacruz-Ortega, H.;

Venugopal, V. (2009). *Marine Products for Healthcare: Functional and Bioactive Nutraceutical* 

Wang, L. & Stegemann, J. P. (2011). Thermogelling chitosan and collagen composite

Wess, T. J.; Sionkowka, A.; Wisniewski, M.; Skopinska, J. & Kennedy, C. J. (2004). Molecular

Westbroek, P.; De Vrieze, S.; Van Camp, T. & Van Langenhove, L. (2007). Electrospinning of

Yu, L.; Dean, K. & Li, L. (2006). Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. *Progress in Polymer Science*, Vol.31, No.6, (June 2006), pp. (576-602), 0079-6700.

*Biomaterials*, Vol.31, No.14, (February 2011), pp. (3976-3985), 0142-9612. Wang, X. H.; Yan, Y. N.; Lin, F.; Xiong, Z.; Wu, R. D.; Zhang, R. J. & Lu, Q. P. (2005).

Voet, D. & Voet, J. (1995). *Biochemistry* John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 0-471-58651-x, New York. Waluda, C. M.; Yamashiro, C.; Elvidge, C. D.; Hobson, V. R. & Rodhouse, P. G. (2004).

Vol.25, No.6, (January 2002), pp. (943-948), 0100-4042

Vol.6, No.2, (December 2008), pp. (101-108), 1135-8122.

Vol.409, No.2, (January 2004), pp. (201-206), 0040-6031.

No.9, (September 2005), pp. (1063-1080), 0920-5063.

No.19, (October 2007), pp. (8029-8034), 0022-2461.

2004), pp. (795-801), 0142-9612.

Group, 978-1420052633, New York, USA.

(March 2007), pp. (53-72), 8755-9129.

508), 1438-2377.

133), 0034-4257.

materials with multiple potential uses. *Food Reviews International*, Vol.23, No.1,

(2002). Storage studies of mango packed using biodegradable chitosan film. *European Food Research and Technology*, Vol.215, No.6, (December 2002), pp. (504-

Ezquerra-Brauer, J. M. (2008). Partial Characterization of Collagen from Mantle, Fin, and Arms of Jumbo Squid (*Dosidicus Gigas*). *Ciencia Y Tecnologia Alimentaria*,

Rouzaud-Sández, O.; Cardenas-Lopez, J.; Marquez-Rios, E. & Ezquerra-Brauer, J. (2010). Jumbo squid (*Dosidicus gigas*) mantle collagen: Extraction, characterization, and potential application in the preparation of chitosan–collagen biofilms. *Bioresource Technology*, Vol.10, No.11, (January 2010), pp. (4212-4219), 0960-8524. Usha, R. & Ramasami, T. (2004). The effects of urea and n-propanol on collagen

denaturation: using DSC, circular dicroism and viscosity. *Thermochimica Acta*,

*Compounds from the Ocean (Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals)* Taylor & Francis

Quantifying light-fishing for *Dosidicus gigas* in the Eastern Pacific using satellite remote sensing. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, Vol.91, No.2, (May 2004), pp. (129-

hydrogels initiated with β-glycerophosphate for bone tissue engineering.

Preparation and characterization of a collagen/chitosan/heparin matrix for an implantable bioartificial liver. *Journal of Biomaterials Science-Polymer Edition*, Vol.16,

interactions in collagen and chitosan blends. *Biomaterials*, Vol.25, No.5, (February

chitosan nanofibrous structures: feasibility study. *Journal of Materials Science*, Vol.42,


Sharma, C. P.; Pillai, C. K. S. & Paul, W. (2009). Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry,

Shen, X. R.; Kurihara, H. & Takahashi, K. (2007). Characterization of molecular species of

Shi, D.-h.; Cai, D.-z.; Zhou, C.-r.; Rong, L.-m.; Wang, K. & Xu, Y.-c. (2005). Development and

Sikorski, Z. E. & Kolodziejska, I. (1986). The Composition and Properties of Squid Meat. *Food* 

Sikorski, Z.E, Sun Pan, B. & Shahidi, F. (1994). *Seafood proteins*. Chapman & Hall, ISBN

Sionkowska, A. (2006). The influence of UV light on collagen/poly(ethylene glycol) blends. *Polymer Degradation and Stability*, Vol.91, No.2, 2006), pp. ( 305-312), 0141-3910 Sionkowska, A. (2011). Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as

Sionkowska, A.; Wisniewski, M.; Skopinska, J.; Poggi, G. F.; Marsano, E.; Maxwell, C. A. &

Suyatma, N. E.; Copinet, A.; Tighzert, L. & Coma, V. (2005). Effects of hydrophilic

Taipe, A.; Yamashiro, C.; Mariategui, L.; Rojas, P. & Roque, C. (2001). Distribution and

Tangsadthakun, C.; Damrongsakkul, S.; Kanokpanont, S.; Sanchavanakit, N.; Pichyangkura,

Tapia-Blacido, D.; Sobral, P. J. & Menegalli, F. C. (2007). Development and characterization

Taravel, M. N. & Domard, A. (1993). Relation between the physicochemical characteristics of

Taravel, M. N. & Domard, A. (1995). Collagen and its interaction with chitosan: II. Influence

*Engineering*, Vol.67, (March 2007), pp. (215-223), 0260-8774.

