**Multimedia Applications for MANETs over Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mobile Devices**

Saleh Ali Alomari and Putra Sumari *Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia*

#### **1. Introduction**

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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are considered a vital part in beyond third generation wireless networks (Nicopolitidis et al., 2003). In the matter of fact, they present a new wireless networking paradigm. Any sort of fixed infrastructure is not used by MANETs. They are important sorts of WLANs, therefore, in a distributed and a cooperative environment, MANETs do efficiently function (Murthy and Mano, 2004) (Sarkar et al., 2008). MANETs are networks of self-creating since there is a lack of routers, configuration prior to the network setup, Access Points (APs) and predetermined topology (Wu et al., 2007). MANETs are as well networks of self-administering and self-organizing. This is because in the network creation process, there is no application for central control. On MANETs, it is extremely hard to apply any of the central administration types, for instance, congestion control due to the dynamic nature of the network topology in MANETs, authentication or central routing. In short, several important applications benefited from MANETs, for example, in military, ubiquitous, emergency and collaboration computing.

In this chapter, describe the necessary background for the MANETs over homogeneous and heterogeneous mobile devices. The researcher begin this chapter to introduce the related background and main concepts of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANETs) in Section 1.2, and explained briefly about the existing wireless mobile network approaches, wireless ad hoc networks, wireless mobile approaches in Section 1.2.2. The characteristic of MANETs are in Section 1.2.3. The types of Mobile Ad hoc network in Section 1.2.4. The traffic types in ad hoc networks which include the Infrastructure wireless LAN and ad hoc wireless LAN are presented in Section 1.2.5. In Section 1.2.6 highlight the relevant details about the ad hoc network routing protocol performance issues. The types of ad hoc protocols such as (Table-driven, On-demand and Hybrid) and Compare between Proactive versus Reactive and Clustering versus Hierarchical are in Section 1.2.7. And Section 1.2.8 respectively. The existing ad hoc protocols are presented in Section 1.2.9. The four important issues significant in MANET are Mobility, QoS Provisioning, Multicasting and Security is presented in Section 1.2.10. Furthermore, the practical application and the MANET layers are shown in Section 1.2.11 and Section 1.2.12 respectively . Finally, in Section 1.2.13 the summary of this chapter.

#### **1.1 Overview of MANETs**

The main concept of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) refers to MANETs which are also called either infrastructure-based wireless networks or a single hop network

Fig. 1. Illustrates of a single hop WLAN with one AP

(Nicopolitidis et al., 2003) (Murthy and Mano, 2004). Inside a WLAN, the transmission is governed by at least one fixed Access Point (AP) between different mobile nodes. An existing network backbone and the stations contain a bridge as AP functions (Basagni et al., 2004). Both QoS and security issues are efficiently controlled by the AP within a particular network. Inside the network of WLAN, there is no need for different mobile nodes since the AP is the source that does communication through a single hop manner. Wireless network standards are included by the WLAN implementations and developed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 project (IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11a, and IEEE 802.11n) and High Performance Radio Local Area Network Type 2 (HiperLAN2). In addition, the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project (ETSI, 1999) developed the European version of IEEE 802.11a. A frequency of 2.4GHz runs for these standards. However, 5GHz runs for the IEEE 802.11a. For these standards, the transmission rates (bandwidths) are 2 Mbps where as for IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g, 54 Mbps is run. For IEEE 802.11b, 11 Mbps is run and for IEEE 802.11n, 100 Mbps is run. Note that a single hop WLAN with one AP is shown in Figure 1.

For mobile hosts, a new wireless networking paradigm indicates to a MANET. All sorts of fixed infrastructure are independent to MANET. In order to maintain a connection within the network, nodes (hosts) will rely on each other through a manner that is to be cooperative. Therefore, both computing and ubiquitous communication are considered to be two goals of mobile ad hoc networking. In the matter of fact, both of them are rapidly deployed in such a way they do not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, for example, Base Station (BS) and Access point (AP) (Perkins et al., 2002). A peer to peer network refers to MANET which has the ability to allow a communication between each wireless client that relies on any infrastructure. MANET can also be defined as a mobile nodes collection of which a highly resource constrained network and a dynamic topology are formed by this collection (Mohapatra and Krishnamurthy, 2005) (Murthy and Mano, 2004). A single hop network refers to WLAN, Major functions within the network are being performed by the cooperation of the nodes. This process represents a mutli-hop network that refers to the MANET. There are such problems entitled in MANETs. These comprise; security, QoS, routing and energy conversation. These problems came due to several reasons: high mobility, resource constrains such as power, storage, and bandwidth (Negi and Rajeswaran, 2004), its cooperative nature

