**6. Acknowledgments**

16 Zoology

(due to IUCN status, or other factors) some species react poorly and show poor survival following translocation (Weinberger et al., 2009). Consequently translocation is not a practicable solution, both due to the number of species that face threat and the variability in the reaction to translocation in particular species, in addition to the financial cost. Humanmediated adaptive strategies should allow species to shift ranges in response to climate change (similar changes have occurred naturally during previous periods of climate change (Hickling et al., 2006; Lenoir et al., 2008)). Movements can be assisted by increasing landscape connectivity, by creating corridors of native forest between existing forest patches particularly in a north-south orientation (Heller & Zavaleta, 2008). These areas must be wide enough so not to act as population sinks, and must contain heterogeneity of both species and genetic variation in order to be viable and sustainable (Lamb et al., 2008, Lamb & Erskine, 2008; Kettle, 2010). Hence there is a need for careful matching of tree species to soil type and area between sites, and corridors should also contain site-appropriate plants including nitrogen-fixing legumes to increase canopy density (Siddique et al., 2008; Suzuki et al., 2009). Afforestation has begun in many countries (UK, Vietnam; McNamara, et al., 2006; McNamara, et al., 2008), and if it is used to connect areas it will give species a higher probability of responding effectively to climatic change, by allowing the species to expand their ranges north as detailed in predictive models (fig.2) and studies in other regions (Malcolm et al., 2006) and therefore

SEA represents one of the most biodiverse regions on the planet, yet throughout SEA species are at risk due to dynamic interactions between numerous threats, including both direct and indirect drivers of human mediated biodiversity loss. In order to have any chance of preserving a fraction of the current fauna, major changes are needed in human activities, which requires education of people throughout SEA and the minimisation of corruption at all levels. Only if people can gain from the preservation of current biodiversity can it remain, and therefore schemes that use the environment in a sustainable manner present ways for affecting change. Even under fairly minimal impact scenarios modelled, almost all bat species lost original habitat (up to 99%), and many will be unable to reach new suitable areas (A.C. Hughes et al., in review). To allow species to respond to climate change without going extinct will require not only the cessation of destructive activities, but the active intervention of humans to create forested corridors between current forests to allow species

There is no doubt that even with direct conservation action, climatic change and direct environmental change will lead to the loss of species, some as yet undescribed. What cannot yet be quantified is the number of species which will become extinct during the next century, because the number of extinctions is under the direct control of human choices and actions made now. At this point in time humans do have an opportunity to reduce the impacts of destructive human activities and mitigate the effect of climatic change through effective and considered conservation activities, but with further inaction we as a species increase the total number of other species that will become extinct due to our unsustainable

an opportunity to reach suitable habitat under changing conditions.

not suffer severe reductions in overall range.

**5. Conclusion** 

human activities.

I would like to thank my collaborators at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, especially Sara Bumrungsri and Chutamus Satasook, and Paul Bates at the Harrison Institute. I must also thank the British Council for funding for field research which was used in making projections. Additionally I wish to thank those in my laboratories at the University of Bristol and Prince of Songkla University for their support during research.
