**1. Introduction**

596 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

Xiao, S., Paldurai, A., Nayak, B., Subbiah, M., Collins, P.L. and Samal, S.K. Complete

comparison with other paramyxoviruses. *Virus Res* 145 (2009), pp. 80-91.

genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 7 (strain Tennessee) and

Many small holder farmers in the south western agro-ecological zone (SWAEZ) of Uganda have for a very long time been using medicinal plants especially *Erythrina abyssinica* and *Capsicum annum* for the management of worms, Newcastle disease and other microbial infections respectively in local poultry (Nsubuga-Mutaka *et al*., 2005 and Lagu and Kayanja (2010). Commonly the root barks of *Erythrina abyssinica* are picked crushed and mixed with water and administered to the birds. The ripped fruits of *Capsicum annum* are picked crushed and mixed with solutions of ash and water (ITDG and IIRR) (1996); Lagu and Kayanja (2010). These medicinal combinations are mainly given to birds to treat them against worms and other microbial infections and worms (ITDG and IIRR, 1996). The farmers have been using these medicinal plant extracts for a very long time Katunguka-Rwakishaya *et al.,* 2004; Olila *et al.,* 2007; Ejobi *et al.,* (2007). It is however, not clear if the *Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum annum* have activity against the common microbes that affect the poultry. This study aims to investigate the anti-microbial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of *Erythrina abyssinica* and *Capsicum annum* used by the farmers in the control and treatment of common poultry infections in the south western agro-ecological zone of Uganda.

### **2. Materials and methods**

#### **2.1 Identification and description of medicinal plants (for Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum annum)**

#### **2.1.1 Erythrina abyssinica (Leguminosae)**

Erythrina abyssinica (Leguminosae)is a species of leguminous tree as seen in Figure 1. It is distributed in Congo Republic (ex Belgian), the Sudanese Republic, Ethiopia, Eritrea,

*In Vitro* Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum

**2.1.2 Capsicum annum (***solanaceae***)** 

annum (Cayenne pepper).

Fig. 3. *Capsicum annum* plant

**Capsicum annum)** 

annum in Poultry Diseases Control in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone of Uganda 599

Capsicum annum (solanaceae) was identified in the study areas by a botanist from Mbarara University of Science and Technology. *Capsicum annum* belongs to the kingdom plantae plants, subkingdom of tracheobiota (vascular plants), super-division of spermatophyta (seed plants), division of magnoliophyta (flowering plants), class magnoliopsida (dicotyledons), subclass, asteridae, order, solanels, family of solanaceae (potato family), genus capsicum L. (pepper), species *Capsicum annum* L. (cavenne pepper) and variety *Capsicum annum* L. var

Capsicum annum is a perennial shrub growing up to 2 m (6') in height, with woody a trunk? Its leaves have various shapes usually elliptical up to 10 cm (4") long as seen in Figure 1. The flowers are white to yellowish in groups of 2 or 3 followed by small, upright, fiery, green fruits that ripen to red. The active ingredient in the plant is *capsaicin* that is used for management of various medical conditions. The varieties of this "fruit" vary greatly in size, color and pungency. The plant extract that provides therapeutic action is the seed oil.

**2.2 Sample collection and post harvest handling (for Erythrina abyssinica and** 

afternoon and placed in a plastic bag and stored in the vehicle

Information gathered included vernacular names and parts used in the preparation of herbal remedies. The plants were identified by botanist from Mbarara University of Science and Technology. Voucher specimens were deposited in the University. Fresh samples of the plant materials (root barks, stem barks and leaves) of E*rythrina abyssinica* were collected from 500m away from Rubare town in Ntungamo district on 19th May, 2010. Four (4) km away from Rubindi sub county in Mbarara district on 22nd May, 2010. Seven (7) km away from Bugongi sub county in Bushenyi district on 23rd May, 2010 and 4 km away from Lwanda Sub County GPS location S00040.379'; E031028.7779, Rakai district on 16th June, 2010. The seeds and leaves of *Capsicum annum* were collected during early morning to late

