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Figure 1 is reprinted from Krishnan, K. & Moens, P.D.J. (2009). Structure and functions of profilins. *Biophysical reviews*, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 71–81, ISSN 1867-2450, with permission from Springer.

Figures 2, 3 & 4 are reprinted from Witke, W. (2004). The role of profilin complexes in cell motility and other cellular processes. *Trends in cell biology*, Vol.14, No.8, pp. 461-469, ISSN 0962-8924, with permission from Elsevier.

Figures 5 & 6 are reprinted from Schlüter, K.; Jockusch, B.M. & Rothkegel, M. (1997). Profilins as regulators of actin dynamics. *Biochimica et biophysica acta*, Vol.1359, No.2, pp. 97- 109, ISSN 0006-3002, with permission from Elsevier.

#### **5. References**


Conversely, other indirect evidence showed that profilin-I increased with age; a recent study using proteomic and genomic analyses of hippocampus from young and old rats showed a significant increase in profilin-I expression in aged rat hippocampus (Weinreb et al., 2007). Another study investigating differential protein expression profiles in chronically stimulated T cell clones found that profilin-I was widely and highly expressed in cytoplasm (Mazzatti et al., 2007). The study concluded that differential expression of profilin-I in aging may contribute directly to immunosenescence via disrupting the intracellular signaling and intercellular communication (Egerton et al., 1992; Witke et al., 1998). Consistent with these findings our preliminary data showed an increase in profilin-I expression in the aortic medial layers of older wild-type mice compared with young

Taken together, this review shed some light on the important role of profilin-I in vascular diseases. However, more studies need to be done in order to fully understand the profilin-I signaling pathway and its mechanism(s) of regulation. Figure 13 summarize some of the

Figure 1 is reprinted from Krishnan, K. & Moens, P.D.J. (2009). Structure and functions of profilins. *Biophysical reviews*, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 71–81, ISSN 1867-2450, with permission from

Figures 2, 3 & 4 are reprinted from Witke, W. (2004). The role of profilin complexes in cell motility and other cellular processes. *Trends in cell biology*, Vol.14, No.8, pp. 461-469, ISSN

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