and the dynamic topology of nodes operating in MANET's environment. In Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Packet Radio projects (Jubin et al., 1987), ad hoc networking was initiated for military applications, specifically, for dynamic wireless networks since 1970s. Accordingly, this networking is not considered to be as a new concept. For MANET, a new networking group was formed within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF-manet) so that the standard Internet routing support could be developed for mobile IP autonomous segments. In addition, a framework for IP-based protocols in MANET will be developed as well. In the fields of mobile IP-based networks and wireless internet, the increasing improvement in the recent IEEE standards of 802 projects for wireless networks (Broch.J et al., 1998) has raised up. A MANET can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous depending on the type of mobile nodes being involved. When all mobile nodes are of the same type of a MANET, this is called a homogeneous MANET, whereas when different type of mobile nodes are involved, this is otherwise called a heterogeneous MANET. The homogeneous and heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network are shown in In Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. The same family of IEEE 802.11 standards is being used by MANETs. More

Fig. 2. Illustrates the homogeneous mobile ad hoc network

specifically, in Bluetooth and WLANs, these standards are being used (Morinaga et al., 2002). Table 1 shows a comparison between WLAN and MANET.

#### **1.2 Mobil Ad Hoc Network**

2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

(Nicopolitidis et al., 2003) (Murthy and Mano, 2004). Inside a WLAN, the transmission is governed by at least one fixed Access Point (AP) between different mobile nodes. An existing network backbone and the stations contain a bridge as AP functions (Basagni et al., 2004). Both QoS and security issues are efficiently controlled by the AP within a particular network. Inside the network of WLAN, there is no need for different mobile nodes since the AP is the source that does communication through a single hop manner. Wireless network standards are included by the WLAN implementations and developed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 project (IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11a, and IEEE 802.11n) and High Performance Radio Local Area Network Type 2 (HiperLAN2). In addition, the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project (ETSI, 1999) developed the European version of IEEE 802.11a. A frequency of 2.4GHz runs for these standards. However, 5GHz runs for the IEEE 802.11a. For these standards, the transmission rates (bandwidths) are 2 Mbps where as for IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g, 54 Mbps is run. For IEEE 802.11b, 11 Mbps is run and for IEEE 802.11n, 100 Mbps is run. Note that a single hop WLAN with one

For mobile hosts, a new wireless networking paradigm indicates to a MANET. All sorts of fixed infrastructure are independent to MANET. In order to maintain a connection within the network, nodes (hosts) will rely on each other through a manner that is to be cooperative. Therefore, both computing and ubiquitous communication are considered to be two goals of mobile ad hoc networking. In the matter of fact, both of them are rapidly deployed in such a way they do not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, for example, Base Station (BS) and Access point (AP) (Perkins et al., 2002). A peer to peer network refers to MANET which has the ability to allow a communication between each wireless client that relies on any infrastructure. MANET can also be defined as a mobile nodes collection of which a highly resource constrained network and a dynamic topology are formed by this collection (Mohapatra and Krishnamurthy, 2005) (Murthy and Mano, 2004). A single hop network refers to WLAN, Major functions within the network are being performed by the cooperation of the nodes. This process represents a mutli-hop network that refers to the MANET. There are such problems entitled in MANETs. These comprise; security, QoS, routing and energy conversation. These problems came due to several reasons: high mobility, resource constrains such as power, storage, and bandwidth (Negi and Rajeswaran, 2004), its cooperative nature

Fig. 1. Illustrates of a single hop WLAN with one AP

AP is shown in Figure 1.

With the widespread rapid development of computers and the wireless communication, the mobile computing has already become the field of computer communications in high-profile link. MANET (Sarkar et al., 2008) is a completely wireless connectivity through the nodes constructed by the actions of the network, which usually has a dynamic shape and a limited bandwidth and other features, network members may be inside the laptop, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), mobile phones and so on. On the Internet, the original mobility is the term used to denote actions hosts roaming in a different domain; they can retain their own fixed IP address, without need to constantly changing, which is Mobile IP technology.

Mobile IP nodes in the main action is to deal with IP address management, by home users and foreign users to the mobile node to packet tunneling, the routing and fixed networks are not different from the original. However, ad hoc network to be provided by mobility is a fully wireless, can be any mobile network infrastructure, without a base station, all

Fig. 3. Illustrates the heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network


