**3. The using of zirconia's cement composite in coating of quartz glass tanks**

The new cements and composite based on then can be used in the coating of quartz glass tanks. In contact with glass there are used refractories made of natural baddeleyite without stabilizing oxides. The coating of this material showed good characteristics under thermal shock and quartz glass penetration resistance properties.

### **3.1 Red mud**

8 Materials Science and Technology

a surface of particles dioxide of a zirconium, fills in the porosity and crack in grains of a filler. The particles zirconat of barium forming on boundaries of grains dioxide of a zirconium, have the linear sizes 2-50 microns and differ by dense stacking. Sometimes such are be surrounded by a film Al2O3. The content Al2O3 in a zone of synthesis zirconat of

The useful increase of an amount zirconat of barium allows to assume, that the part a pair(vapour.couple) BaO selected at decomposition zirconat of barium in a zone of porous ceramics, acts to space in more cold zones, where is condensed and enters response with a dioxide of a zirconium with derivation secondary zirconat of barium. It is necessary to marRrTRaT the derivation BaZrO3 in a considered zone is also in case of absence zirconat of barium in source concrete. Thus the amount synthesized during trials zirconat of barium

The material of a zone enriched zirconat of barium, after trials is saturated with cracks. The development of cracks should be promoted by the volumetric extension accompanying synthesis zirconat of barium. The link of particles of a dioxide of a zirconium implements

In a cold part of a zone of synthesis zirconat of barium the number of inclusions aluminates of barium accrues. The amount of the latter spasmodically increases on depth 0,24hS - 0,26hS. The underlying layer by width about 0,07hS differs by an increased content aluminates of barium (12 - 15 mass-%), essentially exceeding a source level (6 mass-%). In a hot part of a zone enriched BaZrO3 , aluminates of barium in a combination to particles BaZrO3 will derivate interlayer up to 150 microns on boundaries of grains of a filler. The content zirconat of barium is close a reference value. The particles of cement differ by rather dense stacking. Their linear sizes make in main 3-15 microns. The direct contacts of particles dioxide of a zirconium here practically are absent. At the same time in this area the development of contacts of particles dioxide of a zirconium both with zirconat and with aluminates of barium is provided. The material of lining in a considered layer differs in increased density in comparison with the poorly changed zone. It is possible to assume, that the derivation of this packed zone is stipulated by arrival of a melt aluminates of barium

From the cold side the layer adjoins to a zone with increased density, in which the content of components of cement is identical source. The sintering of cement in this zone flows past rather actively and is accompanied of the linear change. In an outcome in intervals between grains of a filler the including also small-sized particles of a dioxide of a zirconium will be derivated densely stacked of particles of cement. The structure of a material here is identical

In accordance with deleting from a zone saturated aluminates of barium, the size of particles of components of cement of a gradually decreases, the quality of link between a filler and particles of cement is worsened. At the same time the linear change within the limits of a small-sized fraction hinders with derivation of a continuous frame of cement, that in a combination to not enough developed contacts a filler - the cement carries on to lowering strength of a material in this zone. At cooling of lining the explicating in a material of power result in derivation of trunk cracks in a cold part of a circumscribed above zone on depth,

to a structure of concrete, in isothermal conditions at 1900 -2000 K.

barium makes 1.5-1.7 mass-%. Thus an amount aluminates of barium makes 1 %.

both by means of direct contacts, and through inclusions zirconat of barium.

does not exceed 3-4 %.

from hot layers of lining and it a chip.

making 0.3hs – 0.4hs.

Red mud is a waste material which results from alumina production during the Bayer process. Approx. 35-40% of the bauxite ore processed goes into waste as red mud. This is a cheap source of raw material for the manufacture of low-cost ceramic products such as building blocks, floor and wall tiles, sanitary ware and as an additive for cement. The chemical composition of red mud is as follows (Table 4).

New Cements and Composite Materials Based on Them for Atomic Industry 11

Fig. 3. The particle size analysis of calcined red mud. X-Ray diffraction results of the

daN/cm2) (Figure 5), and bending strength between 90 and 460 daN/cm2.

Fig. 4. The Augustinic diagram of use of the clay deposits.

