**6. Human papilloma viruses and reproductive health**

Numerous human papilloma viruses (HPV; *papovaviridae*) belong to DNA-viruses. All species of HPV induce typical changes in mitotic activity of flat epithelial cells, and lead to appearance of neoplasm in skin and mucosa. Some variants of HPV are high oncogenic, especially types 16, 18, 31, 33, some other also may induce rare malignancy. Oncogenic variants of HPV may be found in more then 50% of melanomas [Dréau et al., 2000].

Clinical consequences of HPV infection is not restricted by risk of malignancy and cosmetic problems, but by influence on gestation process. In abortions' tissues HPV can be found nearly in 60% of cases of spontaneous abortions, but in 20% of cases, if we have deal with medical abortions [Spandorfer et al., 2006]. HPV prominently decreases the successes of IVF [Spandorfer et al., 2006]. Besides, clinical problems, concerned to inborn malformations of the nervous system, described to be related with HPV. Frequency of neural defects (very different) is arisen 10-12 times in children born by HPV infected women [Poletaev, 2008].

Influence of HPV infection on embryo and fetus development is supposingly related to induction of elevated serum level of autoantibodies against S100 proteins by mechanism of molecular mimicry. Common epitopes in molecules of S100 and few viral antigens were

As well as opportunistic viruses and bacteria presented in woman organism may trigger for abnormal production of embryotropic autoantibodies, successful anti-microbial treatment of women with chronic infection will lead to normalization the immune parameters in most cases. It is interestingly to note that nearly 30% of recently infertile women had become pregnant during the first six months after anti-bacterial or anti-viral treatment if therapy was accompanied by normalization of serum content of embryotropic autoantibodies [Serova, 2000]. These observations indicate: some women with "unexplained infertility" in essence are fertile, and their pregnancy may happens often but interrupts at early stages (usually before diagnosing) because severe but reversible immune deviations. This deviations has been reflected and may be detected by quantitative measuring of changes in

Obstetricians often arise the question, which seems to be difficult: why did some women with opportunistic infection suffer from repeated miscarriages and other reproductive problems, but reproductive functions of some other women with the same herpetic or mycoplasmic infection was not disturbed? Serova [2000], and Litvak [2001] in observed patients, and Cronise and Kelly [1999] in experiments with laboratory mice show clearly: the cause of opportunistic (potentially pathogenic) microbial factor does induce systemic immune deviations, such situation is usually associated with reproductive problems. On opposite, the situation usually does not influence negatively the pregnancy course if presence of the same microbial factor has not associates with notable immune changes. These empirical data and conclusions are close to aphoristic idea of the founder of the modern microbiology Louis Pasteur: "microbe is nothing, background (that is reactivity of the host-organism) is everything" [Mayanskiy, 1999]. In this context investigation of serum level of embryotropic autoantibodies may became a useful instrument for evaluation of individual risk of pathology in pregnancy if some viruses or bacteria persist in organism of woman. Such observing is suitable for decision on necessity or its contradictions of

Numerous human papilloma viruses (HPV; *papovaviridae*) belong to DNA-viruses. All species of HPV induce typical changes in mitotic activity of flat epithelial cells, and lead to appearance of neoplasm in skin and mucosa. Some variants of HPV are high oncogenic, especially types 16, 18, 31, 33, some other also may induce rare malignancy. Oncogenic

Clinical consequences of HPV infection is not restricted by risk of malignancy and cosmetic problems, but by influence on gestation process. In abortions' tissues HPV can be found nearly in 60% of cases of spontaneous abortions, but in 20% of cases, if we have deal with medical abortions [Spandorfer et al., 2006]. HPV prominently decreases the successes of IVF [Spandorfer et al., 2006]. Besides, clinical problems, concerned to inborn malformations of the nervous system, described to be related with HPV. Frequency of neural defects (very different) is arisen 10-12 times in children born by HPV infected women [Poletaev, 2008].

Influence of HPV infection on embryo and fetus development is supposingly related to induction of elevated serum level of autoantibodies against S100 proteins by mechanism of molecular mimicry. Common epitopes in molecules of S100 and few viral antigens were

variants of HPV may be found in more then 50% of melanomas [Dréau et al., 2000].

antimicrobial treatment before planned pregnancy in each individual case.

**6. Human papilloma viruses and reproductive health** 

blood serum content of embryotropic autoantibodies.

described [Poletaev, 2008]. Two dozen proteins of S100 family take part in regulation of apoptosis, and maturation of primordial nervous system (fetal) [Poletaev, 2008]. Therefore antibody-dependent disturbances of according processes may be related to some forms of malignancy, embryo death cases as well as to malformation of the nervous tube. Consequently the investigation for serum content of autoantibodies against S100 and preventive treatment in necessity should be recommended before pregnancy to each woman
