**3.3.14 Iran**

14 Space Science

Thailand, to serve communication applications and benefit from the financial return. Malaysia is an active member of APRSAF and collaborates not only with other nations in this organization on space technologies, but also works together with the Russian

Indonesia established the Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Institute (LAPAN) in 1964 and has invested mainly in launch vehicle technologies with the help of the Russian Space Agency, and in the Palapa and Telkom telecommunication satellites, similar to its South Asian neighbours. Indonesian satellite development activities were initiated with the help and on-the-job training from Berlin Technical University and resulted in the development of two LAPAN mini satellites. The country signed a collaboration agreement with Ukraine in 2008 to study launch vehicle technologies. Additionally, Russia and Indonesia signed a commercial agreement that resulted in the construction of air-launch infrastructure on one of the islands in the Indian Ocean, one commercial communication satellite, and manufacturing of one other by Russia. LAPAN is currently indigenously developing a launch vehicle that is capable of delivering 100+ kg satellites to low earth orbit and two mini remote sensing & Automatic Identification of

Similar to other countries, Algeria embarked on its space adventure via a technology transfer program from the Western Europe. Successful satellite design, test and operation experience of Alsat-1 satellite resulted in the construction of a satellite assembly integration and test (AI&T) facility in Oran city and the advanced Alsat-2A satellite, designed by a European company. After these technology and know-how transfer projects, Algeria is now developing its third satellite Alsat-2B at its own AI&T facility with its own personnel, and will be the third country in Africa to reach and benefit from space technologies, following

Nigerian Space Agency launched its second and third remote sensing satellites together in August 2011; Nigeria ordered two more telecommunication satellites for commercial use

Egypt was fortunate to have benefitted from a technology transfer program from Ukraine before the recent political depression and operates the Egypt-1 earth observation satellite.

Pakistan started with a technology transfer program from the United Kingdom and is now working with China for both turnkey telecommunication and earth observation satellite programs. Additionally, the Pakistan Space Agency is developing its own systems

Federation on suborbital launch vehicle technologies.

Ships (AIS) satellites in the 70 kg class.

**3.3.9 Indonesia** 

**3.3.10 Algeria** 

**3.3.11 Nigeria** 

**3.3.12 Egypt** 

**3.3.13 Pakistan** 

South Africa and Nigeria.

with turn-key contract.

Iran is developing its space technology mostly with the local resources. The country's launch vehicle program currently employs technologies enabling orbital distances of about 260 km and capable of carrying payloads in the 30 kg class. Although announcements about human spaceflight may not be realized in the foreseeable future, it is clear that Iran achieves more because of the embargo by developing applications and technologies with its own sources, rather than relying on technology transfer programs as other nations have done.
