**3.4 Clinical findings**

Theileia spp. are classified in to 2 groups. In first group (T. parva and T. annulata), proliferate is seen in lymphocytes but in the second group (T. orientalis) it is seen in erythrocytes that causes hemolytic anemia (Magona et al., 2010).

In Theileria parva incubation period is approximately1-3 weeks (Radostits et al., 2008). One or two days later, the first clinical sign is generalised swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, eyes, ears and submandibular regions. After few days there is anorexia, decreased milk production, loses condition, ceases rumination, rapid hearth beat, petechial haemorrhages under the tongue and on the vulva (Taylor et al., 2007). In cerebral theileriosis there are localized nervous signs and convulsions, tremor, salivation and head pressing (Radostits et al., 2008).

In Theileria annulata, pyrexia, anorexia, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, nasal and ocular discharges and salivation is the most common signs. Constipation is recorded in some cases. Respiratory distress, coughing and pulmonary oedema are seen ( Osman and Gaabary, 2007).

In Theileria orientalis clinical signs are associated with anemia, jaundice and lymphadenopathy (Taylor et al., 2007).

Clinical signs in Theileria velifera is not reported but in Theileria taurotragi mild fever and anemia are reported (Taylor et al., 2007).

In Theileria hicri which is very pathogenic in sheep and goats, in the acute form there is fever, inappetence, ceases rumination, weakness, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, diarrhoea, jaundice, haemorrhage in submucous may ocur. In chronic form there is fever, inappetence, emaciation, anemia and jaundice (Taylor et al., 2007). Theileria hicri is not reported in Turkey (Sayn et al., 2009).

Theileria ovis that is benign theileriosis in sheep and goats, clinically is mild (Taylor et al., 2007).

Protozoan Diseases in Farm Ruminants 481

Fig. 4. Sarcocystis spp. bradizoit smear, impression smear, Giemsa staining, immersion

bovicanis in cattle there is usually loss of hair at the end of the tail (Taylor et al., 2007).

loss of weight, anemia and weakness. Abortion may occur (Taylor et al., 2007).

In cattle is usually asymptomatic, but in heavy infections and nonimmune cattle, clinical signs include fever, anorexia, anemia, weight loss, lameness, abortion and diarrhea (Taylor et al., 2007; Radostits et al., 2008). Neurologic signs are occasionally seen in cattle that include ataxia, tremors, muscular weakness, hypersalivation, blindness, opisthotonos and nystagmus (Radostits et al., 2008; Smith and George, 2009 ). In infections that caused by Sarcocystis

In sheep and goats clinical signs may be asymptomatic. In heavy infections there is fever,

In chronic infections clinical signs include poor weight gain, edema of the limbs, anemia and abortion ( Smith and George, 2009). Neurological disorder that is described in sheep caused by S. Tenella and S. Arieticanis (Radostits et al., 2008). Neurological symptoms, such as depression, in coordination, hind leg paralysis and coma can be seen in Encephalitic

Generally Sarcocystis infections are diagnosed at meat inspection with grossly visible sarcocysts in the animala's muscle. When infection is very heavy in intermediate hosts, clinical signs and histological evidence of schizonts in the blood vessels of organs and the presence of cysts in the muscles at necropsy will be used for diagnosis (Urquhart et al.,

objective

**4.4 Clinical findings** 

Sarcocystosis (Ozmen et al., 2009).

**4.5 Diagnosis** 

1987).
