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 Vegetation indices and SMA are the main techniques employed so far in post-fire monitoring while the NDVI is the most commonly used index due to its strong relationship with above-ground biomass in a wide range of ecosystems. Only a small number of studies employ image classification due to the fact that the spatial resolution of the most commonly used satellite sensors exceeds the size of individual regenerating

 A number of developments including: the increase in the number of sensors with different characteristics suitable for post-fire monitoring (e.g. LIDAR, hyperspectral), the improved access to and availability of satellite data and derived products, and the development of new methods and advanced digital image analysis techniques (e.g. OBIA, Control plot selection) are expected to move forward research and establish RS

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**8** 

*USA* 

**The Science and Application of** 

Evan Ellicott and Eric Vermote

*University of Maryland* 

**Satellite Based Fire Radiative Energy** 

Biomass burning has been a topic of research interest for many years due to the implications for climatic change as a result of landscape alteration and atmospheric loading of aerosols and trace gases from pyrogenic emissions (Crutzen & Andreae, 1990). Crutzen et al. (1979) first highlighted the variety of trace gas emissions from tropical forest fires and the potential these constituents could have in altering atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Subsequent research has demonstrated additional impacts on the biosphere, atmosphere, and directly upon humans. For example, ozone (O3) is produced photochemically in the troposphere from hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides released during vegetation burning and results in regional health hazards such as damage to human respiratory systems (Andreae, 2004; Levine, 2003). Cicerone (1994) emphasized that some byproducts of biomass burning, such as methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (MeBr), can escape to the stratosphere where they are responsible for ozone destruction; resulting in health risks at a much larger

Fire is an integral part of many ecosystems (Kuhry, 1994; Cary and Banks, 2000), but the nature of this relationship may change according to some climate models which show fire frequency and intensity increasing with global warming trends (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2007). For example, boreal forests, one of Earth's larger biomes, are a key component in global carbon cycling. In particular, peatland in boreal and sub-arctic regions of Earth are estimated to contain 455Gt of carbon, translating to roughly a third of the world's soil carbon pool (Brady & Weil, 1999; Gorham, 1991; Moore, 2002; Pastor et al., 2003), and act as a sink for atmospheric carbon; accounting for an uptake of roughly 12% of the global anthropogenic emissions (Moore, 2002). Carbon sequestered through the process of photosynthesis by living vegetation does not exit the boreal system at the same rate since respiration via decomposition is retarded. However combustion of organic matter contributes to atmospheric loading of "greenhouse" gases (Kaufman et al., 1990; Page et al., 2002) and can affect carbon sequestration regimes (Kasischke et al., 1995). In addition, the influence of anthropogenic ignited fires, which accounts for 90% of all biomass burning (Levine, 2000), may increase with population growth and the added pressure for land and resources. A result of these driving forces will be greater biomass burning emissions, decreased sequestration of carbon, and the potential creation of feedback loops (Kasischke et

al., 1995a; Chapman and Thurlow, 1998; Moore, 2002).

**1. Introduction** 

scale.

remotely sensed time series data in Spain, USA and Israel. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19: 75-93.

