**2.6.2 Crude extracts of leaves and fruits of** *Capsicum annum*

The yields of *Capsicum annum* leaves and fruits are detailed in Figure 4. It is clear from the tabular representation that leaves had better yield than fruits.

Studies on *Capsicum annum* indicate that fruits extracts of Mbarara have activities on *Salmonella* species and *Psudomonas auroginosa* for the case of fruit extracts from Rakai*.* No microbial activities were noted against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *E.coli*. It was demonstrated that leaves extracts have no microbial activities as illustrated in Table 5 and Figure 7.

Fig. 6. Percentage yield determination for the plant *Capsicum annum* 

Results indicated that leaves of *Capsicum annum* have better yields than fruits of *Capsicum annum* in all the four districts Mbarara, Ntangamo, Rakai and Bushenyi.

Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts against selected bacteria as indicated below

The yields of *Capsicum annum* leaves and fruits are detailed in Figure 4. It is clear from the

Studies on *Capsicum annum* indicate that fruits extracts of Mbarara have activities on *Salmonella* species and *Psudomonas auroginosa* for the case of fruit extracts from Rakai*.* No microbial activities were noted against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *E.coli*. It was demonstrated that leaves extracts have no microbial activities as illustrated in Table 5 and

**2.6.2 Crude extracts of leaves and fruits of** *Capsicum annum*

Fig. 6. Percentage yield determination for the plant *Capsicum annum* 

*annum* in all the four districts Mbarara, Ntangamo, Rakai and Bushenyi.

Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts against selected bacteria as indicated below

Results indicated that leaves of *Capsicum annum* have better yields than fruits of *Capsicum* 

tabular representation that leaves had better yield than fruits.

Figure 7.


Table 5. Antimicrobial assay of *Capsicum annum plant* extracts against selected bacteria

Fig. 7. Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts against selected bacteria.

It was demonstrated that root and stem barks had activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* demonstrated in Table 3.

*In Vitro* Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum

posses some antimicrobial activities as reported by (Ichimaru *et al*., 1996).

activity against Salmonella species and *Escherichia coli.*

were present in the plant *Erythrina abysinnica*.

**Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs)** 

2009 and Ogundare *et al.,* (2006).

antimicrobial activities.

*Pseudomonas aeuroginosa*.

extracts.

annum in Poultry Diseases Control in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone of Uganda 609

The attributing factor for anti bacterial activity of the crude fruit extracts could be due to presence of bioactive constituents' in the extracts. This agrees with findings by Masola *et al*.,

Moriyasu et al., (1998) collected stem bark E.abyssinica from Meru district of Kenya. They carried structural elucidation of new flavanones isolated from E.abyssinica and found presence of prenylated flavanones (abyssinin I(**1**), II (**2**), III(**3**), along with abyssinone V, sigmoidin A, B, C and F, and sigmoidin B 4´-(methyl ether). These compounds exhibited

Further still, the presence of bioactive compounds viz; abyssinoflavanone IV, V and VI

The stem woods of *Erythrina latissima* another species of Erythrina have two isoflavones and a flavanone with isolates Isoflavone (erylatissin A, B, C) in addition to 10 known flavonoids. These compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity against *Escherichia coli*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Bacillus subtilis* and *Candida mycoderma* (Chacha *et al*., 2004). This study found that *Erythrina abyssinica* was effective against *Staphyloccus aureus* and

The root and stem extracts of *Erythrina abyssinica* however did not show any microbial

A study by Masola *et al*.,(2009) in Mpwapwa, in the semi arid central zone of Tanzania found out that bioactive constituents of terpenoids, tannins, phlobotannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides were found to be present in the stem barks of the plant *Adansonia digitata* (Bombacaceae) (African baobab). It would therefore mean similar bioactive compounds

Ikigai et al., (1993) indicated that purified tannins, saponins and terpenoids have anti microbial activity. These bioactive compounds were reported to be effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. They exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. This explained why there were activities on bacteria by the *Erythrina abyssinica* plant extracts.

Understanding the spectrum of antibacterial activity indicated that bioactive substances had broad spectrum or narrow spectrum of activity. The degree of susceptibility (diameter of inhibition zone) showed that gram positive bacteria were more susceptible compared to gram negative bacteria. There was urgent need to undertake phytochemical analysis of *Erythrina abyssinica* extracts to determine the chemical bioactive substances present in the

The root and stem barks of *Erythrina abyssinica* had activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* in all districts except stem bark for Rakai. The root barks, stem barks and leaves of Mbarara, Bushenyi respectively were effective against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* demonstrated in Table

Traditionally, the results from in vitro antimicrobial tests are written as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative results are reported as susceptible, intermediate or resistant,

3. This demonstrated that the leaves extracts do not have antimicrobial activities.


Table 6. Minimum inhibitory concentration of different micro-organism

Fruits of Capsicum annum exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration against *Salmonella species* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* detailed in table 6.