Ukraine has a great number of clay deposits. These clays can be used for traditional ceramics production and for production as an additive to cement. The physicoceramic date revealed that, in general, the clays sensitive to drying from this area, have significant plasticity (between 30 and 58%) and relatively high total shrinkage (between 6 and 21%) (Figure 4), have good to very good capability, average water adsorption (between 9 and 16%) good to very good mechanical resistance (compressive strength between 325 and 355

calcined red mud.

**3.2 Clays nonconditional caolins** 


Table 4. Cemical composition of the calcined red mud.

Red mud is a very complex material. It is a mixture of several oxides and minerals such as hematite, sodium aluminum silicates, and rutile. These make the mud a potential raw material for the production of additives for cements.

The particle size analysis of the calcined red mud showed that 85% of the particles are <10um (Figure 2). The calcined red mud ranged in size from 35 to 5 urn average particle diameter. The particle size analysis of the calcined red mud is given in Figure 3.

Fig. 2. The firing treatment of red mud. The treatment of red mud n dependent on temperature and time.

Fig. 3. The particle size analysis of calcined red mud. X-Ray diffraction results of the calcined red mud.

#### **3.2 Clays nonconditional caolins**

10 Materials Science and Technology

Oxidiс Compounds Content [Mass - %] Fe2О<sup>3</sup> 38.1 A12О<sup>3</sup> 27.01 SiО<sup>2</sup> 14.15 TiО<sup>2</sup> 5.01 Na2О 6.03 K2О 0.36 CaO 2.26 MgO 1.01 CО<sup>2</sup> 4.02 SО<sup>3</sup> 2.05

Red mud is a very complex material. It is a mixture of several oxides and minerals such as hematite, sodium aluminum silicates, and rutile. These make the mud a potential raw

The particle size analysis of the calcined red mud showed that 85% of the particles are <10um (Figure 2). The calcined red mud ranged in size from 35 to 5 urn average particle

diameter. The particle size analysis of the calcined red mud is given in Figure 3.

Fig. 2. The firing treatment of red mud. The treatment of red mud n dependent on

temperature and time.

Table 4. Cemical composition of the calcined red mud.

material for the production of additives for cements.

Ukraine has a great number of clay deposits. These clays can be used for traditional ceramics production and for production as an additive to cement. The physicoceramic date revealed that, in general, the clays sensitive to drying from this area, have significant plasticity (between 30 and 58%) and relatively high total shrinkage (between 6 and 21%) (Figure 4), have good to very good capability, average water adsorption (between 9 and 16%) good to very good mechanical resistance (compressive strength between 325 and 355 daN/cm2) (Figure 5), and bending strength between 90 and 460 daN/cm2.

Fig. 4. The Augustinic diagram of use of the clay deposits.

New Cements and Composite Materials Based on Them for Atomic Industry 13

The obtaining of additives from alumina wastes is based on a theoretical study of the system

The obtaining of cements is based on a theoretical study of the system CaO, SrO, BaO -

Fig. 6. Optimum region for obtaining of special cements. Subsolidus structure of the system

CaO - AI2O3 – SiO2 – Fe2O3, MgO - CaO - AI2O3 – SiO2 [Figures 6, 7].

Al2O3 - SiO2 - Fe2O3, MgO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2.

CaO - Al203 - Fe203 - Si02.

Fig. 7. Optimum region of obtaining of special cements.

Fig. 5. Comparative diagrams of physico-mechanical characteristics of clay deposits.

The red mud sample was supplied by Nicolayew Plant(Ukraine), Kaolin wastes(region of Donetsk), Nepheline wastes(Atschinsk, Russia).

The chemical analysis of the sample was accomplished by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer or digital photometer and wet chemical methods (Table 5). X-Ray diffraction studies on the sample were undertaken using a Philips X-Ray diffraction unit. The particle size distribution of the sample was measured by using a Sedigraph (5000D Micrometrics). The photographs of the samples were taken with an optical microscope (Olympus BH2-IMA).


Table 5. Trend of contents of coating after working (153 days).

Fig. 5. Comparative diagrams of physico-mechanical characteristics of clay deposits.

Donetsk), Nepheline wastes(Atschinsk, Russia).

(Olympus BH2-IMA).

