**3.1.4 Other upper urinary tract obstructions**

Although less common than UPJ or UVJ obstructions, congenital obstructions can arise elsewhere within the kidney or along the course of the ureter. Examples include infundibular or infundibulopelvic stenosis, which may be idiopathic or associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann or Bardet-Biedl syndrome; anomalous ureteric position, such as a retroiliac or retrocaval course; and mid-ureteral stricture.
