1.2.4.3 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

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MANET is a group of independent network mobile devices that are connected over various wireless links. It is relatively working on a constrained bandwidth. The network topologies are dynamic and may vary from time to time. Each device must act as a router for transferring any traffic among each other. This network can operate by itself or incorporate into large area

There are three types of MANET. It includes Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), Intelligent Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (InVANETs) and Internet Based Mobile Ad hock Networks (iMANET). The set of application for MANETs can be ranged from small, static networks that are limited by power sources, to large-scale, mobile, highly dynamic networks. On top of that, the design of network protocols for these types of networks is face with multifaceted issue. Apart from of the application, MANET need well-organized distributed algorithms to determine network organization, link scheduling, and routing. Conventional routing will not work in this distributed environment because this network topology can change at any point of time. Therefore, we need some sophisticated routing algorithms that take into consideration this important issue (mobile network topology) into account. While the shortest path (based on a given cost function) from a source to a destination in a static network is usually the optimal route, this idea is not easily far-reaching to MANET. Some of the factors that have become the core issues in routing include variable wireless link quality, propagation path loss, fading, interference; power consumed, and network topological changes. This kind of condition is being provoked in a military environment because, beside these issues in routing, we also need to guarantee assets security, latency, reliability, protection against intentional jamming, and recovery from failure. Failing to abide to of any of these requirements may

A mobile ad hoc sensor network follows a broader sequence of operational, and needs a less complex setup procedure compared to typical sensor networks, which communicate directly with the centralized controller. A mobile ad hoc sensor or hybrid ad hoc network includes a number of sensor spreads in a large geographical area. Each sensor is proficient in handling mobile communication and has some level of intelligence to process signals and to transmit data. In order to support routed communications between two mobile nodes, the routing protocol determines the node connectivity and routes packets accordingly. This condition has makes a mobile ad hoc sensor network highly flexible so that it can be deployed in almost all environments (Bakht, 2010). The wireless ad hoc sensor networks (Asif, 2009) are now getting in style to researchers. This is due to the new features of these networks were either unknown or at least not systematized in the past. There are many benefits of this network, it includes:

• Reduce the amount of communication (wireless) required to perform tasks by distributed

• Implementation of complex power saving modes of operation depending on the

With the above-mentioned advances in sensor network technology, functional applications of wireless sensor networks increasingly continue to surface. Examples include the replacement

downgrade the performance and the dependability of the network.

1.2.4.2 Mobile ad hoc sensor network

• Use to build a large-scale networks • Implementing sophisticated protocols

environment and the state of the network.

and/or local precipitations.

1.2.4.1 Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET)

network (LAN).

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) (Kosch et al., 2006) are a kind of network useful for offering traffic information interchange in a collaborative way between vehicles. They are foreseen to be a great revolution in the driving, providing new services such as Road safety, traffic management, Pollution reduction, Cost reduction in the vehicle security incorporation and public transport.

#### **1.2.5 The traffic types in the ad hoc networks**

The traffic types in the ad hoc networks are so differen from the infrastructure wireless network. The traffic types are classified into three types (peer to peer, remote to remote and dynamic traffic) (Mbarushimana and Shahrabi, 2008). Firstly, peer to peer is a communication between two nodes in the same area, that means which are within one hop. Network traffic (in bits per second) is usually fixed. Secondly, remote to remote is a communication between two nodes beyond a single hop, but maintain a stable route between them. This may be the result of a number of nodes, to stay within the range of each other in one area or may move as a group. Movement it's a similar to the standard network traffic. Finally, dynamic traffic it will happen when the nodes are movie dynamically around and then the routers must be reconstructed. This results in a poor connectivity and network activity in short bursts. For example in IEEE 802.11 network and the basic structure divided into two types firstly infrastructures wireless LAN, the second structure ad hoc wireless LAN.

#### 1.2.5.1 Infrastructure wireless LAN

In this kind of network as shown in the Figure 7, the network in any architecture will be an access point; its function is one or more of the wireless local area network and the existing cable network systems to link, so that stations within the wireless local area network and external nodes can connect with each other. It is characterized by a fixed and pre-positioning a good base station location, the static backbone network topology, a good environment and a stable connection, the base station that is doing a good job when you set up detailed plans (Li, 2006).

#### 1.2.5.2 Ad hoc wireless LAN

The ad hoc wireless LAN is an infrastructures relies on infrastructures wireless local area network, which only targeted at local area network within the framework of each machine is able to be linked up into networks, regardless of whether the communication with the outside world,then such a structure, either one or two users can communicate directly with each other, and this structure is composed of at least composed of two or more workstations. Is characterized by no fixed base stations, network will be rapidly changing; dynamic network topology is vulnerable to interference, to automatically form a network without infrastructure

Fig. 7. Illustrates of the infrastructure wireless LAN architecture.

and adapt to topology changes. For more explain shows the Figure 8 for Ad Hoc Wireless network.

Fig. 8. Illustrates of the wireless ad hoc network

#### **1.2.6 Ad hoc network routing protocol performance issues**

The MANET with the traditional wired, fixed networks have many different characteristics, so to design a suitable routing protocol for MANET operating environment must also consider the different directions, the following sub-qualitative and quantitative aspects of the discussion:

	- **a)** Distribution operation: Due to the existence of MANET where there is no prerequisite for the construction of the underlying network, so routing can not rely on a particular node to operate.

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and adapt to topology changes. For more explain shows the Figure 8 for Ad Hoc Wireless

The MANET with the traditional wired, fixed networks have many different characteristics, so to design a suitable routing protocol for MANET operating environment must also consider the different directions, the following sub-qualitative and quantitative aspects of the

**a)** Distribution operation: Due to the existence of MANET where there is no prerequisite for the construction of the underlying network, so routing can not rely on a particular

Fig. 7. Illustrates of the infrastructure wireless LAN architecture.

Fig. 8. Illustrates of the wireless ad hoc network

1. On the qualitative aspects, can be divided into:

**1.2.6 Ad hoc network routing protocol performance issues**

network.

discussion:

node to operate.


#### **1.2.7 Types of ad hoc protocols**

Ad hoc network routing protocols is divided to three type of routing protocols, which that depending on a different of routing protocols (Saleh Al-Omari and Putra Sumari, 2010).

1.2.7.1 Oriented routing table (table-driven)

The oriented routing table is an active routing environment in which the intervals between the wireless nodes will send medical information with more paths. Each wireless node is on the basis of information gathered recently to change its route table, when the network topology change makes the original path is invalid, or the establishment of any new path, all nodes will receive updates on the status path. The path will be continuously updated, so that the node in time of peace on its own routing tables is ready, and immediately available when needed. However, such agreements must be periodically to broadcast messages, so a considerable waste of wireless bandwidth and wireless node power, but if you want to reduce the broadcast bandwidth consumption caused by a large number, we should lengthen the interval between each broadcast time, which in turn will result in the path table does not accurately reflect network topology changes.
