**2.3.2 Determination of extract yield**

The percentage yield of the extract was determined gravimetrically using the dry weight of extract (x) and soaked samples material (y) as follows

$$\text{Percentage yield} = \text{x/y} \, \text{\*} 100 \tag{1}$$

#### **2.3.3 Standardization of dosages**

600 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

During field collection of the samples, the sites where the plants were found were geographically and ecologically described. Ejobi *et al*., 2007 found out that these plants were abundantly found in all areas in the SWAEZ. The quantity of each plant biomass collected depended on approximately with the amount of plant biomass needed to yield enough concentrates for in vitro studies. The plant materials were kept in a plant press in the department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology. The plants were dried at room temperature at Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Mba ZARDI). The partially dried plants samples were collected and packed in a plastic bag and then transported to Natural Chemothepeutics Research laboratories (NCRL)

The concentrated samples were taken to the Microbiology and Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University for the activity studies. Voucher specimens of the plants collected were as follows; Root barks Ntu001Ea, Bus 002Ea, Mbra 003 Ea, Rakai 004 Ea; the stem barks included Ntu005Ea, Bus 006Ea, Mbra 007Ea, Rakai 008

The Voucher specimens for *Capsicum annum* viz; Leaves Ntu001Ca, Bus002Ca, Mbra003Ca, Rakai 004Ca. Fruits Ntu005Ca, Bus006Ca, Mbra007Ca, Rakai008Ca of the plants studied was

The leaves, root bark and stem bark of *Erythrina abbysinica* and the leaves and fruits of *Capsicum annum* from Mbarara, Bushenyi, Ntungamo and Rakai districts were dried at 50- 60oC in a vacuum oven for 24 hours. The dry plant material samples were milled using an

The leaves, root bark and stem bark of *Erythrina abbysinica* leaves and fruits of *Capsicum* 

The milled samples (100-500g) were soaked in 70% ethanol (5L) for 48hours with frequent shaking. Thereafter the extracts were filtered first with cotton wool followed by Whatman filter paper® and stored in at room temperature. The filtrate was then concentrated using vacuum rotary evaporator. The concentrates were then dried in vacuum oven at 60oC to

The percentage yield of the extract was determined gravimetrically using the dry weight of

Percentage yield = x/y \* 100 (1)

**2.3 Obtaining process of crude extracts of the plant parts used, including the** 

**determination of 'extract yield" and "Standardization of dosages"** 

Wandegeya, Kampala for extraction and concentration of plant extracts.

kept in the departmental laboratory.

electric grinder in fine particles.

**2.3.1 Extraction, filtration and concentration** 

extract (x) and soaked samples material (y) as follows

**2.3.2 Determination of extract yield** 

**Drying and milling** 

*annum*

dryness.

Ea. The leaves sample include Ntu009Ea, Bus 010Ea, Mbra 011Ea, Rakai 012 Ea.

The information gained on the percent yields of crude extracts was used for standardizing dosage rates of fine powder preparations of the plant materials. For example, the amount of crude extract contained in a known weight of fine powder of plant materials was calculated from the formulae given above.

#### **2.4 Determination of antimicrobial activity of the leaves, root bark and stem bark of Erythrina abbysinica, the leaves and fruits of Capsicum annum**

The concentrated extracts of the roots, stem and leaves of *Erythrina abyssinica* and *Capsicum annum*, from the National Chemotherapeutics Laboratory, Wandegeya were transported to the department of microbiology laboratory at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University.
