**Meet the editor**

Dr. Omar is an associate professor at the Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research CU-ICAR. His research and teaching interests are in the area of Manufacturing, Materials and, specifically, knowledge based manufacturing systems and lightweight design, non-destructive testing of materials and structures. He is the recipient of many prestigious

awards including: the SME Richard L. Kegg Manufacturing award, the SAE Foundation Leadership in Manufacturing award, and the Murray Stokely Excellence in Engineering Education award. Dr. Omar is an active participant in several engineering societies: he hosted and chaired the ASNT topical conference series in 2009, was on the organizing committee of the NAMRC 37, and the SAE World Congress in 2009 and 2010. Prior to joining Clemson, he served as a visiting scholar at the Toyota Motor Company Measurement and Instrumentation Engineering Division, in addition to serving as a Post-Doctoral scholar at the University of Kentucky Center for Manufacturing.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

**Part 1 General Nondestructive Testing** 

**Part 2 Innovative Nondestructive Testing Systems and Applications 23** 

Chapter 3 **Applications of Current Technologies** 

Qian Huang and Yuan Wu

Chapter 7 **Magnetic Adaptive Testing 145**  Ivan Tomáš and Gábor Vértesy

Chapter 4 **Neutron Radiography 73**  Nares Chankow

**Methods and Considerations 1** 

Chapter 2 **SQUID Based Nondestructive Evaluation 25** 

Youssef S. Al Jabbari and Spiros Zinelis

Chapter 5 **Flaw Simulation in Product Radiographs 101** 

Chapter 6 **Study of Metallic Dislocations by Methods of Non** 

**Part 3 Concrete Nondestructive Testing Methods 187** 

Chapter 8 **Elastic Waves on Large Concrete Surfaces for** 

D. G. Aggelis, H. K. Chai and T. Shiotani

**Destructive Evaluation Using Eddy Currents 127**  Bettaieb Laroussi, Kokabi Hamid and Poloujadoff Michel

**Assessment of Deterioration and Repair Efficiency 189** 

Chapter 1 **Nondestructive Inspection Reliability: State of the Art 3**  Romeu R. da Silva and Germano X. de Padua

Nagendran Ramasamy and Madhukar Janawadkar

**for Nondestructive Testing of Dental Biomaterials 53** 

## Contents

### **Preface XI**


**Assessment of Deterioration and Repair Efficiency 189**  D. G. Aggelis, H. K. Chai and T. Shiotani

X Contents


### Chapter 10 **Imaging Methods of Concrete Structure Based on Impact-Echo Test 235**  Pei-Ling Liu and Po-Liang Yeh

## Preface

The Nondestructive testing science is a broad field that covers variety of testing methods and applications, in addition to the associated pre and post processing mathematics. In terms of methods and techniques the Nondestructive testing modalities rely on different physical phenomena such as the electromagnetism, the acoustic emission, the thermal emission and the penetration of high-energy radiation through materials and structures. This diversity in the Nondestructive testing tools is only matched by its fields of application, which covers the testing of civil and mechanical structures and components, the online monitoring of manufacturing processes and products, and a wide array of medical applications that include dental and veterinary medicine.

This book will seek to introduce several Nondestructive testing embodiments to address different testing techniques that rely on several physical phenomena while addressing the wide range of its applications. This is done in an effort to highlight several types of the Nondestructive evaluations and its ability to accommodate multitudes of fields and tests. Also the manuscript will explain the different mathematical and statistical processing techniques used in pre-processing the acquired data in terms of noise reduction, data compression and signal conditioning; in addition to processing the signals and correlating it with the properties of the materials or structures that are being tested. Sections of this book will be solely dedicated to new applications or to using innovative NDT technologies.

The specific Nondestructive techniques addressed in this book include; the magnetic adaptive testing, the ultrasonic testing methods, the Neutron Radio-graphy, the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device SQUID sensor based testing routines. The text will also include chapters to discuss the testing reliability and validation studies. This book is structured in three main sections; mainly a section on the General Nondestructive Testing Methods and its Specific Considerations, a section on Innovative Nondestructive Testing Systems and Applications, and finally a section on the Concrete Nondestructive Testing Methods.

> **Dr. Mohammed Omar**  Clemson University**,**  International Center for Automotive Research CU-ICAR, Greenville, SC USA

X Preface

**Part 1** 

**General Nondestructive Testing** 

**Methods and Considerations** 

**Part 1** 

**General Nondestructive Testing Methods and Considerations** 

X Preface

**1** 

*Brazil* 

**Nondestructive Inspection Reliability: State of the Art** 

> *1Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 2Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (PETROBRAS),*

Romeu R. da Silva1 and Germano X. de Padua2

In health, there are numerous types of tests for the identification of pathologies in patients. Some questions that can be brought up: How accurate are these tests? What are the "losses" of a medical report error if the patient has a serious health problem and it cannot be detected by the examination chosen? On the other hand, if the patient has no problem and the medical report shows positive? What consequences are there in a medical report error?

If we imagine that the medical risks assumed in inaccurate reports may lead to serious consequences, which can happen with the result of an inspection of equipment without reliability? Unlike the medical field instead of a fatal case, there may be multiple fatalities,

There is several non-destructive inspection methods used to evaluate the integrity of industrial equipment and thus raise several questions. What are the most reliable? Which ones provide lower risk of decision? There is an ideal method for a given type of equipment? A more reliable inspection method also costs more? Some of these questions are answered in the study of methods for estimating the reliability of Nondestructive Testing (NDT), area of scientific research that has been the focus of many investments in recent decades, aiming mainly to provide greater operational reliability of equipments from

PoD curves may become a powerful tool for quantifying the performance of inspection

Considering the thematic importance and the increasing trend of investment projects aimed at better understanding the reliability of NDT methods, this chapter has the main objective of making an approach on the state of the art studies of the reliability of non-destructive inspection to be used as the first bibliographic guidance to future researches. Firstly, it

environmental damage, irreparable financial losses, etc.

techniques, as well as inspectors and can be used to:

Performance verification of qualification of persons;

 Establish criteria for project acceptance; Set up maintenance inspection intervals;

Qualify improvements in NDT procedures.

Qualification of NDT procedure;

different branches of industries.

**1. Introduction** 
