1.2.4.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET)

MANET is a group of independent network mobile devices that are connected over various wireless links. It is relatively working on a constrained bandwidth. The network topologies are dynamic and may vary from time to time. Each device must act as a router for transferring any traffic among each other. This network can operate by itself or incorporate into large area network (LAN).

There are three types of MANET. It includes Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), Intelligent Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (InVANETs) and Internet Based Mobile Ad hock Networks (iMANET). The set of application for MANETs can be ranged from small, static networks that are limited by power sources, to large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks. On top of that, the design of network protocols for these types of networks is face with multifaceted issue. Apart from of the application, MANET need well-organized distributed algorithms to determine network organization, link scheduling, and routing. Conventional routing will not work in this distributed environment because this network topology can change at any point of time. Therefore, we need some sophisticated routing algorithms that take into consideration this important issue (mobile network topology) into account. While the shortest path (based on a given cost function) from a source to a destination in a static network is usually the optimal route, this idea is not easily far-reaching to MANET. Some of the factors that have become the core issues in routing include variable wireless link quality, propagation path loss, fading, interference; power consumed, and network topological changes. This kind of condition is being provoked in a military environment because, beside these issues in routing, we also need to guarantee assets security, latency, reliability, protection against intentional jamming, and recovery from failure. Failing to abide to of any of these requirements may downgrade the performance and the dependability of the network.

#### 1.2.4.2 Mobile ad hoc sensor network

A mobile ad hoc sensor network follows a broader sequence of operational, and needs a less complex setup procedure compared to typical sensor networks, which communicate directly with the centralized controller. A mobile ad hoc sensor or hybrid ad hoc network includes a number of sensor spreads in a large geographical area. Each sensor is proficient in handling mobile communication and has some level of intelligence to process signals and to transmit data. In order to support routed communications between two mobile nodes, the routing protocol determines the node connectivity and routes packets accordingly. This condition has makes a mobile ad hoc sensor network highly flexible so that it can be deployed in almost all environments (Bakht, 2010). The wireless ad hoc sensor networks (Asif, 2009) are now getting in style to researchers. This is due to the new features of these networks were either unknown or at least not systematized in the past. There are many benefits of this network, it includes:


With the above-mentioned advances in sensor network technology, functional applications of wireless sensor networks increasingly continue to surface. Examples include the replacement of existing detecting scheme for forest fires around the world. Using sensor networks, the detecting time can be reduced significantly. Secondly is the application in the large buildings that at present use various environmental sensors and complex control system to execute the wired sensor networks. In a mobile ad hoc sensor networks, each host may be equipped with a variety of sensors that can be organized to detect different local events. Besides, an ad hoc sensor network requires a low setup and administration costs (Akkaya and Younis, 2005) (Akyildiz et al., 2002).