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. In northern and western Ethiopia, it is found at elevations between 1600 and 2100 m. *Erythrina abyssinica* (Luganda name: Muyirigiti or Jjirikiti; Runyakole name: Ekiko), is a deciduous savannah legume. It grows in open woodland and grassland. It has characteristic red overflowing flowers. It can be propagated through seedlings, cuttings and truncheons. In the south western rangelands of Uganda, it is sometimes planted along fences of paddocks to support barbed wires. It has various traditional medicinal applications in livestock. It is also used in traditional human medicine Figure 2.

Fig. 1. Erythrina abyssinica tree

Fig. 2. Dry root barks of *Erythrinna abyssinica* 

#### **2.1.2 Capsicum annum (***solanaceae***)**

598 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. In northern and western Ethiopia, it is found at elevations between 1600 and 2100 m. *Erythrina abyssinica* (Luganda name: Muyirigiti or Jjirikiti; Runyakole name: Ekiko), is a deciduous savannah legume. It grows in open woodland and grassland. It has characteristic red overflowing flowers. It can be propagated through seedlings, cuttings and truncheons. In the south western rangelands of Uganda, it is sometimes planted along fences of paddocks to support barbed wires. It has various traditional medicinal applications in livestock. It is also used in traditional human medicine

Figure 2.

Fig. 1. Erythrina abyssinica tree

Fig. 2. Dry root barks of *Erythrinna abyssinica* 

Capsicum annum (solanaceae) was identified in the study areas by a botanist from Mbarara University of Science and Technology. *Capsicum annum* belongs to the kingdom plantae plants, subkingdom of tracheobiota (vascular plants), super-division of spermatophyta (seed plants), division of magnoliophyta (flowering plants), class magnoliopsida (dicotyledons), subclass, asteridae, order, solanels, family of solanaceae (potato family), genus capsicum L. (pepper), species *Capsicum annum* L. (cavenne pepper) and variety *Capsicum annum* L. var annum (Cayenne pepper).

Capsicum annum is a perennial shrub growing up to 2 m (6') in height, with woody a trunk? Its leaves have various shapes usually elliptical up to 10 cm (4") long as seen in Figure 1. The flowers are white to yellowish in groups of 2 or 3 followed by small, upright, fiery, green fruits that ripen to red. The active ingredient in the plant is *capsaicin* that is used for management of various medical conditions. The varieties of this "fruit" vary greatly in size, color and pungency. The plant extract that provides therapeutic action is the seed oil.

Fig. 3. *Capsicum annum* plant

#### **2.2 Sample collection and post harvest handling (for Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum annum)**

Information gathered included vernacular names and parts used in the preparation of herbal remedies. The plants were identified by botanist from Mbarara University of Science and Technology. Voucher specimens were deposited in the University. Fresh samples of the plant materials (root barks, stem barks and leaves) of E*rythrina abyssinica* were collected from 500m away from Rubare town in Ntungamo district on 19th May, 2010. Four (4) km away from Rubindi sub county in Mbarara district on 22nd May, 2010. Seven (7) km away from Bugongi sub county in Bushenyi district on 23rd May, 2010 and 4 km away from Lwanda Sub County GPS location S00040.379'; E031028.7779, Rakai district on 16th June, 2010. The seeds and leaves of *Capsicum annum* were collected during early morning to late afternoon and placed in a plastic bag and stored in the vehicle

*In Vitro* Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum

**Erythrina abbysinica, the leaves and fruits of Capsicum annum** 

inoculated agar at reasonable distance apart (approximately 5 cm).

**2.4.1 Materials required antimicrobial activity** 

**2.4.2 Method antimicrobial activity** 

physiological saline; incubator.

thoroughly well.

for 5 minutes at room temperature (i.e. 25oC).

**2.3.3 Standardization of dosages** 

from the formulae given above.

University.

