**7. Acknowledgments**

The authors would like to thank Pró-Reitoria de Extensão e Cultura from Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for financial support8. References

supragingival curettage, subgingival curettage, root planing, gingivectomy, gingivoplasty

Manfra-Marretta et al. (1992) highlighted the importance of subgingival curettage, where the plaques accumulated in the marginal gingiva that cause inflammation and affect the supporting structures of the tooth are removed. A curette to subgingival scrapping may be

After removing all of the dental calculus, teeth must undergo a polishing with a rubber cup. It is not necessary to put a lot of pressure on the tooth and polishing should not exceed 15

If there is severe bone loss, with roots exposure, an elevation of a gingival flap, complete curettage and displacement of the gingival margin closer to the apex of the tooth may be necessary, followed by fixating it with sutures. In the case of failure of this treatment, the

Some surgical techniques are also indicated in the treatment of periodontal disease. According to Gioso (2007), when the periodontal pocket has more than 2 mm depth, partial gingivectomy is indicated, eliminating the pocket and re-forming the normal depth of the gingival sulcus (gingivoplasty). Another indication of the gingivectomy is gingival hyperplasia. In this surgery, excess gingiva is excised with a scalpel blade or electrocautery,

Another surgical technique described is the simple gingiva flap (or retail), which is indicated to obtain access to deeper periodontal structures through the creation of mucogingival flap. For its realisation an incision along the longitudinal axis of the root should be made, preserving the interdental papillae. Subsequently, the gingival flap should be completely translocated with the aid of a periosteum elevator and then root planing and repair of bone defects should be proceeded with. At the end of the procedure the flap should be sutured to

The sliding flap can also be done in order to cover the root in cases of secondary exposure to gingival defect or periodontal disease. In order to do this an adjacent donor site must be identified and a flap at least 2.5 times wider than the defect to be covered must be created. The flap should contain full thickness of the epithelium and connective tissues. The periosteum should be maintained at the donor site, which will be left exposed. The proceeding finishes with the lateral slip of the flap and its suturing with simple interrupted technique, with stitches 1.5 mm apart, in its receptor place (Wiggs & Lobprise, 1997). This surgical technique is also indicated for closure of oronasal fistulas, which are abnormal communications between the oral and nasal cavities. In these cases it is very important to

The authors would like to thank Pró-Reitoria de Extensão e Cultura from Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for financial support8.

provide hermetic sealing of the suture without tension (Bolson & Pachaly, 2004).

used. In some cases it is necessary to do a gingivectomy of periodontal pockets.

seconds per tooth (Manfra-Marretta et al., 1992).

which controls bleeding and is therefore preferred.

its source with separate sutures (Wiggs & Lobprise, 1997).

extraction is the next step (Gioso, 2007).

**7. Acknowledgments** 

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**8** 

*Brazil* 

**Continuous Electrocardiography** 

Guilherme Albuquerque de Oliveira Cavalcanti

A new electrocardiogram (ECG) was started in 1961 when J. Norman Holter introduced a system to record the ECG of a patient during their activities for long periods of time. This method was identified as a method of continuous electrocardiography (CE), long-term electrocardiogram, dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory electrocardiographic, or simply Holter. In subsequent years, the development of technology has introduced a great number of advances and improvements in the fidelity of the recording, size and weight of equipment, systems acquisition and data analysis. The intermittent recording capacity triggered by the owner or by the occurrence of arrhythmia, has become available. Systems to record and reproduce the CE continue to evolve and improvements in the capacity of

The entry of the CE in veterinary medicine contributes to a better understanding of cardiac arrhythmias, to study the cardiac response to drugs and to diagnose heart disease. But before you do the examination, the classic electrocardiographic (ECG) should be performed, because this modality is able to observe the cardiac depolarization for more angles (leads)

The most appropriate method to evaluate the heart rate in dogs is the CE system. This test allows assessment of rhythm for 24 hours, while conventional electrocardiography can only do about 0.2% of this period. Thus, this method allows the recognition of rhythm with the animal in different types of activity (sleep, exercise, feeding) and, consequently, under

Currently this method is most widely using the following conditions: a) confirmation of an arrhythmia as the cause of symptoms that occur during daily activities, b) prediction of future cardiac events, c) evidence of therapeutic efficacy of antiarrhythmic agents, d)

There are some arrhythmias that occur at intervals greater than 24 hours, in such cases it is recommended either to repeat the exam, or use of cardiac event recorders (CER). When the owner presses a button on the device of CER, for example in the moment when the clinical

analysis and editing of commercial systems have frequently been introduced.

**2. The continuous electrocardiographic in diagnosis support** 

detection of myocardial ischemia (MacKie et al., 2010).

**1. Introduction** 

that the CE.

different physiological states.

 **in Dogs and Cats** 

 *Federal University of Minas Gerais,* 