<sup>2</sup><sup>69</sup>

4 54.6 <sup>23</sup>

The red mud sample was supplied by Nicolayew Plant(Ukraine), Kaolin wastes(region of

The chemical analysis of the sample was accomplished by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer or digital photometer and wet chemical methods (Table 5). X-Ray diffraction studies on the sample were undertaken using a Philips X-Ray diffraction unit. The particle size distribution of the sample was measured by using a Sedigraph (5000D Micrometrics). The photographs of the samples were taken with an optical microscope

Working zones Distance from hot face, mm Contents SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O CaO K2O 1 68.11 14.85 5.6 0.91 0.14 0.96 0.57

3 52 31 8 0 2.1 0 2.3

6 64 14.4 6.7 1.1 1.13 2.14 1.27 7 57.03 18.57 7.37 2.22 1.04 2.16 2.88 8 64.88 12.51 5.13 2.29 1.63 5.99 2.1 9 65.07 16.48 6.08 1.18 0.74 1.18 1.66 10 51.62 27.97 3.92 1.09 1.59 0.76 1.59 11 14.76 26.94 37.6 1.01 5.83 2.06 0.34 12 57.21 20.02 1.44 0.94 0.55 1.96 3.2 13 53.43 32.07 5.82 2.06 0.05 2.14 0.19 14 59.1 25.64 7.1 1.28 0.06 2.27 0.85 15 50.12 29.78 5.04 1.00 0.04 0.45 0.7 16 43.02 27.68 3.09 0.6 11.62 2.04 9.34 17 6.86 35.9 0.9 4.39 0.15 48.9 0.06

5 58.38 19 6.6 1.85 0.95 2.03

Table 5. Trend of contents of coating after working (153 days).

<sup>52</sup>15 4.6 0.6 3.75 1.68 0.75

19 2.1 1.6 0.3 0.6

2.03

2.6

The obtaining of additives from alumina wastes is based on a theoretical study of the system CaO - AI2O3 – SiO2 – Fe2O3, MgO - CaO - AI2O3 – SiO2 [Figures 6, 7].

The obtaining of cements is based on a theoretical study of the system CaO, SrO, BaO - Al2O3 - SiO2 - Fe2O3, MgO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2.

Fig. 6. Optimum region for obtaining of special cements. Subsolidus structure of the system CaO - Al203 - Fe203 - Si02.

Fig. 7. Optimum region of obtaining of special cements.

**2** 

*1Korea 2,3Japan* 

Hitoshi Ohsato1,2,3 *1Hoseo University,* 

*2Nagoya Institute of Technology,*

*3Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute,* 

**Origin of Piezoelectricity on Langasite** 

Piezoelectric materials produce polars in the crystal structure and charges on the surface of the crystal, when the crystals are stressed mechanically as shown in Figure 1(a). The surface charges leads to a voltage difference between the two surfaces of the crystal. On the contrary, when the crystals are applied with an electric field, they exhibit mechanical strain

Fig. 1. The piezoelectric effects. (a) generated *V* by an applied force. (b) compressed crystal

Fig. 2. (a) and (b) NaCl type crystal with *i*. (c) and (d) Hexagonal unit cell without *i*.

**1. Introduction** 

by an applied voltage.

or distortion as shown in Figure 1(b).

It was found that pseudocuts containing double oxides and binder compounds (C2S, C3S, CA) have greater binder activity. The initial stage of hydration begins with leaching the surface atoms and active chemical adsorption of water molecules due to presence at active centres followed by their relation through forming OH hydroxide groups and a surfactant layer having specific surface area (to 2\*10A6 sq.m/kg) and consisting of aluminum hydroxide. At the next stage the surfactant layer of double oxides adsorbs ions Ca+2. Chemical adsorption of the cations decelerates nucleation and promotes formation of epitaxy contacts on the surface of the double oxides as well as oriented growth of hydrate formations of hydroaluminates hydrosilicates of calcium. As a result of chemical adsorption process and oriented crystallization 01 hydrates around the double oxides grains there is formed a contact zone that is significantly higher than that of pure cement stone. This determines the high strength of the double oxides containing cement.

### **4. Conclusion**

The development of new high temperature composites based on zirconium cements for the application in various consuming industries has been illustrated and is well documented in terms of performance improvements. They are meant to protect units from influence of temperature more than 2073 K. They are used for coating of high temperature headtreatment, in coating of fuel - construction, in coating of furnace for making fuel, carbon-reactor, H2 - Furnace, petrochemistry reactors.

### **5. References**

