**Part 2**

**Evolution of the Earth** 

24 Space Science

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**2** 

Risto Pirjola

*1Finland 2Canada* 

*1Finnish Meteorological Institute 2Natural Resources Canada* 

**Geomagnetically Induced Currents** 

**as Ground Effects of Space Weather** 

"Space Weather" refers to electromagnetic and particle conditions in the near-Earth space. It is controlled by solar activity. The whole space weather chain extending from the Sun to the Earth's surface is very complicated and includes plasma physical processes, in which the interaction of the solar wind with the geomagnetic field plays an essential role. Space weather phenomena statistically follow the eleven-year sunspot cycle but large space weather storms can also occur during sunspot minima. Changes of currents in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere during a space weather storm produce temporal variations of the geomagnetic field, i.e. geomagnetic disturbances and storms. Technological systems, even humans, in space and on the ground may experience adverse effects from space

At the Earth's surface, space weather manifests itself as "Geomagnetically Induced Currents" (GIC) in technological conductor networks, such as electric power transmission grids, oil and gas pipelines, telecommunication cables and railway circuits. GIC observations have a much longer history than the time when the concept of space weather has been used as GIC effects were already found in the first telegraph equipment in the mid-1800's (Boteler et al., 1998; Lanzerotti et al., 1999; Lanzerotti, 2010). Telecommunication systems have suffered from GIC problems several times in the past. Optical fibre cables generally used today are not directly affected by space weather. However, metal wires lying in parallel with fibre cables are used to provide power to repeater stations, and they may be prone to GIC impacts. Trans-oceanic submarine communication cables are a special category regarding GIC since their lengths

Buried pipelines may suffer from serious corrosion of the steel due to GIC (e.g. Gummow, 2002). Corrosion is an electrochemical process occurring at points where a current flows from the pipe to the soil. Roughly speaking, a continuous dc current of 1 A for one year causes a loss of about 10 kg of steel. To prevent or minimise corrosion, so-called cathodic protection (CP) systems are used for pipelines. They keep the pipeline in a negative voltage of typically slightly less than 1 V with respect to the soil. Pipe-to-soil voltages associated with GIC may well exceed the CP voltage, thus possibly cancelling and invalidating the protection. Furthermore, control surveys of pipe-to-soil voltages during space weather storms may lead to

imply that the end-to-end voltages associated with GIC can be very large.

**1. Introduction** 

weather (e.g. Lanzerotti et al., 1999).
