**6. References**

176 Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries

(2.5 mg/dL of saliva). Inflammation of the adjacent connective tissue has been considered a consequence of the use of orthodontic bands, determining that the condition of the gum deteriorates during the treatment with fixed appliances, even in patients with good oral

Checking the quality, pH and buffer capacity of saliva can be valuable as part of an overall clinical assessment, thus also monitoring bacterial counts, plaque and periodontal

In conclusion, orthodontic treatment changes the oral environmental factors: promotes a major salivary stimulated flow and increases its buffer capacity and salivary pH, which increase the anticaries activity of saliva. Plaque pH did not demonstrate significant changes before and 1-month into orthodontic treatment. The bacterial levels did not increase significantly in the first month of the orthodontic treatment but, the increased of retentive

Patients with orthodontic appliances require special care in terms of prevention caries and periodontal disease. For optimal patient care, it is necessary to analyzed if the changes

The following markers emerged as protective factors: patients without active caries injuries increased significantly stimulated salivary flow, buffer capacity, and salivary pH, after

In contrast, the following markers were negative risk factors to the oral environment: slightly increase in the infection levels of *SM* and *Lactobacillus*, and of occult blood in saliva. Oral environment has the capacity of adjustment to the presence of a foreign body, increasing the salivary flow which contributes to the autoclisis and modifying the salivary composition to raise the pH and buffer capacity, it prevents colonization by potentially pathogenic microorganisms by denying them optimization of environmental conditions.

It is necessary to establish the parameters that the patient presents at the beginning and during the treatment, and determine which stages may show major changes, if these changes are kept or reversed during the course of the therapy, with the purpose of

So it is advisable to develop a prevention protocol for the development of dental caries or enamel demineralization in patients at risk, as is the case of those who undergo orthodontic

It is recognized that this type of treatment has the potential to cause damage to hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. In patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances increases bacterial counts due to the favorable environment for the accumulation of plaque and food debris that increase the risk of tooth decay, coupled with the difficulty of

However, the best way to combat tooth decay and periodontal disease is the strict control of plaque, for which it has recommended the use of electric toothbrushes, mouthwashes, oral irrigators, and others. But one of the most important parts to maintain oral health is the

during orthodontic treatment persist or change upon discontinuation of treatment.

hygiene. (Lara-Carrillo et al., 2010a)

placement orthodontic appliances.

preventing in an opportune and effective way.

plaque removal by conventional means of oral hygiene.

treatment with fixed appliances.

motivation of the patient.

surfaces rinsed the bleeding in saliva by periodontal injury.

inflammation.


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**9** 

*Turkey* 

**The Dental Volumetric Tomography, RVG, and** 

Detection of carious lesions is prerequisite to an optimal preventive and minimal surgical intervention strategy. Radiographs are the most accurate diagnostic aid available for the detection of alveolar osseous abnormalities and dental disease progression (Russel & Pitts, 1993; Rothman, 1998). The development of digital radiography (radiovisiographs-RVG) has created new options in dentistry (Hedrick et al., 1994; Svanæs et al., 2000; Van der Stelt, 2005). However, imaging systems used in dentistry are largely limited to 2 dimensional (2- D) systems in including conventional-based radiography and digital radiography. The problem inherent to 2-D system is that 3 dimensional anatomy is collapsed into 2-D space, resulting in the superimposition of structures that potentially obscure features of interest and decrease diagnostic sensitivity. There are a number of 3-D systems available, like computed tomography (CT), tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT), and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) (Hedrick et al., 1998; Mozzo et al., 1998; Sukovic, 2003;

The CBCT technique presents an innovation of tomographic imaging systems and subsequent volumetric image reconstruction for dentistry. When compared with other methods of tomographic imaging, CBCT is characterized by rapid volumetric image acquisition from a single low radiation dose scan of the patient. CBCT, also known as true volumetric computed tomography (TVCT) designed for use in dental imaging of osseous structures has been introduced (Rothman, 1998; Mozzo et al., 1998; Schulze et al., 2005). The first available and now well-established CBCT system, the NewTom is an example of such a CBCT machine dedicated to dental and maxillofacial imaging, particularly for surgical and/or prosthetics implant planning in the field of dentistry. The NewTom differs from a traditional dental CT scan in the way it captures an image; it does so by cone beam volumetric tomography. The W-ray tube revolves around the patient's head in a single spiral, capturing a volume with each of the 360 degrees it rotates. Added together, the volumetric cone images are reformatted without any discernible error. In fact, the NewTom is accurate to 0.1 mm. While a dental CT scan takes ten minutes of working time and exposes the patient to two minutes of radiation, the NewTom scan takes 70 seconds and exposes the patient to 17 seconds of low-dose radiation. The radiation from a NewTom scan

**1. Introduction** 

Aranyarachkul et al., 2005; Walker et al., 2005).

**Conventional Radiography in Determination** 

**the Depth of Approximal Caries** 

*Faculty of Dentistry, University of Marmara, Istanbul,* 

*Department of Operative Dentistry,* 

Cafer Türkmen, Gökhan Yamaner and Bülent Topbaş

