**6. References**


All resin-based adhesive materials while shrinking induce tensions on interfacial junction, which may lead to crack formation and consequently to microleakage. It was proved that a microleakage may appear between the hybrid layer and dentine even when no crack is

Taking into consideration a high prevalence and intensification of caries of lateral teeth in children, apart from other methods of caries prophylaxis, such as contact fluorization, which protects flat and contact surfaces of teeth - it is advisable to apply fissure sealants of lateral teeth, i.e. molars and premolars, starting with freshly erupted permanent first molars through subsequently erupting posterior teeth. In order to decrease caries prevalence in our population, it is necessary to conduct awareness-forming oral hygiene training, to create motivation for proper tooth brushing, to advise a diet aimed at reduction of carbohydrate

Results of numerous laboratory tests indicated that extension of enamel etching time significantly increased the stability of bonds with sealing material. Application of intermediate adhesive systems on enamel increased the strength of enamel bonding with sealing materials only slightly, whereas their application on dentine significantly improved bonding stability (about threefold) compared to dentine coated with sealant alone. An assessment of morphology of dentine joints where dentine was coated with bonding agents and sealant demonstrated occurrence of gapless joints, whereas when sealant was applied directly on dentine, joints with microcracks were formed. Elements included in sealing materials and adhesive systems penetrate into dentine deep and wide, improving retention

Sealants with fluorine release it into hard tissues of teeth. The level of emission depends on type of fluorine compound and its concentration in sealant. On the basis of literature analysis and own longitudinal clinical studies as well as laboratory tests I confirm the advisability of sealing procedure, expanding it not only on permanent first molars, but including also second molars and - in children requiring special care and having a high caries risk - premolars. Laboratory tests confirmed that that adhesion and tightness of joints between sealants and tooth's hard tissues can be increased, and microleakage can be

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**5. Summary** 

minimized.

**6. References** 

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**14** 

 *Iran* 

**Probiotics and the Reduction** 

*Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan- Isfahan Branch,* 

Dental caries and periodontal disease are major public health problems that bother all countries in the world. Dental carie is an infectious, communicable disease that acid-forming bacteria of dental plaque can destroy tooth structure in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The mineral content of teeth is sensitive to increases in acidity from the production of lactic acid. So, the infection results in loss of tooth minerals from the outer surface of the tooth and can progress through the dentin to the pulp, finally compromising the tooth vitality. Industrialized nations have controlled the problem with fluoride enriched water and personal hygiene products since early in the 1960s, but cariogenicity remains a crisis that economically burdens the health care system. Dental disease remains a "silent epidemic" in the world that threatens children and adults. The oral streptococci especially mutans Streptococci are related with the development of caries in humans and animals (Caglar et al., 2001; Natcher, 2001; Kargul, 2003). For the past 150 years, the predominant mode of caries management has been the surgical approach, predating our current understanding and reliable with the original concept that dental caries was a gangrenous process resulting in extraction of carious teeth. Later, just the demineralized portions of the tooth were removed and replaced with an inert

restorative material. This mechanical solution for a biological problem prevailed.

options to be cured and eradicated (Anderson and Shi, 2006; Carounanidy, 2010).

Today, dental practitioners still teach the removal of diseased tooth structure which suggests we should expect a "cure". The insight however, is that it has repeatedly been shown not to remove the causative infection. There is a paradigm shift in the management of dental caries. Research in cariology is sky-rocketing, bringing out hidden facts of this ageold disease, but education and clinical practice are adopting them at a snail's pace. In clinical practice dental caries is still being treated symptomatically, just like the common cold. Clinicians have adopted a comfort level from many years of practicing 'restorative' dentistry, but unlike the common cold that does not have a cure, dental caries has abundant

Throughout the past few decades, changes have been observed not only in the incidence of dental caries, but also in the distribution and pattern of the disease in the population. These changes have main hints for diagnosis and management of early lesions, predicting caries risk, and conducting effective disease prevention and management programs for

**1. Introduction** 

**of Dental Caries Risk** 

Arezoo Tahmourespour

