**2.2.1 Bovine babesiosis**

Bovine babesiosis disease is caused by at least six Babesia species (Table 1). Bovine babesiosis associated with B. bigemina and B. bovis is the most important disease of tropical and subtropical regions between 40N and 32S. Both species are transmitted transovarially by Boophilus ticks, but only tick larvae transmit B. bovis, whereas nymphs and adults transmit B. bigemina. (Radostits et al. 2008). In Europe, babesiosis is caused by Babesia divergens, an intraerythrocytic parasite that can persist for >13 months in the organs of

Protozoan Diseases in Farm Ruminants 475

Fig. 2. B. bovis in blood smear from a cow, Giemsa staining, immersion objectiv

Fig. 3**.** B. divergens in blood smear from a cow, Giemsa staining, immersion objective

infected cattle. The distribution of B. divergens reflects its triphasic telotropic tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, which is widespread across Western Europe and North Africa (Jammes, 2009). B. major occur in Europe, North Africa and South America. B. major is transmitted by the three host tick Haemaphysalis punctata ( Taylor et al., 2007).


Table 1. Babesia species (Babesiosis)

Fig. 1. Babesia bigemina in blood smear from a cow, Giemsa staining, immersion objective

infected cattle. The distribution of B. divergens reflects its triphasic telotropic tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, which is widespread across Western Europe and North Africa (Jammes, 2009). B. major occur in Europe, North Africa and South America. B. major is transmitted by

Australia, Middle East

Africa, Asia Australia

Africa, Middle East

Asia, Middle East

Africa

southest Asia, Middle East,

Cattle Americas, Europe, Russia,

Organism Livestock affected Geographic distribution B. bigemina Cattle Americas, Europe, Africa,

B. major Cattle Europe, Russia, North

B. motasi Sheep and goats Southern Europe, Russia,

B. ovis Sheep and goats Southern Europe, Russia,

Fig. 1. Babesia bigemina in blood smear from a cow, Giemsa staining, immersion objective

the three host tick Haemaphysalis punctata ( Taylor et al., 2007).

B. divergens Cattle Europe

B. jakimovi Cattle Asia B. ovata Cattle Japan

B. bovis (B. berbera, B.

Table 1. Babesia species (Babesiosis)

argentina)

Fig. 2. B. bovis in blood smear from a cow, Giemsa staining, immersion objectiv

Fig. 3**.** B. divergens in blood smear from a cow, Giemsa staining, immersion objective

Protozoan Diseases in Farm Ruminants 477

Blood smears and clinical findingd are useful in acute cases of piroplasmosis, but are not sufficient in subclinical cases. The complement fixation test is used serological test for bovine babesiosis. The most commonly used tests are ELISA, PCR and a DNA probe, which can detect specific parasitemias at very low levels of infection (Radostits, 2008). Recently, the 'reverse line blot (RLB) is a versatile technique for simultaneous detection and identification of small ruminant piroplasm species, based on the recognition of specific gene regions by oligonucleotide probes (Nagore et al., 2004; Qingli et al., 2009; Inci et al., 2010;).

After the hemoglobinuria or cerebral signs, prognosis is not well. In acute cases that PVC values are above 12%, treatment will be successful. Supportive therapy such as blood transfusions (4 L of whole blood per 250 kg of body weight), fluids, hematinics, and prophylactic antibiotics are important (Zaugg, 2009). Babesiosis can be treated using diminazene aceturate (3-5 mg/ kg), phenemidine diisethionate (8-13 mg/ kg), imidocarb dipropionate (1-3 mg/kg), and amicarbalide diisethionate (5-10 mg /kg) (Cebra, C., and

The control of the disease depends on effective quarantine to prevent the introduction of the vector tick. The control of ticks by dipping or spraying animals at risk with recommended acaricides. In routine surgery, Care should be taken to prevent accidental transfer of blood from one animal to another (e.g., castration, dehorning). In addition, in cattle, the selection and breeding of cattle which acquire a high degree of resistance to ticks is practiced. Widespread use of tick vaccines may also have a significant influence on the incidence of

Theileriosis is caused by Theileria spp. in cattle, goats, sheep and wild and captive ungulates (Radostits et al., 2000). Theileriosis is a hemoparasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Theileria (Apicomplexa). Theileria species affect domestic and wild ruminants, especially in Africa, Europe, Australia, and Asia (Allison and Meinkoth, 2010). The parasites are transmitted by tick. These parasites, undergo repeated merogony in the lymphocytes ultimately releasing small merozoites, which invade the red cells to become piroplasms. Theileriosis, have a variety of tick vectors which cause infections ranged from clinically

Bovine theileriosis is caused by at least six Theileria species (Table 2). In bovine, East coast fever caused by T. parva. The tick vector is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. East coast fever generally ocur in cattle but also buffalo (OIE., 2004), and occurs in East Africa. ECF is prevalent throughout the wetter areas, but is absent from the wet highlands in the horn of

Cebra, M., 2002a; Taylor, 2007; Radostits, 2008; Zaugg, 2009).

inapparent to rapidly fatal (Taylor et al., 2007). The list of theileria species is shown in table 2.

infection in cattle (Taylor et al., 2007; Radostits et al., 2008; Zaugg, 2009).

**2.5 Diagnosis** 

**2.6 Treatment and control** 

**3. Theileriosis** 

**3.2 Epidemiology** 

**3.2.1 Bovine theileriosis** 

**3.1 Etiology** 

### **2.2.2 Sheep and goats**

In sheep and goats, babesiosis is associated with B. ovis and B. motas. Babesia ovis occur in Southern Europe, former Soviet State, Middle East and Asia. Rhipicephalus bursa has been shown to be a vector for B. ovis. Babesia motasi occur in Southern Europe, the Middle East, the former Soviet State, southeast Asia and Africa. The parasite transmitted by ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis (H. Punctata, H. Otophila), Dermacentor (D. silvarum) and Rhipicephalus (R. Bursa)( Taylor et al., 2007).
