**6. Conclusion**

AI has been and still is the most used reproductive technique in animals. A lot of research has been done over the last few decades, constantly improving techniques, methods and applications of AI. Routine AI procedures as well as specialized techniques like low-dose inseminations or use of sexed semen offer a wide variety for application of AI in domestic as well as wild and endangered animal species.

#### **7. References**


Artificial Insemination in Veterinary Science 29

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**3** 

*Italy* 

**Steroid Hormones in Food Producing Animals:** 

Hormones are chemicals produced by animals to co-ordinate their physiological activities. They act as messengers, produced in and released from one kind of tissue to gradually

Steroid hormones fulfill an important role at different stages of mammalian development comprising prenatal development, growth, reproduction and sexual and social behavior.

The importance of individual hormones varies between sexes and age and a disruption of

One hormone can have multiple actions, e.g. the male hormone testosterone controls many processes from the development of the foetus, to libido in the adult. Alternatively, one function may be controlled by multiple hormones, e.g. the menstrual cycle involves

Hormones produced by the bodies of humans and animals are called endogenous or natural hormones. Compounds chemically synthesised to mimic the effect of natural hormones are

Hormones are vital in normal development, maturation and physiological functioning of many vital organs and processes in the body. However, like any other chemicals of natural or synthetic origin, hormones may be toxic to living organisms under certain circumstances. The toxicity may be due to an excess of its normal ('physiological') action. This may be the result of excessive exposure to the substance, for example following absorption of a large dose, or because the physicochemical nature of the substance gives it greater or more prolonged activity of the same type, or because the hormonal action occurs at an abnormal time during development or adult life, or is an action on an organism of the inappropriate sex. Hormones, like other chemicals, may also exert direct toxic actions not related to their

Due to the obvious ability to improve weight gain and feed efficiency in meat producing animals, natural hormones and/or the synthetic surrogates have been used in agricultural

oestradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone.

stimulate or inhibit some process in a different tissue over a long period.

the endocrine equilibrium may result in multiple biological effects.

called synthetic or xenobiotic hormones.

endocrine ('physiological') effects.

practice for several decades (table 1).

**1. Introduction** 

**Regulatory Situation in Europe** 

Annamaria Passantino

*University of Messina,* 

 *Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,* 

*Department of Veterinary Public Health,* 

Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) epididymal spermatozoa. *Theriogenology, 66*(5), 1219- 1226.

