**11.2.1 African trypanosomosis (Nagana)**

African trypanosomoses caused by T. brucei brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. simiae, these species affect all domestic mammals and transmitted by tsetse flies.

The most pathogens species in cattle are T. congolense and T. vivax. T. congolense and T. vivax caused severe disease in cattle, sheep, and goat but T. brucei brucei causes a subclinical infection in cattle, and severe disease in sheep, and goat (Radostits et al., 2008). Trypanosoma evansi causes surra disease of cattle in India.

In Ethiopia the prevalence of infection in bovine which is caused by by T. species are reported as below:

T. vivax 90.5%; T. congolence 4%; and mixed infection of T. vivax and T. congolence 5.5% (Mihret and Mamo, 2007).

T. theileri is nonpathpgeic and reported in Nourth Americabut occasionally occur parasitemia that causes fever, depression, and decreased milk production (Carlson, 2009b).

#### **11.3 Pathogenesis**

In African Trypanosomosis, after entering through the skin, parasite reach to the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Infection characterized with parasitemia. Some trypanasoma spp. invade extravascular spaces such as the ocular aqueous humor and cerebral spinal fluid. Some trypanasoma spp. may produce hemolysin that causes anemia in the host. Then, phagocytic activity increased because of the massive erythrocyte failure. (Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b).

#### **11.4 Clinical findings**

Clinical findings are based on the speed of onset of anemia and the grade of organ impairment. Trypanasomosis can be acute, subacute, or chronic. In acute form abortion, drop in milk, depression, anorexia can be seen. Hyperemic mucous membranes and lacrimation also can be occur. In subacute form clinical signs include weight loss, enlargement of lymph nodes and dry hair coat. In chronic form dull, dry hair coat, inelastic skin, lethargy, pale mucous membranes and execise intolerance may be seen (Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b) .

T. theileri rarely causes clinical signs, but sometimes parasitemia may develope (Carlson, 2009b).

### **11.5 Diagnosis**

Diagnosis can be based on the clinical findings, presence of vectors, appearance of trypanasomes on a fresh blood smear, or a Giemsa-stained blood smear. Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) and the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (ELISA) test are used for diagnosis (Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b) .

#### **11.6 Treatment and control**

The most common drugs that is used for treatment of trypanosomosis are shown below.


Vector control can help to control or prevent trypanosomosis. Insecticides can be used for prevent bites by tsetse flies and other flies (Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b) .

#### **12. References**

496 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

African trypanosomoses caused by T. brucei brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. simiae,

The most pathogens species in cattle are T. congolense and T. vivax. T. congolense and T. vivax caused severe disease in cattle, sheep, and goat but T. brucei brucei causes a subclinical infection in cattle, and severe disease in sheep, and goat (Radostits et al., 2008).

In Ethiopia the prevalence of infection in bovine which is caused by by T. species are

T. vivax 90.5%; T. congolence 4%; and mixed infection of T. vivax and T. congolence 5.5%

T. theileri is nonpathpgeic and reported in Nourth Americabut occasionally occur parasitemia that causes fever, depression, and decreased milk production (Carlson, 2009b).

In African Trypanosomosis, after entering through the skin, parasite reach to the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Infection characterized with parasitemia. Some trypanasoma spp. invade extravascular spaces such as the ocular aqueous humor and cerebral spinal fluid. Some trypanasoma spp. may produce hemolysin that causes anemia in the host. Then, phagocytic activity increased because of the massive erythrocyte failure.

Clinical findings are based on the speed of onset of anemia and the grade of organ impairment. Trypanasomosis can be acute, subacute, or chronic. In acute form abortion, drop in milk, depression, anorexia can be seen. Hyperemic mucous membranes and lacrimation also can be occur. In subacute form clinical signs include weight loss, enlargement of lymph nodes and dry hair coat. In chronic form dull, dry hair coat, inelastic skin, lethargy, pale mucous

T. theileri rarely causes clinical signs, but sometimes parasitemia may develope (Carlson,

Diagnosis can be based on the clinical findings, presence of vectors, appearance of trypanasomes on a fresh blood smear, or a Giemsa-stained blood smear. Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) and the enzyme-linked immunospecific assay (ELISA) test are used for

The most common drugs that is used for treatment of trypanosomosis are shown below.

membranes and execise intolerance may be seen (Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b) .

these species affect all domestic mammals and transmitted by tsetse flies.

Trypanosoma evansi causes surra disease of cattle in India.

**11.2 Epidemiology** 

reported as below:

**11.3 Pathogenesis** 

**11.4 Clinical findings** 

2009b).

**11.5 Diagnosis** 

(Mihret and Mamo, 2007).

(Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b).

diagnosis (Cebra, C., and Cebra, M., 2002b) .

**11.6 Treatment and control** 

**11.2.1 African trypanosomosis (Nagana)** 


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**Part 4** 

**Research in Veterinary Medicine** 


**Part 4** 

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**24** 

 *Belgium* 

**Vitronectin and Its Receptor (Integrin αvβ3)** 

The complex series of molecular interactions between male and female gametes required for successful fertilization has captured the interest of several research groups for many years (Benoff 1997). Even though substantial insights into these interactions have been elucidated in particular in human and mouse (Fusi *et al.* 1992; 1996*a*; 1996*b*; Almeida *et al.* 1995; Evans *et al.* 1995; Bronson & Fusi 1996), a clear identification of the underlying mechanisms and molecules implicated in bovine fertilization is still required. The involvement of numerous carbohydrates and glycoproteins in adhesion and binding events during several reproductive processes has been described in ruminants, ranging from roles in spermoviduct adhesion (Revah *et al.* 2000; Talevi & Gualtieri 2001; Sostaric *et al.* 2005; Gwathmey *et al.* 2006; Ignotz *et al.* 2007), sperm-oocyte interactions (Gougoulidis *et al.* 1999; Amari *et al.*

A convenient way to study receptor-ligand interactions is to incubate sperm and/or oocytes with possible ligands in order to inhibit fertilization. Using this approach, Tanghe *et al.* (2004*b*) demonstrated that vitronectin – among other glycoproteins and carbohydrates –

Vitronectin (Vn) is a multifunctional 75 kDa glycoprotein - rather exclusively secreted by the liver into the plasma in a monomeric form - and abundantly stored in an essentially multimeric form in diverse extracellular matrices (Stockmann *et al.*1993; Gechtman *et al.* 1997; Francois *et al.* 1999). Like other adhesive proteins (e.g. fibronectin), Vn possesses a heparin binding site and interacts via its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) amino acid sequence with integrin receptors (mainly the αvβ3 integrin) at the cell surface (Bronson *et al.* 2000). Interaction of this glycoprotein with a wide range of macromolecules has been described allowing it to participate in several physiological processes, among which complementmediated cell lysis, cell surface proteolysis, cell adhesion, coagulation and fibrinolysis

2001; Tanghe *et al.* 2004*a*; 2004*b*) to embryo implantation (Spencer *et al.* 2004).

when present during bovine *in vitro* fertilization (IVF) inhibited sperm penetration.

**1. Introduction** 

(Gibson *et al.* 1999; Bronson *et al.* 2000).

**During Bovine Fertilization** *In Vitro*

Mirjan Thys1, Hans Nauwynck2, Leen Vandaele1,

Jo Bijttebier1, Dominiek Maes1,

 Herman Favoreel2 and Ann Van Soom1 *1Dept. of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, 2Dept. of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ghent University,* 
