**6. References**

154 Continuum Mechanics – Progress in Fundamentals and Engineering Applications

specimen. These features come from the selectively dissolving of materials located near the

Further investigation of the damage zone using electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) technique reveals different features within the contact damage zone. For example, the band contract map, Figure 7(b), provides the features of subgrain formation and recrystallization of the single crystal grain under wedge indentation after annealing. Since the intensity of the backscatter electrons changes from grain to grain, the grain boundary can be revealed by the band contrast change. Thus, it is possible to identify the microstructure in the area close to the indentation tip. By this method, the subgrain formation due to severe contact damage and plastic deformation can be revealed. The average size of the subgrains shown in Figure 7(b) is about 10 to 15 µm. It is also found there is an elliptical region in front of the indentation tip, which corresponds to the strain hardened elastic-plastic zone. Deeper into the indentation region, it is the fully plastic deformation zone, as shown by the in-plane lattice rotation map in Figure 7(c). Such EBSD results will provide us the insight into how to determine the size of the damage zone. For example the conservative measurement will give us the size of the damage zone the same as the indenter penetration zone (IPZ) as shown by the elliptical region in Figure 7(b). A more accurate measurement should account for the extended plastic region as shown in Figure 7(c). The distance from point *A* to point *C* or *E*  instead of just from point *O* to *A* should be considered as the damage zone size, which is about 5 times larger than the indenter penetration zone (IPZ). This EBSD measurement results were used to correct the damage tolerance calculation by adding the contact damage zone size to the indenter penetration depth or crack length, *a*. Consequently, the indenter

ends of the dislocation lines. However, the indented damage zone is still unclear.

penetration speed d*a*/d*N* was modified as the damage zone expansion speed.

Fig. 7. Measuring the size of indentation contact damage zone via electron microscopy: (a) scanning electron microscopic measurement, (b) band contrast map of the indentation penetration zone obtained by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement, (c) in

The energy dissipation approach is applicable for analyzing surface contact damages in various materials, including composite materials. The contact of different bodies can be modeled as indentation. Analysis of indentation and modeling of the deformation states of indented materials at different scales are performed. The stress distributions within indentation zones are described by fracture mechanics, and single crystal plasticity solutions

plane lattice rotation map generated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)

measurement.

**5. Conclusions** 


Energy Dissipation Criteria for Surface Contact Damage Evaluation 157

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