**4. Conclusion**

Infrared spectroscopy offers multiple advantages. This tool requires no preparation and does not use toxic products. It enables nondestructive analysis of the samples. Moreover, it is a rapid, low-cost technique that can be used online. The sample cell is resistant and inexpensive (glass or quartz). Finally, infrared spectroscopy enables multiparametric analyses and a large range of robust devices are available.

Models to classify cereals samples as a function of the type of fungus present or its level, or the presence of mycotoxins, represent an attractive tool to determine the fungal and mycotoxic risk in the food industry; for example, in the field or in the silo. Regarding the quantification of mycotoxins, chemometrics, which is a field in constant progression, may one day deliver performances that meet agricultural and industrial needs.

#### **5. References**


Thus, instead of quantification, several studies propose a classification of cereals samples as a function of the mycotoxin level. This qualitative approach works better and, at least until the quantitative models are improved, seems the most conclusive for applications in realistic conditions. Note also that, even if the SECs (Standard Error of Calibration), SECVs (Standard Error of Cross Validation), and SEPs (Standard Error of Prediction), are improved for the quantifications, these models are developed based on chemical benchmarks that

Infrared spectroscopy offers multiple advantages. This tool requires no preparation and does not use toxic products. It enables nondestructive analysis of the samples. Moreover, it is a rapid, low-cost technique that can be used online. The sample cell is resistant and inexpensive (glass or quartz). Finally, infrared spectroscopy enables multiparametric

Models to classify cereals samples as a function of the type of fungus present or its level, or the presence of mycotoxins, represent an attractive tool to determine the fungal and mycotoxic risk in the food industry; for example, in the field or in the silo. Regarding the quantification of mycotoxins, chemometrics, which is a field in constant progression, may

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**4. Conclusion** 

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**10** 

*India* 

**Insect Pests of Green Gram** *Vigna radiata* **(L.)** 

*Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan,* 

*Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan,* 

Pulses, the food legumes, have been grown by farmers since millennia providing nutritionally balanced food to the people of India (Nene, 2006) and many other countries in the world. The major pulse crops that have been domesticated and are under cultivation include black gram, chickpea, cowpea, faba bean, grass pea, green gram, horse gram, lablab bean, lentil, moth bean, pea and pigeon pea. The probable geographical origin of the more

A low input, short duration, high value crop, mung bean fits very well into rice-wheat cropping systems and other crop rotations. It fixes nitrogen in the soil, requires less irrigation than many crops to produce a good yield, and helps maintain soil fertility and texture. Including green gram to the cereal cropping system has the potential to increase farm income, improve human health and soil productivity, save irrigation water and

**Crop Geographical origin and domestication** 

Lentil Southwest Asia (Turkey-Cyprus)

**1. Introduction** 

Source: Nene, 2006

**1.1 Importance of the crop and its cultivation** 

Black gram Indian subcontinent Chickpea Turkey Syria Cowpea West Africa Faba bean West Africa Grass pea Southern Europe Green gram Indian subcontinent Horse gram Indian subcontinent Lablab bean Indian subcontinent

Moth bean Indian subcontinent Pea Southern Europe

promote long term sustainability of agriculture (Chadda, 2010).

Pigeonpea India

common pulses has been reported as:

**Wilczek and Their Management** 

R. Swaminathan1, Kan Singh1 and V. Nepalia2

*1Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,* 

*2Department of Agronomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture* 

