**2. Materials and methods**

106 Zoology

are being evaluated against numerous agricultural and urban insect pests. Several species belonging to order IIsoptera (Hussain et al., 2010a ; Hussain et al., 2011), Lepidoptera (Hussain et al., 2009), Coleoptera (Ansari et al., 2006), Hemiptera (Leite et al., 2005) and Diptera (St. Leger et al., 1987) are susceptible to various fungal infections. This has led to a number of attempts to use entomopathogenic fungi for pest control with varying degrees of

Koppert / Holland Wettable powder

Naturalis™, Troy Bio-Science, USA. Liquid formulation

pellets

grains

Microgranules of mycelium

Microgranules of mycelium

with the fungus

Barley kernels colonized

placed in trap / chamber

Conidia produced on

**Fungus Product and Company Formulation** 

*B. bassiana* Conidia, AgrEvo, germany, Columbia Suspendible granules *B. bassiana* Brocani™, Laverlam, Columbia Wettable powder

*B. bassiana* Mycontrol-WP / Mycotech. Corp. USA Wettable powder

*M. anisopliae* Bio -path™ / Eco Science / OSA Conidia on a medium

*M. anisopliae* Biologic Bio 1020 / Bayer AG Germany Granules of mycelium

*V. lecanii* Vertalec / koppart / Netherlands Wettable powder

The majority of fungal production systems consist of two stages system in which fungal inoculum of hyphal bodies is produced in liquid culture and then transferred to a solid substrate for production of aerial spores (Devi, 1994). For practical use of entomopathogenic fungi as bio-insecticides at each stage, it is necessary to develop culture medium and method that produce high concentrations of viable and virulent propagules at low cost (Jackson, 1997). These goals can be achieved by using the most favorable inexpensive components for fungal growth at the lowest concentration that afford high yield. Most common compounds for fungal entomopathogens include agro-industrial by-products such as corn steep liquor (Zhao et al., 2010) and sugarcane molasses (Hussain et al., 2011). Our previous investigations showed that both the by-products stimulate the growth of the

Table 1. Commercial formulations of entomopathogenic fungal pesticides

Pfr 21 / WR Grace USA Wettable powder

Mycotal / Koppert / Netherlands Wettable powder

*B. bassiana* Ostrinil / natural Plant Protection /

*B. brongniarti* Betel / Natural Plant Protection /

*B. brongniarti* Engerlingspilz / Andermatt – Biocontrol / Switerzarland

*M. anisopliae* Biogreen / Biocare Technology Pvt. Ltd

/ Australia

France

France

*B. bassiana* Boverol / Czeck Republic Wettable powder and dry

success.

*Aeschersorzia aleyrodis* 

*Paecilomyces fumosoroseus* 

*Verticillium lecanii* 

(Bhattacharyya et al., 2004)

*Beauveria bassiana* 
