**12. References**


Of these failures 5 had revision anoplasty which was successful in 4 animals and 3 had concurrent colotomy for fecal impaction removal, all with good results (Ellison & Papazoglou 2011). Subtotal colectomy that was performed in one dog with type II atresia ani 2 weeks after anoplasty continued to show constipation associated with megacolon 9 months after surgery (Viana & Tobias, 2005). Colotomy or subtotal colectomy might be performed at the same time with anoplasty to help improve colonic function in animals with

In the larger study reported to date 10 of 12 dogs with type I and II atresia ani survived long term with survival times ranged from 12-96 months and 6 of the 8 animals were continent. In contrast 2 of the 3 animals having type III atresia ani were euthanized because of

Anorectal malformations represent a wide spesctrum of disorders in boys and girls associated with urogenital tract, sacral or spinal defects. These defects are grouped in anatomic categories sharing similar prognosis and management. Treatment of these anorectal malformations aims at anatomical reconstruction, diagnosis and treatment of any associated defects and provides patients with good quality of life by addressing the functional sequelae of these malformations (Pena & Hong, 2000). The most common defect in males include imperforate anus with rectourethral fistula; some of these fistulas are associated with good quality muscles, well developed sacrum and anal dimple whereas some others are related with poor quality muscles, abnormally developed sacrum and hardly visible dimple. The most common defect in females is rectovestibular fistula and this anomaly has excellent functional prognosis (Levitt & Penna, 2005). About 75% of the patients with anorectal malformations will pass voluntary bowel motions and enjoy a good quality of life postoperatively, while constipation urinary and fecal incontinence are

common complications following anorectal reconstruction (Pena & Hong, 2000).

*North America*, Vol. 4, No. 3, (August 1974), pp. 535-550

(Ed), 682-708, Saunders, ISBN 0721686079, Philadelphia, USA

Amand, W. (1974). Nonneurogenic disorders of the anus and rectum. *Veterinary Clinics of* 

Aronson, L. (2003). Rectum and Anus, In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, D. Slatter,

Bornet, J. (1990). Fistule recto-vaginale et imporforation anale chez une chatte: traitment

Bright, R. & Bauer M. (1994). Surgery of the digestive system, In: The Cat Diseases and

Brown, C., Baker, D. & Barker, I. (2007). Alimentary system, In: Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's

chirurgical. *Bulletin de l'Academie Veterinaire de France*, Vol. 63, No. 1, (January-

Clinical Management, R. Sherding, (Ed), 1353-1401, Churchill Livingstone, ISBN

Pathology of Domestic Animals, M. Maxie (Ed), ISBN 13978070202785, Saunders,

colonic dilatation or megacolon.

**10. Outcome and prognosis** 

**12. References** 

March 1990), pp. 53-65

Edinburgh, UK

0443088799, New York, USA

continuous tenesmus (Ellison & Papazoglou, 2011).

**11. Comparative aspects of atresia ani** 


**12** 

 *Poland* 

**Prospective Study of Tumor Markers as** 

**Prognostic Factors in the Histopathological** 

Cancer constitutes a major problem in animal pathology and is a subject of intensive research. The aim of this study was to gain comprehensive knowledge of cancer biology. Some animal tumors are also considered good research models in comparative oncology. Literature and own studies show that dogs often suffer from skin cancer and mammary gland tumors (Moulton, 1990). The incidence of mammary gland tumors in female canines is second only to skin cancer (Misdorp & Meuten, 2002; Ramalho et al, 2006). They most commonly appear between 6 and 10 years of age (Misdorp & Meuten, 2002; Hampe & Misdorp, 1974; Kubiak, 200). There are also documented cases of such tumors as early as at the age of two years and, very rarely, in males (Moulton, 1990). Histopathological examination in about 40-50% of cases shows malignant tumors, most of which are of epithelial origin (Rutteman, 2001). These cancers originate from epithelial follicles or ducts and take forms of papillary adenocarcinomas, simple or complex tubular and solid cancers (Misdorp & Meuten, 2002). There are also tumors derived from myoepithelial cells and mesenchymal tissue. In veterinary medicine there is a constant search for prognostic factors and predictors that allow for proper evaluation of the disease state, survival, susceptibility to treatment and risk of relapse. Recognized factors are: age of the animal, sentinel lymph node status, histological type of tumor and a histological grade of differentiation of malignancy. Beside the fundamental method in cancer diagnosis, which is the histopathological examination, additional information useful in this regard is provided by research on cancer biology, including, among others, the study of tumor markers. In histological examination of a tumor, markers of proliferative activity such as mitotic index, thymidine labeling index, percentage of cells in the S phase of cell cycle, expression of nuclear antigen Ki-67 and proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA) are also taken into account. The following factors are also examined: expression of estrogen receptors, growth factor receptors such as: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), growth hormone (GH),markers of high risk of metastasis: plasminogen activator and cathepsin D, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: c -erbB-2, c-myc, p53,

**1. Introduction** 

**Differential Diagnosis of Mammary Gland** 

**Neoplasms in Female Canines** 

*Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology,* 

Anna M. Badowska-Kozakiewicz

*Medical University of Warsaw,* 

