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**30** 

 *Maryland, USA* 

**Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus** 

Members of the family *Paramyxoviridae* are pleomorphic enveloped viruses that contain a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome of 13-19 kilobases (Lamb and Parks, 2007). These viruses have been isolated from many species of avian, terrestrial and aquatic animals around the world. Some members of the family *Paramyxoviridae* are well known human (measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus and various human parainfluenza viruses) and animal (rinderpest virus, canine distemper virus and Newcastle disease virus [NDV]) pathogens, while the pathogenic potential of many others is still unknown. The family is divided into two subfamilies, *Paramyxovirinae* and *Pneumovirinae*. Subfamily *Paramyxovirinae* is further divided into five genera: *Rubulavirus, Respirovirus, Henipavirus*, *Morbillivirus* and *Avulavirus*. Subfamily *Pneumovirinae* is divided into two genera: *Pneumovirus* and

All paramyxoviruses that have been isolated to date from avian species are placed in the genus *Avulavirus* except for avian metapneumoviruses which are placed in the genus *Metapneumovirus* due to antigenic differences and differences in genetic organization*.* The avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) that comprise genus *Avulavirus* have been divided into nine different serotypes (APMV-1 through -9) based on haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assays (Alexander and Collins, 1984). APMV-1 comprises all strains of NDV and is the most characterized serotype due to the severity of disease caused by virulent NDV strains in chickens. (Alexander, 1980a). The complete genome sequences and the molecular determinants of virulence have been determined for representative NDV strains (Krishnamurthy and Samal, 1998; de Leeuw and Peeters, 1999; Huang et al., 2004; Panda et al., 2004; Rout and Samal, 2008). As a first step in characterizing the other APMV serotypes, complete genome sequences of one or more representatives of APMV serotypes 2 to 9 were recently determined, expanding our knowledge about these viruses (Chang et al., 2001; Kumar et al., 2008; Nayak et al., 2008; Subbiah et al., 2008;

NDV causes respiratory, neurological or enteric disease in birds. Among poultry, chickens are the most susceptible while geese and ducks are the least susceptible (Wakamatsu et al.,

**1. Introduction** 

*Metapneumovirus* (Mayo, 2002).

Paldurai et al., 2009; Samuel et al., 2009; Xiao et al., 2009).

**Serotype-3 in Chickens and Turkeys** 

*Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine,* 

Sachin Kumar and Siba K. Samal

 *University of Maryland, College Park,* 

