**5. Summary**

580 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

images must be considered. For each animal, five images for each cross-sectional and longitudinal section should be collected at each scanning session. A minimum of 5 animals per treatment should be scanned to account for the variation in blood flow characteristics

between animals.

Fig. 11. Squeeze chute and alley used for to retrain cattle.

Fig. 12. A haltered horse in a wooden stanchion.

Color Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive procedure that is routinely used to assess normal and abnormal blood flow in human and veterinary medicines. It also has application as a research tool in determining vascular responses to toxicants that can effect the vasculature. These studies are ideally performed in controlled environments with animals that are at ease with human contact and do not require restraint that can cause discomfort. However, reliable measures can be collected with pastured animals with minimal human contact if control animals with no exposure to toxicants are measured for comparisons with treatment animals, and special handling procedures are employed to reduce animal nervousness and tension effects on vasculature blood flow.
