**2.7.2 Crude extracts of leaves and fruits of** *Capsicum annum*

#### **2.7.2.1 Yields of the plants extracts**

This study found out that the yields of the leaves extracts of *Capsicum annum* were better than the fruits as seen in Table 1 and Figure 2. There is an average 58% yield for the leaves compared to 10-11% yields for the fruits in all the districts of Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rakai. The information gained on the percent yields of crude extracts are used for standardizing dosage rates of fine powder preparations of the plant materials. For example, the amount of crude extract contained in a known weight of fine powder of plant materials can then be calculated. This agrees with findings by (Ejobi F and Olila D 2004; Olila et al., 2007).

#### **2.7.2.2 Antibacterial activities of the plant extracts**

The antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of fruits of *Capsicum annum* was positive for *Salmonella species* and *Pseudomonas aeuroginosa* in Mbarara and Rakai respectively as detailed in table 2. There were no microbial activity by leaves of *Capsicum annum* in all the districts of Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rakai. The fruit extracts did not have any activity on *Staphylococcus aureus* and *E.coli*.

The attributing factor for anti bacterial activity of the crude fruit extracts could be due to presence of bioactive constituents' in the extracts. This agrees with findings by Masola *et al*., 2009 and (Ogundare et al., 2006).

A study by Masola *et al*.,2009 in Mpwapwa, in the semi arid central zone of Tanzania found out that bioactive constituents of terpenoids, tannins, phlobotannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides were found to be present in the stem barks of the plant *Adansonia digitata* (Bombacaceae) (African baobab).

Further still, studies by Ikigai et al., 1993 indicate that purified tannins, saponins and terpenoids have anti microbial activity. These bioactive compounds were reported to be effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. They exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.

Understanding the spectrum of antibacterial activity will indicate if given bioactive substance had broad spectrum or narrow spectrum of activity. The degree of susceptibility (diameter of inhibition zone) will show that gram positive bacteria are more susceptible compared to gram negative bacteria. The need to undertake phytochemical analysis of fruit extracts of *Capsicum annum* to know the chemical bioactive substances present in these extracts.

#### **2.7.2.3 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs)**

610 A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine

whereas quantitative results are reported as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in

Walker,(2006), indicated that in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests were predictive of in vivo therapeutic efficacy. However the ability of an in-vitro test to predict the clinical effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is dependent on that test being performed

In vitro tests involve the continuous exposure of a relatively small concentration of bacteria to a constant level of antimicrobial agent under standardized testing conditions (Walker,

The selection of an appropriate dose can be driven by the result of quantitative susceptibility tests (Ambrose, 2005). Studies in human medicine have demonstrated the clinical value of in

The interpretation of susceptibility testing depended on the relationship between in vitro susceptibility and factors involved in relation to tissue drug concentration (which depended on factors such as dose and pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic properties of the drug

This study found out that the yields of the leaves extracts of *Capsicum annum* were better than the fruits as seen in Table 1 and Figure 2. There is an average 58% yield for the leaves compared to 10-11% yields for the fruits in all the districts of Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rakai. The information gained on the percent yields of crude extracts are used for standardizing dosage rates of fine powder preparations of the plant materials. For example, the amount of crude extract contained in a known weight of fine powder of plant materials can then be calculated. This agrees with findings by (Ejobi F and Olila D

The antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of fruits of *Capsicum annum* was positive for *Salmonella species* and *Pseudomonas aeuroginosa* in Mbarara and Rakai respectively as detailed in table 2. There were no microbial activity by leaves of *Capsicum annum* in all the districts of Ntungamo, Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rakai. The fruit extracts did not have any activity on

The attributing factor for anti bacterial activity of the crude fruit extracts could be due to presence of bioactive constituents' in the extracts. This agrees with findings by Masola *et al*.,

A study by Masola *et al*.,2009 in Mpwapwa, in the semi arid central zone of Tanzania found out that bioactive constituents of terpenoids, tannins, phlobotannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides were found to be present in the stem barks of the plant *Adansonia digitata*

**2.7.2 Crude extracts of leaves and fruits of** *Capsicum annum*

**2.7.2.2 Antibacterial activities of the plant extracts** 

µg/ml or g/ml or mg/l (Walker, 2006).

correctly.

2006).

vitro susceptibility tests.

2004; Olila et al., 2007).

*Staphylococcus aureus* and *E.coli*.

2009 and (Ogundare et al., 2006).

(Bombacaceae) (African baobab).

**2.7.2.1 Yields of the plants extracts** 

or drug class.

The fruit extracts of *Capsicum annum* from Bushenyi and Rakai exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration against *Salmonella species* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* respectively as detailed in table 4. There was no minimum inhibitory concentration noted for the case of leaves of *Capsicum annum*.

Traditionally, qualitative and quantitative results from in vitro antimicrobial tests are reported. Qualitative results are reported as susceptible, intermediate or resistant, whereas quantitative results are reported as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in µg/ml or g/ml or mg/l (Walker, 2006).

Walker,(2006), noted that in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests are predictive of in vivo therapeutic efficacy. However the ability of an in-vitro test to predict the clinical effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is dependent on that test being performed correctly.


Table 4. Percentage yield extracts of the leaves and fruits of *Capsicum annum* from Mbarara, Bushenyi, Ntungamo and Rakai districts

In vitro tests cannot always predict the efficacy of an antibacterial agent in vivo (Walker, 2006). In vitro tests involve the continuous exposure of a relatively small concentration of bacteria to a constant level of antimicrobial agent under standardized testing conditions. The selection of an appropriate dose can be driven by the result of quantitative susceptibility tests (Ambrose, 2005). Despite these considerable differences, studies in human medicine have demonstrated the clinical value of in vitro susceptibility tests (Ambrose, 2005).

*In Vitro* Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Erythrina abyssinica and Capsicum

points. *Treat Respiratory Medicine* (Suppl 4) 1:5

Agriculture Research Organization. from

Biochin. Biophys. Act, 1147: 132-136.

*#200.*Retrieved May 18, 2011, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/11/lagu22200.htm

1684-5315© 2009 Academic Journals.

Part 1, Volume 1. Unpublished report.

Part 1, Volume 1. Unpublished report.

*tenoreana*. *Afr.J. Biotech*.5 (18):1663-1668.

*Veterinary Association*, 76:54-58.

66, Issue 1, 2005, pp 99-104.

Vol.59, No.12

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By generating full range MICs, a laboratory can give clinicians information that may allow them to individualize the therapeutic regimen, especially with regard to dose and dosing frequency. For example, if the MIC is low, the dose or frequency of dosing may be decreased. On the other hand, if the MIC is higher, but the organism is still considered susceptible and the drug has a wide pharmacotoxicity margin, a higher dose of the drug may be used.

Interpretation of susceptibility testing depends on knowing the relationship between in vitro susceptibility and factors involved in relation to tissue drug concentration (which depend on factors such as dose and pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic properties of the drug or drug class.
