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372 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

(Bednarek & Kondracki, 2002). Bromhexine also enhances mucus transport by reducing mucus viscosity and by activating the ciliated epithelium. Bromhexine is contained in various formulations (high and low strength syrups, tablets intended mainly for companies animals), however in cattle practice the most useful form is injectable preparation (Eres, Bisolvon, Bisolvomicin, Flegamina) recommended in affected calves at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg b.w. *i.m.* for 5 to 7 consecutive days. Bromhexine is a well established and well tolerated

Other expectorants have been used too in chronic cases of coughing in course of BRD (Andrews, 2004). These include a mixture of strychnine hydroxide, arsenic trioxide and ferric ammonium citrate given at a dose of about 5 ml orally twice daily, or diphenhydramine hydrochloride, ammonium chloride, sodium citrate and menthol at 5-10 ml orally two or three times daily. There is limited benefit form the antihistaminic action of diphenhydramine hydrochloride in cases of calf pneumonia. This resent indication has been accepted too but many clinicians consider that using antihistamines is a little effective in calf bronchopneumonia. This is probably because the main proinflammatory mediator of cattle is not histamine like and human and other mammals but 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine). The histamine that is released occurs very quickly following the antibody-antigen reaction so that antihistamines can only be of use in the early stages of the inflammatory response. Among of the drugs in USA recently for the large animal medicine (horses, cattle) are used tripelennamine hydrochloride at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. *i.m.* once a day (Divers, 2011). The

Presented above the basic principles and drugs used for the optimal therapeutic strategy of BRD especially within Grade 3 of the disease are very important to maintain the profitability of cattle breading. This strategy is a combination of an antibiotic acting against the relevant pathogens (eg. florfenicol) and an NSAID acting against the deleterious effects of inflammation (eg, flunixin) additionally supported by the correctors of mechanical and secretolitic lung disorders (Expectorants, bronchodilators). This strategy were confirmed by several experimental and field tests showing an improvement of clinical signs and a reduction of pulmonary dysfunction and lung consolidation in animals receiving such a

In the complex control measures of BRD should be added too about prevention using vaccination programmes. There are various vaccines available both live or attenuated consist of only one or a few bacterial or/and viral antigens. Dead vaccines are used to provide immunity against *P. multocida* and septicemic and pneumonic strains of *M. haemolytica* and *H. somni* (eg, Hiprabovis pneumos, Pastobov, Bovilis Bovipast). Killed or modified live polyvalent vaccines are used in many countries and also in Poland, and contain antigens such as BRSV, PI3 (Rispoval, Bovilis Bovipast), BVDV (Mucosiffa, Bovilis BVD) and BHV1. Recently the last presented antigen is widely utilized in the construction of so-called marker vaccines both live (eg, Rispoval-IBR marker vivum, Hiprabovis-IBR marker live) and inactivated (eg, Ibraxion, Rispoval-IBR-marker inactivatum, Bovilis IBR – marker inactivatum) applied in IBR eradication based on DIVA system i.e. **D**ifferentiating **I**nfected from **V**accinated **A**nimals. The vaccines are usually administered parenterally and usually require two injections to produce immunity. Recent developments have included combined live and dead viral components of the four main antigens which are injected intramuscularly (eg, Rispoval 3). When live vaccines are used, the integrity of the vaccine

product in its indication.

combined therapy.

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**Epidemiology, Zoonotic Aspect** 

**and Current Epidemiological** 

*Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Pulawy,* 

*National Veterinary Research Institute,* 

*Poland* 

**Situation of Q Fever in Poland** 

Krzysztof Niemczuk and Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska

Q fever (for query fever) is a zoonosis caused by *Coxiella burnetii,* a small gram-negative (0.2 to 0.4 μm wide, 0.4 to 1 μm long), obligate-intracellular bacterium. Historically, it was considered as *Rickettsia* but gene-sequence analysis classifies *Coxiella* genus in the order

Pleomorphic bacteria are classified in three groups: large cell variants (LCV), small-cell variants (SVC) and small dense cells (SDC). The SCVs and the SDCs are the most frequent forms in the host and certainly (the most) resistant forms in the environment. The LCV form of *Coxiella burnetii,* which shares features common with gram-negative bacteria, diffuse chromatin and process clearly distinguishable outside and cytoplasmic membranes with LPS exposed on the surface. The LCVs are larger, more pleomorphic and metabolically active than the SCVs and the SDCs. The SDCs have been visualised in LCV as endospores, and they may be liberated upon the lysis of LCV or binary transverse fission with unequal cell division. The SDCs alone have never been isolated, free-living amoeba can provide an intra-cellular niche for SDC formation and survival of *Coxiella burnetii* in the environment. Binary transverse fission was observed both in the SCVs and the LCVs in cells cultured. The form changes within lifecycle of *Coxiella burnetii* are strategy to survive (Arricau-Bouvery &

*Coxiella burnetii* occurs in two phases. In the culture, it transforms from a virulent phase I type to an avirulent phase II. In the phase II, bacteria have alerted expression of cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS), do not occur in nature and are killed by macrophages (Hotta et al., 2002). The survival strategy of the bacteria is based on multiplication in mature phagosomes of monocytes/macrophages. The virulence is connected to the LPS expression. The virulent *Coxiella burnetii* entered into monocytes through αvβ3 integrin and survived inside the cells (Dellacasagrande et al., 2000). Avirulent variants were more easily ingested than virulent bacteria but they were eliminated by monocytes. Their phagocytosis was mediated by αvβ<sup>3</sup> integrin-IAP complex and CR3, suggesting that the efficiency of *Coxiella burnetii*  phagocytosis mainly results from the activation and CR3-dependent phagocytosis, thus

**1. Introduction** 

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*Legionellale*, family *Coxiellaceae* (Seheradi, 2003).

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