**2.6.1 Crude extracts of root, stem barks and leaves of** *Erythrina abyssinica*

It is clear from Figure 4 and Table 1 that root barks and stem barks of *Erythrina abbyssinica* have better yields than the leaves.

In-vitro microbiological studies on *Erythrinna abbyssinica* indicate that root and stem bark extracts have activities against *Staphyloccus aureus* in Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rakai. *Pseudomonas auroginosa* in Mbarara, Bushenyi except leaves from Bushenyi. No activities were noted on *E. coli* and *Salmonella species* as detailed in table 2 and Figure 5.

It has been demonstrated that root and stem barks have activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* in all districts except stem bark for Rakai. The root barks, stem barks and leaves of Mbarara,

This was repeated throughout all the test tube and the last aliquot 0.5 ml of solution from the last tube discarded so as to have uniform volume. This constituted a two fold serial dilution whereby each step moved to the right reduced the concentration of the extract by a factor of 2. About 100µl of a 24 hour culture of the test organism were added to each of the test tubes (containing the already serially diluted extract). This was mixed thoroughly well,

At microbiology laboratory, the samples were each weighed and dissolved in Dimethylesulfoxide (DMSO) at a final concentration of 0.5g/ml. Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates for antibiotic sensitivity testing were prepared and inoculated with pure colonies of *E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas spp.,*

The wells were bored in the inoculated plates and the samples from the extracts were impregnated into the wells and incubated overnight. A control plate inoculated with E. coli and impregnated with Dimethylesulfoxide (DMSO) and a known antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin

After 24hrs of incubation, the plates were examined for antibacterial activity on the different

The inoculated test tubes were examined for inhibition of growth, where there is antibacterial activity; there was inhibition of growth, thus no turbidity in the test tube. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a compound (extract) in this case the least

Data collected were entered in Excel windows 2007 (Microsoft Corporation). Frequencies, means and graphs were derived to explain phenomenon on significance and relationships to activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations of crude extracts of root, stem barks and

It is clear from Figure 4 and Table 1 that root barks and stem barks of *Erythrina abbyssinica*

In-vitro microbiological studies on *Erythrinna abbyssinica* indicate that root and stem bark extracts have activities against *Staphyloccus aureus* in Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rakai. *Pseudomonas auroginosa* in Mbarara, Bushenyi except leaves from Bushenyi. No activities were noted on *E. coli* and *Salmonella species* as detailed in table 2 and Figure 5.

It has been demonstrated that root and stem barks have activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* in all districts except stem bark for Rakai. The root barks, stem barks and leaves of Mbarara,

leaves of *Erythyrina abyssinica and leaves and* leaves and fruits of *Capsicum annum*.

**2.6.1 Crude extracts of root, stem barks and leaves of** *Erythrina abyssinica*

plugged with cotton wool and incubated the preparation at 37oC for 16-24 hours.

which were known to be the common causes of poultry diseases.

was set up as negative and positive controls respectively.

sample extracts, and the results were as follows:

**2.4.4 Observation/ interpretation of results** 

concentration to have inhibited bacterial growth.

**2.5 Data analysis** 

**2.6 Results** 

have better yields than the leaves.

Bushenyi respectively were effective against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated in Table 3*. The study found that the leaves extracts did not have antimicrobial activities.


Table 1. Percentage yield extract of leaves, root bark and stem bark of *Erythrina abbysinica* from Mbarara, Bushenyi, Ntungamo and Rakai districts

Fig. 4. Percentage yield determination of plant extracts (*Erythrinna abbyssinica*)

*In Vitro* Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum

**Original sample concentration**

**(g/ml)** 

**No. Identity/ Name of Extracts** 

<sup>1</sup>Root bark Ea

<sup>2</sup>Root bark Ea

<sup>3</sup>Root bark Ea

<sup>4</sup>Root bark Ea

<sup>5</sup>Stem bark Ea

<sup>6</sup>Stem bark

<sup>7</sup>Stem bark

<sup>8</sup>Stem bark

<sup>9</sup>Leaves

<sup>10</sup>Leaves

<sup>11</sup>Leaves

annum in Poultry Diseases Control in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone of Uganda 605

