**12. Future direction of investigation**

This new perspective on Solar System birth and evolution based on planetary satellite dynamics is called Primary-centric World View. This Primary-centric View has led to the fractal Architecture of the Universe [Sharma 2012A]. The Primary-centric View has been applied to Kepler-16b, Kepler 34b and Kepler 35b to explain its circum-binary architecture [Sharma 2012B]. The Primary-centric View has also been used to test the validity Iapetus's hypothetical sub-satellite [Sharma 2012C]. The Author has utilized the primary-centric view to work out the probable evolutionary history of PSR J1719 -1438 and its compacted companion at a distance of 4000ly[Sharma 2012D)]. Presently I am applying this World View to see if star binaries, pulsar binaries, pulsar-black hole, Galaxy of Stars, Clusters and Super-Clusters fall in this frame work or not[Sharma 2011]. A positive test for all these binaries and galaxy of stars will give us a new approach to the dynamics of the Universe.

#### **13. References**


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As the planet formation was completed , the gaseous circumsolar nebula was dissipated by gravity accretion and finally by photoevaporation. According to Tsiganis et al [2005], Jupiter and Saturn were born at 5.45AU and 8AU respectively where the orbital period ratio that PS/ PJ was less than 2. According to them the resulting interaction with massive disk of residual planetismals Jupiter and Saturn spiraled out on diverging path crossing 1:2MMR(PS/ PJ = 2) point at 8.65AU and today the ratio is little less than 2.5. At the 1:2MMR crossing due to gravitational resonance their orbits became eccentric. This abrupt transition temporarily destabilized the giant planets, leading to a short phase of close encounters among Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. As a result of these encounters, and of the interactions of the ice giants with the disk, Uranus and Neptune reached their current heliocentric distances of 19.3AU and 30AU. And Jupiter and Saturn evolved to the current orbital eccentricities of 6% and 9%. The same planetary evolution can explain LHB provided Jupiter and Saturn crossed 1:2MMR 700My after their formation. That is LHB

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**0**

**6**

Alexandre C. M. Correia

*University of Aveiro*

*Portugal*

**Secular Evolution of Satellites by Tidal Effect**

Both the Earth's Moon and Pluto's moon, Charon, have an important fraction of the mass of their systems, and therefore they could be classified as double-planets rather than as satellites. The proto-planetary disk is unlikely to produce such systems, and their origin seems to be due to a catastrophic impact of the initial planet with a body of comparable dimensions (e.g. Canup, 2005; Canup & Asphaug, 2001). On the other hand, Neptune's moon, Triton, and the Martian moon, Phobos, are spiraling down into the planet, clearly indicating that the present orbits are not primordial, and may have undergone a long evolving process from a previous

The present orbits of all these satellites are almost circular, and their spins appear to be synchronous with the orbital mean motion, as well as being locked in Cassini states (e.g. Colombo, 1966; Peale, 1969). This also applies to the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, which are likely to have originated from Jupiter's accretion disk and additionally show orbital mean motion resonances (e.g. Yoder, 1979). All these features seem to be due to tidal evolution, which arises from differential and inelastic deformation of the planet by a perturbing body. Previous long-term studies on the orbital evolution of satellites have assumed that their rotation is synchronously locked, and therefore limits the tidal evolution to the orbits (e.g. McCord, 1966). However, these two kinds of evolution cannot be dissociated because the total angular momentum must be conserved. Additionally, it has been assumed that the spin axis is locked in a Cassini state with very low obliquity. Although these assumptions are correct for the presently known situations, they were not necessarily true throughout the evolution. In this article we model the orbital evolution of a satellite from its origin or capture until the preset day, including spin evolution for both planet and satellite, and we also regard its future evolution. We provide a simple averaged model adapted for fast computational simulations, as required for long-term studies, following Correia (2009). However, we present an improvement with respect to previous work, here we do not average the equations of motion over the argument of the periastron, as in Correia et al. (2011). Therefore, this model is more complete, and allows the eccentricity of the satellite to show secular variations due to the gravitational perturbations of the star on its orbit around the planet. We then apply this model to the Triton-Neptune system. The results do not differ much from those in Correia (2009) for the final stages of the orbital evolution, but can show some significant differences

during the initial stages. In the last section we discuss the results obtained.

**1. Introduction**

capture (e.g. Goldreich et al., 1989; Mignard, 1981).

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