**Meet the editor**

Dr. Irisali Khidirov is the head of the Composition Materials Laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences (Tashkent), doctor of sciences in physics and mathematics, full professor of Solid State Physics, Honorary Doctor of Sciences in Physics of the Yorker International University in Italy. His research is concerned with the study of phase

transformations and crystal structures of interstitial alloys, intermetallic compounds and their hydrides, superconducting ceramics and other ceramics by method of neutron diffraction. He has found various types of long-range orders, ordered antiphase domains, stable and metastable phases in interstitial alloys formed under the influence of temperature and γ - irradiation; the hydrogen thermoemission phenomenon from hydrogen containing powder crystals - full removal of hydrogen from a crystal lattice without change of elements symmetry. He showed that in the ordered layered hexagonal close-packed structure of interstitial solid solutions hydrogen isotopes H and D cannot be on the same plane. He has more than 150 scientific publications.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

Chapter 1 **Hydrides of Cu and Mg Intermetallic Systems:** 

**Residual Stresses in AL-6XN Stainless** 

**Transformations in Steel Welds 49** 

Chapter 4 **Data Processing Steps in Neutron Diffraction:** 

**the Magnetic Oxide Materials 101** 

E-Wen Huang, Wanchuck Woo and Ji-Jung Kai

**Liquid State Through Neutron Diffraction 131** 

Chapter 8 **Neutron Diffraction Study of Hydrogen Thermoemission Phenomenon from Powder Crystals 155** 

Chapter 7 **The Molecular Conformations and Intermolecular** 

Chapter 6 **Introduction of Neutron Diffractometers for** 

Chapter 2 **Neutron Diffraction Measurements for** 

**Steel Welded Beams 25** 

Chapter 3 **Modelling Residual Stress and Phase** 

Chapter 5 **Neutron Diffraction Studies of** 

R.N. Joarder

I. Khidirov

Hui Dai

Vladimir Luzin and John W. Fisher

**Characterization and Catalytic Function 1**  M. Helena Braga, Michael J. Wolverton, Maria H. de Sá and Jorge A. Ferreira

Xiaohua Cheng, Henry J. Prask, Thomas Gnaeupel-Herold,

**From the Raw Data to the Differential Cross Section 77**  J. Dawidowski, G.J. Cuello and L.A. Rodríguez Palomino

J.B. Yang, Q. Cai, H.L. Du, X.D. Zhou, W.B. Yelon and W.J. James

**Mechanical Behavior Studies of Structural Materials 117** 

**Correlations in Positional Isomers 1- and 2- Propanols in** 

## Contents

### **Preface XI**



## Preface

Presently the most effective method to study mutual disposition of atoms and magnetic structures is neutron diffraction. The appearance in last years of high flux atomic reactors, automatic neutron diffractometers controlled by computers and special software of processing neutron diffraction data extraordinarily expanded the possibilities of structural and magnetic neutronography. Now it's possible effectively to investigate internal stress and texture of materials and microsamples of nanocrystals by neutron diffraction. Protein structures with thousands of unique atomic positions can be determined with great precision. This all has caused sharp growth of interest to it from physicists, chemists, biologists, materials scientists and metallurgists. Present book comprises original results of world leading scientists recently in research of crystal state of various materials by neutron diffraction method. It has 13 chapters in various sphere of neutron diffraction application. The book may be useful to wide circle of researchers interested in structure of crystal state of various materials and neutron diffraction application.

#### **Prof. Irisali Khidirov**

Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics, Head of the Composition Materials Laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of Academy Sciences of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan

**1** 

*3LNEG 1,3Portugal 2USA* 

**Hydrides of Cu and Mg Intermetallic Systems:** 

The worldwide demand for energy in the 21st century is growing at an alarming rate. The European "World Energy Technology and Climate Policy Outlook" [WETO] predicts an average growth rate of 1.8% per annum for the period 2000-2030 for the world energy demand (European Commission, 2003). The increased demand is being met largely by reserves of fossil fuel that emit both greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Since the rate of fossil fuel consumption is higher than the rate of fossil fuel production by nature, these

Against this background, the transition towards a sustainable, carbon-free and reliable energy system capable of meeting the increasing energy demands becomes imperative. Renewable energy resources, such as wind, solar, water, wave or geothermal, can offer clean alternatives to fossil fuels. Despite of their obvious advantages renewable energy sources have also some drawbacks in their use because they are unevenly distributed both over time and geographically. Most countries will need to integrate several different energy sources

Hydrogen has also attracted intensive attention as the most promising secure energy carrier

1. Environmentally friendly. It is a "clean, green" fuel because when it burns in oxygen

 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (g) , H = 120 kJ/g H2 (1) 2. Easy to produce. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe and is found in great abundance in the world, allowing it to be produced locally and easily from a

reserves are diminishing and they will become increasingly expensive.

and an advanced energy storage system needs to be developed.

of the future (Jain, 2009) due to its prominent advantages such as being:

there is no pollutants release, only heat and water are generated:

great variety of sources like water, biomass and organic matter;

**1.1 Hydrogen storage: A brief overview** 

**1. Introduction** 

**Characterization and Catalytic Function** 

*1CEMUC, Engineering Physics Department, FEUP, Porto University* 

M. Helena Braga, Michael J. Wolverton, Maria H. de Sá and Jorge A. Ferreira

*2LANSCE, Los Alamos National Laboratory* 