Ntungamo 0.3 0 0 0.0047 0

Bushenyi 1 0 0 0.0313 0

Mbarara 1 0 0 0.0313 1

Rakai 1 0 0 0.0156 0

Ntungamo 0.25 0 0 0.0039 0

Ea Bushenyi 0.41 0 0 0.0256 0.41

Ea Mbarara 0.224 0 0 0.0035 0

Ea Rakai 1 0 0 0 0

Ea Ntungamo 0.39 0 0 0 0

Ea Bushenyi 1 0 0 0 1

Ea Mbarara 0.412 0 0 0 0

12 Leaves Ea Rakai 1 0 0 0 0

Table 3. Minimum Inhibitory concentration of different micro-organisms

**micro-organisms (g/ml)** 

*Staphylococcus aureus* 

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* 

*E. coli Salmonella*

**Minimum Inhibitory concentration of different** 


Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts against selected bacteria as indicated below

Table 2. Antimicrobial assay of *Erythrina abyssinica* plant extracts against selected bacteria

Fig. 5. Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts from four districts against selected media

1 Root bark Ea Ntungamo 0 0 13 0 Ntungamo 2 Root bark Ea Bushenyi 0 0 14 0 Bushenyi 3 Root bark Ea Mbarara 0 0 12 8 Mbarara 4 Root bark Ea Rakai 0 0 15 0 Rakai 5 Stem bark Ea Ntungamo 0 0 11 0 Ntungamo 6 Stem bark Ea Bushenyi 0 0 12 7 Bushenyi 7 Stem bark Ea Mbarara 0 0 14 0 Mbarara 8 Stem bark Ea Rakai 0 0 0 0 Rakai 9 Leaves Ea Ntungamo 0 0 0 0 Ntungamo 10 Leaves Ea Bushenyi 0 0 0 8 Bushenyi 11 Leaves Ea Mbarara 0 0 0 0 Mbarara 12 Leaves Ea Rakai 0 0 0 0 Rakai

Table 2. Antimicrobial assay of *Erythrina abyssinica* plant extracts against selected bacteria

Fig. 5. Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts from four districts against selected media

**Inhibition zone (mm)**

*aureus* 

*Pseudomonas* 

*aeruginosa* **District** 

Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts against selected bacteria as indicated below

**Extracts** *E. coli Salmonella Staphlococcus* 

**No. Identity/ Name of** 


Table 3. Minimum Inhibitory concentration of different micro-organisms

*In Vitro* Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum

**Extracts** *E. coli Salmonella Staphylococcus* 

**No. Identity/ Name of** 

<sup>1</sup>Leaves Ca

annum in Poultry Diseases Control in the South Western Agro-Ecological Zone of Uganda 607

2 Leaves Ca Bushenyi 0 0 0 0 Bushenyi 3 Leaves Ca Mbarara 0 0 0 0 Mbarara 4 Leaves Ca Rakai 0 0 0 0 Rakai

5 Fruits Ca Ntungamo 0 0 0 0 Ntungamo 6 Fruits Ca Bushenyi 0 0 0 0 Bushenyi 7 Fruits Ca Mbarara 0 8 0 0 Mbarara 8 Fruits Ca Rakai 0 0 0 7 Rakai

Table 5. Antimicrobial assay of *Capsicum annum plant* extracts against selected bacteria

Fig. 7. Antimicrobial assay of plant extracts against selected bacteria.

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* demonstrated in Table 3.

It was demonstrated that root and stem barks had activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* and

**Inhibition Zone (mm)** 

*Pseudomonas* 

*aeruginosa* **District** 

*aureus* 

Ntungamo 0 0 0 0 Ntungamo
