**10. Toxoplasmosis**

#### **10.1 Etiology**

Toxoplasma gondii is a systemic coccidian, a universal parasite that causes rarely abortion in cattle but is a major abortifacient in sheep and goats (Radostits et al., 2008; Christensen et

Protozoan Diseases in Farm Ruminants 495

Diagnosis is based on the clinical signs, presence of the characteristic small white necrotic foci in cotyledons. ELISA test is also used to detect antibodies in fetal and maternal serum. Indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used for fluid collrcted from the fetal thorax or abdomen. Serological examination of dam can be used for diagnosis (Matthews, 2009).

Combination of sulfamethazine (SMZ) and pyrimethamine (PMA) can be effective in pregnant ewes. The drugs are effective against the proliferating parasites in the acute stage of the disease (Radostits et al., 2008). The combined dose of (SMZ) and (PMA) is administered over 3 days for 3 periods, commencing on days 110, 115 and 130 of gestation. SMZ is injected s.c. at an initial dose of 5 ml/ 10kg body wt on the first day of a given treatment priod with subsequent doses of 2.5 ml/10kg on each of the next 2 days. PMA is administered at 2 mg/kg on the first day and at 1mg/kg on the subsequent 2 days of each treatment period (Buxton et al., 1993). Because the cats are the only definitive host of toxoplasmosis, it should be kept away from animals farm, and also feeding and drinking water should be prevented from contamination

It is important to reduce the risk for human disease associated with consumption of infected

Member of the genus Trypanosoma are lived in the bloodstream and tissues of cattle, sheep, and goats in all of the world. These are flagellated protozoal agents that produce a variety of very serious disease of human and animals, but many of them are nonpathogenic (Carlson, 2009b). Trypanosomosis is one of the most important diseases of animals and human. Most

There are 7 species of Trypanosoma species in cattle, sheep, and goat but all of them may

T. brucei evansi Blood Cattle, zebu, goats, camel,

T. congolense Blood Cattle, sheep, goats, camel T. vivax Blood Cattle, sheep, goats, camel,

T. simiae Blood Sheep, goats, camel T. melophagium Blood Sheep, goats

Cattle, sheep, goats,camel

deer

antelope

by cat feces. Aborted fetus and excreta, must be strictly disinfected.

African species are transmitted by the tsetse flies (Taylor et al., 2007).

**Specie Affinity site Hosts** 

T. theileri Blood Cattle

Table 12. Trypanosoma species identified in cattle, sheep, and goats.

nervous system, reproductive tract

T. brucei brucei Blood, myocardium, central

**10.5 Diagnosis** 

**10.6 Treatment and control** 

meat (Radostits et al., 2008).

**11. Tryponosomosis** 

not be pathogenic (Table 12).

**11.1 Etiology** 

al., 2009). Felids are the definitive hosts, and there are wide range of intermediate hosts in this disease (Radostits et al., 2008).

Toxoplasma specie is shown in table 11.


Table 11. Toxoplasmosis
