**7. Conclusion**

Birth weight is an important predictor in infant mortality and morbidity, growth, development, and wellbeing in adult life. Women with a normal prepregnancy BMI and within the adequate range of GWG associated with minimal risk for SGA and LGA have better pregnancy outcomes in both mothers and infants, for short- and long-term health. However, nearly two thirds of reproductive-aged women are currently overweight or obese. On the other hand, the number of women with BMI below 18.5 has increased in some countries. In addition, only 28% of women actually adhere to the guidelines for optimum birth weight; over half gain in excess of the recommended weight gain.

Prepregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain reflect maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy; this status plays a crucial role in creating an optimal intrauterine environment. Understanding the relationship between maternal nutrition and birth outcomes may provide a basis for developing nutritional interventions that will improve birth outcomes and long-term quality of life. All women of reproductive age should be encouraged to follow the government recommendations and eat a well-balanced diet. A critical goal for women is to make behavior changes to achieve good nutritional status before, during, and after conception, which may lead to improved birth outcomes.