Incubator.

annum in Poultry Diseases Control in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone of Uganda 601

The information gained on the percent yields of crude extracts was used for standardizing dosage rates of fine powder preparations of the plant materials. For example, the amount of crude extract contained in a known weight of fine powder of plant materials was calculated

**2.4 Determination of antimicrobial activity of the leaves, root bark and stem bark of** 

The concentrated extracts of the roots, stem and leaves of *Erythrina abyssinica* and *Capsicum annum*, from the National Chemotherapeutics Laboratory, Wandegeya were transported to the department of microbiology laboratory at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere

Bacterial culture; Mueller Hinton agar medium; Nutrient broth; Plant extracts; Bunsen flame; Micro pipettor (10µl-200µl), adjustable; Spreader/wire loop; Agar borer and

Approximately 2-5 freshly grown bacterial colonies of the test organism were emulsified into Nutrient broth and incubated for 10-15 minutes at room temperature. With a spreader of wire loop, Mueller Hinton agar plate was evenly inoculated and plate allowed to stand

Using a sterile agar borer (Sterilized using a bunsen flame), wells were dug into the

The plant extract(s) were transferred into the created agar wells till when full. Extract were not allowed to float on the agar surface. The plate lid was replaced and did not turn the petri-dish upside down. The setup was incubated at 37oC overnight. The presence for bacterial inhibition zones around each well looked for. Appearance of clear zones around a well was indicative of the anti bacterial activity of an extracts (Bizimenyera *et al*., 2005).

Broth culture of test organism (s); known concentration of plant extracts (e.g. 0.5g/ml, 1g/ml etc); set of test tubes; micro-pipettor (adjustable 100µl-1000µl); Nutrient broth; Sterile

A set of test tubes were dispensed 0.5 ml (500µl) of physiological saline. An equal volume (i.e. 0.5ml) of test plant extract were added to the saline in first tube and mixed the two

**2.4.3 Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of extract** 

**2.4.3.1 Materials for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of extract** 

**2.4.3.2 Method for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of extract** 

During field collection of the samples, the sites where the plants were found were geographically and ecologically described. Ejobi *et al*., 2007 found out that these plants were abundantly found in all areas in the SWAEZ. The quantity of each plant biomass collected depended on approximately with the amount of plant biomass needed to yield enough concentrates for in vitro studies. The plant materials were kept in a plant press in the department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology. The plants were dried at room temperature at Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Mba ZARDI). The partially dried plants samples were collected and packed in a plastic bag and then transported to Natural Chemothepeutics Research laboratories (NCRL) Wandegeya, Kampala for extraction and concentration of plant extracts.

The concentrated samples were taken to the Microbiology and Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University for the activity studies. Voucher specimens of the plants collected were as follows; Root barks Ntu001Ea, Bus 002Ea, Mbra 003 Ea, Rakai 004 Ea; the stem barks included Ntu005Ea, Bus 006Ea, Mbra 007Ea, Rakai 008 Ea. The leaves sample include Ntu009Ea, Bus 010Ea, Mbra 011Ea, Rakai 012 Ea.

The Voucher specimens for *Capsicum annum* viz; Leaves Ntu001Ca, Bus002Ca, Mbra003Ca, Rakai 004Ca. Fruits Ntu005Ca, Bus006Ca, Mbra007Ca, Rakai008Ca of the plants studied was kept in the departmental laboratory.

#### **Drying and milling**

The leaves, root bark and stem bark of *Erythrina abbysinica* and the leaves and fruits of *Capsicum annum* from Mbarara, Bushenyi, Ntungamo and Rakai districts were dried at 50- 60oC in a vacuum oven for 24 hours. The dry plant material samples were milled using an electric grinder in fine particles.

#### **2.3 Obtaining process of crude extracts of the plant parts used, including the determination of 'extract yield" and "Standardization of dosages"**

The leaves, root bark and stem bark of *Erythrina abbysinica* leaves and fruits of *Capsicum annum*
