**1. Introduction**

60 Otolaryngology

I would like to thank Dr. Neda Baghbanian, resident of otolaryngology- head and neck

[2] Lang J. Clinical anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, New York:

[3] Farahani F, Bazzazi N., Hashemian F. 2010, Failed Dacryocystorhinostomy due to retained silicone tube : a case report, Iranian Journal of ophthalmology;22(4). [4] Linberg JV (2001) Discussion of lacrimal sac dacryoliths. Ophthalmology 108:1312-1313. [5] Orhan M, Onerci M, Dayanir V, Orhan D, Irkec T, Irkec M (1996) Lacrimal sac

[6] Hurwitz JJ, Molgat Y (1994) Nasolacrimal drainage system evaluation. Ophthalmol Clin

[9] Hurwitz JJ, Molgat Y., 1992, May23–24, Radiological test of lacrimal drainage. Diagnostic

[10] Komínek P, Červenka S, Müllner K (2003) The lacrimal diseases. Diagnosis and

[11] Tsirbas A, Wormald PJ:, 2006, Mechanical endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with

[12] Wormald PJ., 2006, Powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy Otolaryngol Clin

[13] Farahani F, Hashemian F, Fazlian MM., 2007, Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for

[14] Farahani F, Ramezani A., 2008, Effect of intraoperative mitomycin C application on recurrence of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Saudi Med J;29(9):1354-6.

primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Saudi Med J;28(10):1611-3.

mucosal flaps Otolaryngol Clin North Am; 39:1019-1036.

[7] Hurwitz JJ (1996) The lacrimal system. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia. [8] Olver J (2002) Colour atlas of lacrimal surgery. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

dacryolith: a study with atomic bsorption spectrophotometry and scanning electron

value versus cost-effectiveness. Lacrimal system. Symposium on the Lacrimal

[1] Eye MD association,American academy of ophthalmology, 2007-2008,31-34.

**14. Acknowledgement** 

**15. References** 

surgery, for her kind cooperation in writing this chapter.

microscopy. Eur J Ophthalmol 6:478–480.

Thieme Medical; 1989; 99-102.

N Am 7:393–406.

System, Brussels, 15–26.

North Am; 39:539-549.

treatment. Maxdorf, Prague.

Throughout history, various classifications of rhinitis have emerged, many of which originated from expert groups. We would have to go back to 1994 to find the "*International Consensus Report on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis*" (International Rhinitis Management Working Group, 1994), which was subsequently modified in the 2000 "*Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis*. *EAACI Position paper"* (Van Cauwenberge et al, 2000). Of particular interest is the "*Executive Summary of Joint Task Force Practice Parameters on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis"* of 1998 (Dykewicz & Fineman, 1998). In 2001, a group of experts, the *"Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Workshop Expert Panel"*, met to develop guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of rhinitis, which also dealt with other inflammatory processes interrelated/associated with asthma. The acronym "ARIA" comes from "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma". ARIA is a document from a non-governmental organisation of the World Health Organization (WHO), endorsed by numerous scientific societies, such as the International Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (IAACI) and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) (Bousquet et al, 2001).

It was established as an educational program as the "Guidelines for recommendations for the diagnosis and comprehensive handling of patients with rhinitis", associated with asthma and other interrelated processes (sinusitis, conjunctivitis and otitis).
