**2.3.1 Loose, earthen materials**

426 Solar Radiation

**Ceramic blocks** Ceramic blocks, brown 46-49 49.0 24.0 37.1 34.5 33.0 32.0 Ceramic blocks, beige, new 43-45 45.0 23.0 35.5 32.2 30.0 32.0 Ceramic blocks, beige, old 46-47 47.0 25.0 39.0 32.2 31.0 32.0 Ceramic blocks, beige, shade 26-29 30.0 24.0 26.7 32.2 28.0 32.0 **Wooden surfaces**  Wood (mean) 53.3-59 59.0 29.3 46.2 32.6 28.7 32.3 **Asphalt concrete** Asphalt, old (mean) 48.4-51.4 51.4 27.0 42.1 31.6 36.4 31.7 Asphalt, new (mean) 55.3-59.1 59.1 26.8 46.9 33.7 39.0 32.2 Asphalt, shade (mean) 29.8-32.7 32.7 24.8 28.4 32.7 29.5 32.3 **Vegetative cover and Water**  Grass, green, irrigated 31.3-34.5 34.5 19.7 28.8 32.6 24.5 32.0 Grass, dry 41-45 45.0 23.0 34.9 30.8 34.9 32.0 Grass, shade 27-30.5 30.5 18.5 25.0 33.4 25.5 32.0 Bushes, evergreen 29-34 34.0 24.0 29.5 33.8 29.0 32.5 Water (mean) 24.6-26 25.5 24.5 25.6 33.8 25.5 32.0 Table 1. Overview of the in-situ surface temperature measurements in urban open spaces.

**2.3 Results of experimental measurements of paving materials** 

surface.

surface.

The results of the experimental measurements, are presented in Table 2.

Fig. 4. Experimental measurements of paving materials. Placement of samples on a flat roof

Fig. 5. Experimental measurements of paving materials. Placement of samples on a flat roof

Loose materials (gravel, light brown sandy soil and dark brown peat soil) were placed in 30x30x4 cm wooden boxes in order to achieve similar dimensions to those of the rest of the materials' samples. The gravel surface was significantly cooler than the other two samples (Table 2). The earth samples' temperature reached mean maximum surface temperatures of between 57.2 oC and 63 oC, depending on their colour. These temperatures were very high (22.7 oC and 28.5 oC higher) compared to the respective mean maximum air temperature. It should be noted that after 15:00 hr, the surface temperatures of the earth samples began to drop steeply, by 4 to 6 oC every hour. As a result, after sunset, the materials were cooler than the air by 2 to 3 oC. The mean temperatures of the earth samples were equal to 42 oC and 45,3 oC and were higher than the mean air temperature by 11.4 oC and 14 oC, respectively.
