**5. Power system sub-harmonics (interharmonics); dynamic case**

As we said in the beginning of this chapter, the off-on switching of the power electronics equipment in power system control may produce damped transients of high and/or low frequency on the voltage and/or current waveforms. Equation (20) gives the model for such voltage waveform. The first term in this equation presents the damping inter-harmonics model, while the second term presents the harmonics that contaminated the voltage waveform including the fundamental. In this section, we explain the application of the linear dynamic Kalman filtering algorithm for measuring and identifying these interharmonics. As we said before, the identification process is split into two sub-problems. In the first problem, the harmonic contents of the waveform are identified. Once the harmonic contents of the waveform are identified, the reconstructed waveform can be obtained and the error in the waveform, which is the difference between the actual and the reconstructed waveform, can be obtained. In the second problem, this error is analyzed to identify the subharmonics.

Finally, the final error is obtained by subtracting the combination of the harmonic and the sub-harmonic contents, the total reconstructed, from the actual waveform. It has been shown that by identifying these sub-harmonics, the final error is reduced greatly.
