**7. References**

64 Zoology

(Cade, 1985; Greenfield, 1997). Thus, the emitters compete for the receipt's attention, in this case the silent female. Thereby it could be understood, for *R. brunneri*, the courtship interruption provoked by rivalry songs (McGregor & Peake, 2000). Differences between disturbance songs of the two species, *R. pictus* and *R. brunneri*, support the specific

Anyway, since the acoustic communication involves a particular signal recognisable by the conspecifics to avoid the interspecific mating, its characteristics have to be specific. In the studied cases, it has been proved that the sound characteristics, both in the time and in the frequency domains, allow clearly discriminating cryptic species, and offer useful elements for phylogenetic analysis. Up to now, the only characters to separate between *R. pictus* and *R. brunneri* was the colour of hind femora and tibiae and the spermatheca shape (Assis– Pujol, 1998), but the real status of both taxa remained obscure. So, our results can have consequences on taxonomy since they bring new elements to the genus revision, justifying the separation of the two species, *R. pictus* and *R. brunneri*, as valid species (Carbonell pers.

Exploration of biodiversity is imperative (Boero, 2009) but is needed of features helping to the specific identification and differentiation especially among cryptic species. Currently, in addition to the morphological characters, easily observed and absolutely useful when well defined, other characteristics are available, such as the genetic or the behavioural ones. The sound production in insects provides excellent traits allowing discriminating species on the basis of the sound characteristics, in the time and in the frequency domains, as well as in the

*Rammathocerus brunneri* and *R. pictus* are sympatric Neotropical Gomphocerinae species with very similar morphological traits, even those related to the stridulatory file, that is, the sound producing organ. Nevertheless, they produce songs that result species specific, offering new features to be considered for their actual specific status. In addition to that, the sounds and its accompanying behaviour provide new evidences to be taken into account in

Thus, the acoustic behaviour, when present, is worth of being considered in taxonomic revisions due to its demonstrated utility. The job of naming animals is far from having been

The authors are grateful to C.S. Carbonell for providing the study material and useful comments, and to Ministerio de Educación y Cultura of the Spanish Government for the "Proyecto de Investigación Conjunta", belonging to the "Programa de Cooperación Científica con Iberoamérica", to study "Bioacústica de Acrídidos: su aplicación en sistemática". We are also grateful to Drs. Ana Ruiz, Andrés Egea and David Verdiell, of the

University of Murcia, for their invaluable help in the statistical treatment of data.

communicative value even of this type of song.

behavioural traits of the context in which sound is produced.

carried out (Boero, 2009) and sound can help to complete that job.

the phylogenetic history of the genus.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

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**5. Conclusion** 


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**4** 

**Detecting Non-Local Japanese Pine Sawyers** 

The term "biological invasion" comes with two aspects, on one hand it refers to the introduction of an exotic species, and/or non-local populations of any species to a given geographical area, while on the other hand it refers to the ecological and/or the economical consequences of such activity (Perrings et al., 2002). With accelerating socioeconomic development and globalization, issues of biological invasion are of increasing concern, as some invasive alien species are capable of causing catastrophe to local environments and the

Intentionally or accidentally, human beings constantly introduce organisms to new habitats. For those cases of intentional introduction, some were for agronomic purposes and have been proved to be beneficiary, such as potatoes, maize, peanuts, and sunflowers (Pope et al., 2001; S.M. Wang, 2004). However, others like *Eichharnia crassipes* (Martius) had caused a diversity of problems (Harley et al., 1996; Julien, 2001; T.J. Hu et al., 2009). For accidental introduction, the consequences are often more negative, as these organisms often go undetected until they have expanded their population considerably. The invasion and expansion of *Eupatorium adenophorum* Sprengel in western China is a typical example (R.

Yunnan Province in southwestern China is situated in the low-latitudinal plateau region (LLPR) connecting the Indochinese peninsula and the western portion of mainland China, where the terrain and climate are complex (Z.Y. Chen, 2001; S.Y. Wang & W. Zhang, 2005). Such distinct geographical position and natural environment entitle Yunnan a wide scope of ecosystems except desert and ocean in the northern hemisphere (Guo & Long, 1998). Apart from being the representative of terrestrial biodiversity, such complexity also makes Yunnan

The western portion of Yunnan is generally known as the longitudinal range-gorge region (LRGR) where great mountains and deep valleys run parallel through Yunnan and connect the Indochinese peninsula and the inner area of western China, which has been considered as the terrestrial pathway of biological invasion in Yunnan (He et al., 2005). The eastern

economies (Xu et al., 2006; Meyerson & Mooney, 2007).

Wang & Y.Z. Wang, 2006; R. Wang et al., 2011).

very vulnerable to invasive alien species.

**1. Introduction** 

**in Yunnan, Southwestern China via** 

*Laboratory of Biological Invasion and Transboundary Ecosecurity,* 

**Modern Molecular Techniques** 

Shao-ji Hu, Da-ying Fu and Hui Ye

*Yunnan University, Kunming,* 

*P. R. China*

