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**8** 

*1Egypt* 

*2Saudi Arabia* 

**Histopathological Alterations in some** 

*1Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 2Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif,* 

**Body Organs of Adult** *Clarias gariepinus*

**(Burchell, 1822) Exposed to 4-Nonylphenol** 

Alaa El-Din H. Sayed1\*, Imam A. Mekkawy1,2 and Usama M. Mahmoud1

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include synthetic and naturally occurring chemicals that affect the balance of normal functions in animals (Razia et al. 2006). It has been found that exposure to natural and synthetic estrogenic chemicals may adversely affect wildlife and human health (Colborn et al. 1993). In vitro exposures (Soto et al. 1992; Soto et al. 1994; Toomey et al. 1999) have confirmed the effects of EDCs on tissue structure and cellular processes. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are EDCs which are used globally in the production of plastics, pesticides, and cleaning products and are present in sewage effluents around the world (Talmage, 1994). It has been reported that NP is the most important degradation product of NPEs because of its enhanced resistance towards biodegradation, toxicity, ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, and estrogenicity (Ahel et al. 1994). NP is found in surface waters, aquatic sediments, and ground water (Bennie, 1999; Talmage, 1994) and it is estrogenic in various aquatic animals (Nimrod and Benson, 1996; Talmage,

The application of environmental toxicological studies on non-mammalian vertebrates is rapidly expanding; and for aquatic system, fish have become valuable indicator for the evaluation of the effects of noxious compounds (Khidr and Mekkawy, 2008). Histology and histopathology can be used as biomonitoring tools for health in toxicity studies (Meyers and Hendricks, 1985). Histoplathological alterations are biomarkers of effect exposure to environmental stressors, revealing alterations in physiological and biochemical function (Hinton et al. 1992). Histopathology, the study of lesions or abnormalities on cellular and tissue levels is useful tool for assessing the degree of pollution, particularly for sublethal and chronic effects (Bernet et al. 1999). More than one tissue may be studied for assessment of the biological effects of a toxicant on localized portions of certain organs and also for assessment of subsequent derangements (degradations) in tissues or cells in other locations and this allows for diagnoses of the observed changes (Adeyemo, 2008). NP has been shown

**1. Introduction** 

1994; Servos, 1999).

Corresponding Author

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