*Chemistry*, Vol.20, No.3, (October 1986), pp. (213-224), 0308-8146.

pp. (641-678), 0079-6700.

9780412984815 New York, USA.

(December 2006), pp. (3026-3032), 0141-3910.

(1254-1276), 0079-6700.

(1187-1191), 10.1016

0366-6999.

8561.

32), 0165-7836.

(147-163), 0920-5063.

1993), pp. (930-938), 0142-9612.

(December 1995), pp. (865-871), 0142-9612.

solubility and fiber formation. *Progress in Polymer Science*, Vol.34, No.7, (July 2009),

collagen in scallop mantle. *Food Chemistry*, Vol.102, No.4, (September 2007), pp.

potential of a biomimetic chitosan/type II collagen scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. *Chinese Medical Journal*, Vol.118, No.17, (January 2005), pp. (1436-1443),

new biomaterials: Review. *Progress in Polymer Science*, Vol.36, No.9, (May 2011), pp.

Wess, T. J. (2006). Thermal and mechanical properties of UV irradiated collagen/chitosan thin films. *Polymer Degradation and Stability*, Vol.91, No.12,

plasticizers on mechanical, thermal and surface properties of chitosan lms. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, Vol.53, No.7, (April 2005), pp. (3950−3957), 0021-

concentrations of jumbo flying squid (*Dosidicus gigas*) off the Peruvian coast between 1991 and 1999. *Fisheries Research*, Vol.54, No.1, (December 2001), pp. (21-

R.; Banaprasert, T. & Tabata, Y. (2007). The influence of molecular weight of chitosan on the physical and biological properties of collagen/chitosan scaffolds. *Journal of Biomaterials Science-Polymer Edition*, Vol.18, No.2, (February 2007), pp.

of biofilms based on amaranth flour (*Amaraanthus caudatus*). *Journal of Food* 

collagen and its interactions with chitosan: I. *Biomaterials*, Vol.14, No.12, (October

of the physicochemical characteristics of collagen. *Biomaterials*, Vol.16, No.11,


**3** 

**Pharmaceutically Used Plasticizers** 

The extensive use of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications including particularly packaging, medical devices, drug carriers and coatings has caused a substantial demand for the proper plasticizers. Although there are many plasticizers used in the chemical industry, only a few of them have been approved for pharmaceutical applications. The natural-based plasticizers characterized by low toxicity and low migration are required nowadays not only for pharmaceutical and medical applications. In this respect, most of

External plasticizers added to pharmaceutically used polymers interact with their chains, but are not chemically attached to them by primary bonds therefore their lost by evaporation, migration or extraction is possible. The benefit of using external plasticizers is the chance to select the right plasticizer type and concentration depending on the desired therapeutic system properties particularly drug release. Low volatile substances with average molecular weights between 200 and 400 such as diesters derived from dicarboxylic acids (e.g. sebacic acid, azelaic acid) or from ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, citric acid (tributylcitrate, triethylcitrate) or glycerol (triacetin, tributyrin) are used. Plasticizer as minor component of polymeric drug delivery systems has not been strictly defined. Even liquid drugs or liquids with a potential pharmacodynamic effect can serve

As well structural water in the hydrophilic polymer seems to be an internal plasticizer of the polymeric drug delivery systems. In case of contact with body fluids after application the hydrophilic plasticizer can be released from polymer and thus conditions for the incorporated drug release are changed. The hydrophobic plasticizer remains in the system and ensures standard conditions during the process of drug release. On the other hand, hydrophilic plasticizer added to the polymeric drug carrier in high concentration can lead to an increase in water diffusion into the polymer, thus diffusivity parameters of the system are changed. As a consequence the kinetics of drug release is changed by elimination of lag time of drug release process. Plasticizers decrease viscosity and thus can enable or facilitate the application of some preparations; e.g. sufficient low viscosity at temperature bellow 50 °C is necessary for easy manipulation and simply and harmless application of implants in

**1. Introduction** 

as plasticizers.

traditional plasticizers are not applicable in this area.

situ via an injection needle or trocar device.

Eva Snejdrova and Milan Dittrich

*Faculty of Pharmacy,* 

*Czech Republic* 

*Charles University in Prague* 

