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**8** 

*Brasil* 

**Comparison Among Phonation of the Sustained** 

Trill exercises are traditionally used in the clinical practice of speech-language pathology as vocal warm-ups in the treatment of dysphonia (Behlau & Pontes, 1995; Sataloff, 1991). They are also used by voice coaches (Aydos & Hanayama, 2004; Scarpel & Pinho, 2001) in the training of professional voice users, such as singers, actors (including voice actors), teachers, and lawyers. Although there are various types of trill exercises, including gargling, voiced fricatives, and simultaneous tongue/lip trills, the most commonly used exercises are tongue

In the literature, the first reports of trill exercises date from the 1970s, at which time the tongue trill was already considered a "universal technique," i.e., a technique that can change the overall quality of the voice (Linklater, 1976). Trills are among the so-called facilitating sounds (Behlau & Pontes, 1995), and trill exercises can be used in the treatment of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders (Schneider & Sataloff, 2007; Speyer, 2008); they can also be used as vocal warm-ups (Aydos & Hanayama, 2004; Speyer, 2008). Trill exercises are therefore widely disseminated among voice coaches, including speech-language pathologists, singing teachers, and drama teachers (Aydos & Hanayama, 2004). In individuals with a normal voice, tongue trills increase the amplitude of vocal fold vibration, reduce the glottal gap (Rodrigues, 2001), and improve the results of auditory-perceptual and acoustic analyses, resulting in less shimmer, a higher harmonics-to-noise ratio, increased amplitude of the harmonics, and decreased noise (Schwarz & Cielo, 2009; Rodrigues, 1995). During tongue trills, the entire laryngeal framework vibrates and there is anteroposterior constriction of the pharynx (Bueno, 2006). After the performance of tongue trills, the fundamental frequency increases, broad- and narrow-band spectrograms become clearer, and glottic closure increases, as do the amplitude and symmetry of vocal fold vibration, all of which demonstrate that tongue trills change the glottal source and vocal tract filter

Speech-language pathologists also use tongue trills, principally in individuals diagnosed with vocal nodules (Bueno, 2006). In addition, tongue trills can be used in individuals with

trills and lip trills (Scwarz & Cielo, 2009; Menezes *et al.*, 2005).

**1. Introduction** 

(Scwarz & Cielo, 2009).

**Vowel /ε/, Lip Trills, and Tongue Trills: The Amplitude of Vocal Fold Vibration** 

Gislaine Ferro Cordeiro, Arlindo Neto Montagnoli

**and the Closed Quotient** 

*University of São Paulo School of Medicine* 

and Domingos Hiroshi Tsuji

