**9. References**


response to agonist-receptor recognition by arrestin. The factors determining which complex

Fig. 13. Scaffolding sites on arrestin. Top: 3 arrestin 3 structure 3P2D The Proline-rich regions that allow SH3 domains recognition are shown in fuchsia, the PIP2 binding site, in blue and side chains essential for β-adaptin binding, in green. The clathrin recognition site LφxφE is in the hatched (unstructured) region. R307, that is essential for cRaf1 recognition, is shown in light blue. Bottom : arrestin 2 structure (1JSY) showing the partially overlapping Ask1 and MEK binding regions (kaki), the MKK4 (dark green), PDED5 (light green), ERK2 (fuchsia) binding sites, and the partially overlapping Akt and clathrin binding sites (light

Albery WJ and Knowles JR (1976) Free-Energy Profile of the Reaction Catalyzed by

Allen MD, Neumann S and Gershengorn MC (2011) Occupancy of Both Sites on the

Allgeier A, Laugwitz KL, Van Sande J, Schultz G and Dumont JE (1997) Multiple G-

Altenbach C, Kusnetzow AK, Ernst OP, Hofmann KP and Hubbell WL (2008) High-

Movement Due to Activation. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* 105: 7439-7444.

Thyrotropin (TSH) Receptor Dimer Is Necessary for Phosphoinositide Signaling.

Protein Coupling of the Dog Thyrotropin Receptor. *Mol Cell Endocrinol* 127: 81-90.

Resolution Distance Mapping in Rhodopsin Reveals the Pattern of Helix

Triosephosphate Isomerase. *Biochemistry* 15: 5627-5631.

blue) (according to (DeFea, 2011)).

*FASEB J*.

**9. References**

is formed in response to a given receptor are still elusive.


Hanson SM, Gurevich EV, Vishnivetskiy SA, Ahmed MR, Song X and Gurevich VV (2007)

Heck M and Hofmann KP (2001) Maximal Rate and Nucleotide Dependence of

Heredia VV, Thomson J, Nettleton D and Sun S (2006) Glucose-Induced Conformational

Hermans E (2003) Biochemical and Pharmacological Control of the Multiplicity of

Hern JA, Baig AH, Mashanov GI, Birdsall B, Corrie JE, Lazareno S, Molloy JE and Birdsall

Hu J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Lloyd JR, Li JH, Karpiak J, Costanzi S and Wess J (2010)

Huang CC and Tesmer JJ (2011) Recognition in the Face of Diversity: Interactions of

Jensen AA, Greenwood JR and Brauner-Osborne H (2002) The Dance of the Clams: Twists and Turns in the Family C GPCR Homodimer. *Trends Pharmacol Sci* 23: 491-493. Jian X, Clark WA, Kowalak J, Markey SP, Simonds WF and Northup JK (2001)

Terminal Sequences of the Gamma Subunit. *J Biol Chem* 276: 48518-48525. Johnston JM, Aburi M, Provasi D, Bortolato A, Urizar E, Lambert NA, Javitch JA and

Jones KA, Borowsky B, Tamm JA, Craig DA, Durkin MM, Dai M, Yao WJ, Johnson M,

Katadae M, Hagiwara K, Wada A, Ito M, Umeda M, Casey PJ and Fukada Y (2008)

Kisselev OG and Downs MA (2003) Rhodopsin Controls a Conformational Switch on the

Kolakowski LF, Jr. (1994) GCRDb: a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Database. *Receptors* 

Kostenis E, Waelbroeck M and Milligan G (2005) Techniques: Promiscuous Galpha Proteins in Basic Research and Drug Discovery. *Trends Pharmacol Sci* 26: 595-602.

Opioid Receptor Homodimers. *Biochemistry* 50: 1682-1690.

Transducin Gamma Subunit. *Structure* 11: 367-373.

Double Displacement Mechanism. *J Biol Chem* 276: 10000-10009.

Analysis. *Biochemistry* 45: 7553-7562.

*Acad Sci U S A* 107: 2693-2698.

GABA(B)R2. *Nature* 396: 674-679.

47: 8424-8433.

*Channels* 2: 1-7.

Activated GPCRs. *J Biol Chem* 286: 7715-7721.

*Biol* 6: 541-548.

3125-3128.

Each Rhodopsin Molecule Binds Its Own Arrestin. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* 104:

Rhodopsin-Catalyzed Transducin Activation: Initial Rate Analysis Based on a

Changes in Glucokinase Mediate Allosteric Regulation: Transient Kinetic

Coupling at G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. *Pharmacology & Therapeutics* 99: 25-44.

