**5. References**

612 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

By generating full range MICs, a laboratory can give clinicians information that may allow them to individualize the therapeutic regimen, especially with regard to dose and dosing frequency. For example, if the MIC is low, the dose or frequency of dosing may be decreased. On the other hand, if the MIC is higher, but the organism is still considered susceptible and the drug has a wide pharmacotoxicity margin, a higher dose of the drug

Interpretation of susceptibility testing depends on knowing the relationship between in vitro susceptibility and factors involved in relation to tissue drug concentration (which depend on factors such as dose and pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic properties of

The root and stem barks of *E. abbyssinica* have better yields than their leaves. The root and stem barks exhibit antimicrobial activities against *Staphylococus aureus* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa.* The study had demonstrated that the leaves extracts generally did not have antimicrobial activities. The MICs of the root and stem bark extracts ranged from (3.5-31.3) mg/ml for *Staphylococcus aureus* and (410-1000) mg/ml for *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. The study agreed that farmers were right in using root barks of *E. abyssinica* to treat various ailments in poultry diseases including other livestock diseases. There is need for further research to do phyto-chemical analysis to analyze the bioactive constituents of the extracts,

It was clear that *Capsicum annum* have antibacterial activities against *Salmonella species* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. The results reveal that the fruit extracts of *Capsicum annum* have activity against *Salmonella species*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* in Mbarara and Rakai districts respectively. No activity was noted against E. coli and *Staphylococcus aureus*. The leaves of *Capsicum annum* did not show any antibacterial activities. The MICs of the fruit extracts was 1000mg/ml. The study agreed that farmers may be right in using fruits of *Capsicum annum* to treat various ailments in poultry diseases. There is need for further research to do phytochemical analysis to analyze the bioactive constituents of the extracts, undertake acute

We acknowledge the support Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) for funding this research. We thank NARO for their assistance in transportation by availing means of transport during plant collection process. Francis Umujal, Moses Agwaya and Henry Tumusime staff of Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratories (NCRL) Wandegeya thanked for facilitating the process of extraction and concentration of plant extracts. We applaud Mr. Nathan L. Musisi a staff of the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Makerere University, Ms. Betty Ayoo Laura and Dr. Nsubuga Mutaka of Mbarara Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institute (Mba ZARDI) for assisting to get the work done. We thank NARO for their assistance in transportation by availing means of transport

may be used.

the drug or drug class.

undertake acute toxicity tests of the extracts.

and chronic toxicity tests for *Capsicum annum* extracts.

**4. Acknowledgements** 

during plant collection process.

**3. Conclusions** 


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plants used to manage poultry diseases in the Mount Elgon region of Uganda.

results, In: *Antimicrobial therapy in Veterinary medicine*, Giguere S, Prescott J.F,
