**10. Outcome and prognosis**

In the larger study reported to date 10 of 12 dogs with type I and II atresia ani survived long term with survival times ranged from 12-96 months and 6 of the 8 animals were continent. In contrast 2 of the 3 animals having type III atresia ani were euthanized because of continuous tenesmus (Ellison & Papazoglou, 2011).