NJ (2010) Formation and Dissociation of M1 Muscarinic Receptor Dimers Seen by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Imaging of Single Molecules. *Proc Natl* 

Structural Basis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor-G Protein Interactions. *Nat Chem* 

Heterotrimeric G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Kinases With

Gbetagamma Affinity for Bovine Rhodopsin Is Determined by the Carboxyl-

Filizola M (2011) Making Structural Sense of Dimerization Interfaces of Delta

Gunwaldsen C, Huang LY, Tang C, Shen Q, Salon JA, Morse K, Laz T, Smith KE, Nagarathnam D, Noble SA, Branchek TA and Gerald C (1998) GABA(B) Receptors Function As a Heteromeric Assembly of the Subunits GABA(B)R1 and

Interacting Targets of the Farnesyl of Transducin Gamma-Subunit. *Biochemistry*


Receptors Delineate Two Major Classes of Receptors. *J Biol Chem* 275: 17201- 17210.


Oldham WM and Hamm HE (2006) Structural Basis of Function in Heterotrimeric G

Park JH, Scheerer P, Hofmann KP, Choe HW and Ernst OP (2008) Crystal Structure of the Ligand-Free G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Opsin. *Nature* 454: 183-187. Premont RT and Gainetdinov RR (2007) Physiological Roles of G Protein-Coupled

Provasi D and Filizola M (2010) Putative Active States of a Prototypic G-Protein-Coupled Receptor From Biased Molecular Dynamics. *Biophys J* 98: 2347-2355. Rasmussen SG, Choi HJ, Fung JJ, Pardon E, Casarosa P, Chae PS, Devree BT, Rosenbaum

Stabilized Active State of the Beta(2) Adrenoceptor. *Nature* 469: 175-180. Rasmussen SG, Devree BT, Zou Y, Kruse AC, Chung KY, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Chae PS,

Structure of the Beta(2) Adrenergic Receptor-Gs Protein Complex. *Nature*. Roberts DJ and Waelbroeck M (2004) G Protein Activation by G Protein Coupled

Rosenbaum DM, Zhang C, Lyons JA, Holl R, Aragao D, Arlow DH, Rasmussen SG, Choi

Irreversible Agonist-Beta(2) Adrenoceptor Complex. *Nature* 469: 236-240. Scheerer P, Park JH, Hildebrand PW, Kim YJ, Krauss N, Choe HW, Hofmann KP and

Shukla AK, Violin JD, Whalen EJ, Gesty-Palmer D, Shenoy SK and Lefkowitz RJ (2008)

Seven-Transmembrane Receptors. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A* 105: 9988-9993. Skegro D, Pulvermuller A, Krafft B, Granzin J, Hofmann KP, Buldt G and Schlesinger R

Springael JY, Urizar E and Parmentier M (2005) Dimerization of Chemokine Receptors and Its Functional Consequences. *Cytokine Growth Factor Rev* 16: 611-623. Standfuss J, Edwards PC, D'Antona A, Fransen M, Xie G, Oprian DD and Schertler GF

Sykes DA, Dowling MR and Charlton SJ (2009) Exploring the Mechanism of Agonist

Temussi PA (2009) Sweet, Bitter and Umami Receptors: a Complex Relationship. *Trends* 

Binding to Rhodopsin. *Photochem Photobiol* 83: 385-392.

Muscarinic M3 Receptor. *Mol Pharmacol* 76: 543-551.

DM, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Schnapp A, Konetzki I, Sunahara RK, Gellman SH, Pautsch A, Steyaert J, Weis WI and Kobilka BK (2011a) Structure of a Nanobody-

Pardon E, Calinski D, Mathiesen JM, Shah ST, Lyons JA, Caffrey M, Gellman SH, Steyaert J, Skiniotis G, Weis WI, Sunahara RK and Kobilka BK (2011b) Crystal

Receptors: Ternary Complex Formation or Catalyzed Reaction? *Biochem* 

HJ, Devree BT, Sunahara RK, Chae PS, Gellman SH, Dror RO, Shaw DE, Weis WI, Caffrey M, Gmeiner P and Kobilka BK (2011) Structure and Function of an

Ernst OP (2008) Crystal Structure of Opsin in Its G-Protein-Interacting

Distinct Conformational Changes in Beta-Arrestin Report Biased Agonism at

(2007) N-Terminal and C-Terminal Domains of Arrestin Both Contribute in

(2011) The Structural Basis of Agonist-Induced Activation in Constitutively

Efficacy: a Relationship Between Efficacy and Agonist Dissociation Rate at the

Receptor Kinases and Arrestins. *Annu Rev Physiol* 69: 511-534.

17210.

Proteins. *Q Rev Biophys* 39: 117-166.

*Pharmacol* 68: 799-806.

Conformation. *Nature* 455: 497-502.

Active Rhodopsin. *Nature* 471: 656-660.

*Biochem Sci* 34: 296-302.

Receptors Delineate Two Major Classes of Receptors. *J Biol Chem* 275: 17201-

