**4.2 (144898) 2004 VD17**

70 Space Science

solutions as Tab. 7 states. The rapidly changes in differences in mean anomaly in Fig. 4 are connected with the close approaches of (144898) 2004 VD17 with the Earth in the years: 2041 (0.01 AU), 2067 (0.03 AU) and 2102 (0.03 AU) for the nominal orbits. Hence chaoticity of the motion of the asteroid appears similar to this of (99942) Apophis but in the case of (144898)

As in the case of (99942) Apophis using JPL Ephemerides DE405 and DE406 does not affect

Both they are based on the new error model (Chesley, Baer and Monet, 2010). The orbits are computed using star catalog debiasing and an error model with assumed astrometric errors

Table 8 lists orbital elements of (99942) Apophis performed using all observations available to 1st Oct., 2011. There were 1481 optical observations (of which 8 were rejected as outliers), and also seven radar data points on 2005/01/27, 2005/01/29, 2005/01/31 and 2005/08/07. The orbit was computed by the author using the OrbFit software v. 4.2. The JPL NASA Ephemerides DE405 and additional perturbations from massive asteroids: (1) Ceres, (2)

287.582224 0.9223003 0.19107616 126.42451 204.430372 3.331956 4.82E-05 1.13E-08 5.11E-08 7.57E-05 7.61E-05 1.63E-06

observations from 2555 days (2004/03/15.10789 – 2011/03/14.12528 ), *rms*=0.389". Nominal

Actually, both the Yarkovsky/YORP effect, which are part of a set of other astrodynamical effects that were taken summary only into account to prepare the present analysis, but that seems to be of significant influence in the orbital evolution of such objects. The preliminary results are in Table 9. The Yarkovsky and YORP (Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack) effects are thermal radiation forces and torques that cause a drift of semimajor axes (computed value of **da/dt** in present work) of small asteroids and meteoroids and a change their spin vectors (obliquities). Because the Yarkovsky force depends on the obliquity, we can expect a complicated interplay between the Yarkovsky and YORP effects . Therefore it is difficult to estimate the influence of the Yarkovsky and YORP effects on the

Table 8. (99942) Apophis: orbital elements together with theirs 1- variations. 1488

*deg* *deg*

*i2000[deg]*

Also additional observations of (99942) Apophis and (144898) 2004 VD17 were added.

**4. Some new impact solution for (99942) Apophis and (144898) 2004 VD17**  The new versions of the NEODyS-2: http://newton.dm.unipi.it/neodys/index.php?pc=0 and the new version of the OrbFit software: http://adams.dm.unipi.it/~orbmaint/orbfit/

on the computed impact solutions in this short about 100 years time span.

2004 VD17 motion is less influenced.

were appeared.

**4.1 (99942) Apophis**

orbit: epoch 2011 Aug. 27.0.

**3.3 (144898) 2004 VD17: The JPL Ephemerides** 

RMS deduced from the tests of the paper cited above.

Pallas, (3) Juno, (4) Vesta and (10) Hygiea were used.

*M[deg] a[AU] e*

Table 10 lists orbital elements of (144898) 2004 VD17 performed using all observations available up to 1st Oct., 2011. There were 981 optical observations of which 4 were rejected as outliers. The orbit was computed by the author using the OrbFit software v. 4.2. The JPL NASA Ephemerides DE405 and additional perturbations from massive asteroids: (1) Ceres, (2) Pallas, (3) Juno, (4) Vesta and (10) Hygiea were used.


Table 10. (144898) 2004 VD17: orbital elements together with theirs 1- variations. 981 observations from 2513 days (2002/02/16.46212 – 2009/01/03.40647), *rms*=0.402". Nominal orbit: epoch 2011 Aug. 27.0.

**5** 

Bijay Sharma

*India* 

**Enigma of the Birth and Evolution of Solar** 

*Electronics and Communication Department, National Institute of Technology, Patna* 

From ancient times there has been a quest to understand the position of human kind in the cosmic order and to develop predictive system which could warn us of the impending natural calamity. In a continuing quest for an accurate predictive system, in Greek times Ptolemy kept our Planet at the center of the Universe and propagated the Geo-centric World View [Gale (2005-2006), Lawson (2004)]. In 16th century at the height of Renaissance, in a paradigm shift work but which was very much in keeping with common-sense , Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician, astronomer and catholic monk, presented his book "*De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* (on the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres)" first printed in 1542 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation[Hawking (2005), Kuhn (1957), Windleband (1958), Crowe (1990)]. It offered a new framework for calculating the positions of the planets and this computational framework was tied to a Helio-centric

This Helio-centric Model was a natural consequence of common sense logic because the Sun was the heaviest object. The mass of Sun had been established during the renaissance by Sir Issac Newton [Hawking (2005)].This simple model at one stroke removed all the anomalies observed in the motion of the planets till then. But still it stood against a wall. The concept of helio-centrism was very much there in Greek Times [ Gomez 2011] but the religious dogma and over-possessiveness of the idea of superiority of human-kind over all living kinds compelled geo-centric world view as the correct and the official tenant of the Greek times. This dogma persisted. Such were the dogmatism of the Dark Mediaeval Period that in 1553 Michael Servetus [Goldstone & Goldstone(2002), Janz (1953)] was burnt at stake for advancing

new ideas contrary to those of the Church. New ideas were considered heretical ideas.

In 1584 a young theologioan and naturalist by the name of Giordano Bruno [Singer (1950), Yates (1964), Brix (1998)] came on the European Scene. He boldly proclaimed the correctness of Helio-centric Model and he went a step forward saying that all stars were like our Sun, that there may be many more *extra terrestrial solar systems , many more exo-planets and many more extra terrestrial intelligence*. There was nothing sacrosanct about Man and his Earth just as there is nothing special about Chinese Civilization and their Middle Kingdom. This was

**1. Introduction** 

World View [Hawking (2005)].

the final nail in his coffin.

**Systems May Be Solved by Invoking** 

**Planetary-Satellite Dynamics** 

No impact solutions were found for (144898) VD17 in the next 100 year in the future. Similar solution, no possible impact, were detected by the JPL NASA and by the NEODyS.