Table 1. Illustrates the comparison between WLAN and MANET

the nodes can contact each other at the same time take router work with the Mobile IP completely different levels of mobility. Early use of the military on the Mobile Packet Radio Networked (MPRN )in fact can be considered the predecessor of MANET, when the high-tech communication equipment, the size, weight continuously decreases, power consumption is getting low, Personal Communication System (Personal Communication System, PCs) concept evolved, from the past few years the rapid popularization of mobile phones can be seen to communicate with others at anytime and anywhere, get the latest information, or exchange the required information is no longer a dream. And we have gradually become an integral part of life. Military purposes, as is often considerable danger in field environment, some of the major basic communication facilities, such as base stations, may not be available, in this case, different units, or if they want to communicate between the forces, they must rely on MANET networks infrastructure. In emergency relief, the mountain search and rescue operations at sea, or even have any infrastructure can not be expected to comply with the topographical constraints and the pressure of time under the pressure, ad hoc network completely wireless and can be any mobile feature is especially suited to disaster relief operations when personal communication devices and more powerful, some assembly occasions, if need to exchange large amounts of data, whether the transmission of computer files or applications that display. if can connect with a temporary network structure, then the data transmission will be more efficient without the need for large-scale projection equipment would not have point to point link equipment such as network line or transmission line. The current wireless LAN technology, Bluetooth is has attracted considerable attention as a development plan. Bluetooth's goal is to enable wireless devices to contact with each other, if sentence formation adding the design MANET.

#### **1.2.1 History of Ad Hoc Network**

4 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

Fig. 3. Illustrates the heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network

**Comparison Aspect (WLAN) (MANET)** Autonomous terminals No Yes Self-configuration No Yes Mobile host/router No Yes Bandwidth constrained network No Yes Infrastructure-based Yes (APs/routers/Servers) No Power awareness Does not matter Yes Security policy Centralized Distributed Centralized/distributed operation Centralized Distributed Routing Easy A bit difficult Scalability Easy A bit difficult Multicasting Easy A bit difficult Static/ dynamic topology Static Dynamic QoS guarantee Can be guaranteed easily A bit difficult Typical applications Home, enterprise network Military/emergency

Single hope / multi hope Single multi Communication mechanism Base station type access P2P

the nodes can contact each other at the same time take router work with the Mobile IP completely different levels of mobility. Early use of the military on the Mobile Packet Radio Networked (MPRN )in fact can be considered the predecessor of MANET, when the high-tech communication equipment, the size, weight continuously decreases, power consumption is getting low, Personal Communication System (Personal Communication System, PCs) concept evolved, from the past few years the rapid popularization of mobile phones can be seen to communicate with others at anytime and anywhere, get the latest information, or exchange the required information is no longer a dream. And we have gradually become an integral part of life. Military purposes, as is often considerable danger in field environment, some of the major basic communication facilities, such as base stations, may not be available,

Table 1. Illustrates the comparison between WLAN and MANET

Nowadays, the information technology will be mainly based on wireless technology, the conventional mobile network and cellular are still, in some sense, limited by their need for infrastructure for instance based station, routers and so on. For the MANET, this final limitation is eliminated. The ad hoc network are the key in the evolution of wireless network and the ad hoc network are typically composed of equal node which communication over wireless link without any central control. Although military tactical communication is still considered as the primary application for MANET and commercial interest in this type of networks continues to grow. And all the applications such as rescue mission in time of natural disasters, law enforcement operation, and commercial as rescue and in the sensor network are few commercial examples, but in this time it's become very important in our life and they become use it.

The MANET application is not new one and the original can be traced back to the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Packet Radio Networking (PRNET) project in 1972 (Freebersyser and Leiner, 2001, Jubin and Tornow, 1987) which evolved into the survivable adaptive radio networks (SURAN) program. Which was primarily inspired by the efficiency of the packet switching technology for instance the store/forward routing and then bandwidth sharing, it's possible application in the MANET environments. As well commercial rescue in the PRNET devises like repeaters and routers and so on, were all mobile although mobility was so limited in that time, theses advanced protocol was consider good in the 1970s. After few years advance in micro electronics technology and it's was possible to integrate all the nodes and also the network devices into a single unit called ad hoc nodes, and then the advance such as the flexibility, resilience also mobility and independence of fixed infrastructure, and in that time they so interesting to use it immediately among military battlefield, Ad hoc networks have played an important role in military applications and related research efforts. For example, the global mobile information systems (GloMo) simulator (Leiner et al.), the near-term digital radio (NTDR) program and also has been the increase in the police, commercial sector and rescue agencies in use of such networks under disorganized environments. Ad hoc network research stayed long time in the realm of the military. And in the middle of 1990s with advice of commercial radio technology and the wireless became aware of the great advantages of MANET outside the military battlefield domain, and then became so active research work on ad hoc network start in 1995 in the conference session of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (IETF-MANET). And then in 1996 this works had evolved into MANET, in that time focused to discussion centered in military satellite network, wearable computer network and tactical network with

specific concerns begin raised relative to adaptation of existing routing protocols to support IP network in dynamic environments, as well as they make the charter of the MANET Working Group (MANETWG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) also the work inside the MANETs relies on other existing IETF standard such as Mobile IP and IP addressing. Most of the currently available solutions are not designed to scale to more than a few hundred nodes. Currently, the research in MANET became so active and vibrant area and the efforts this research community together with the current and future (MANET) enabling radio technology.

Recently, the Ad Hoc Wireless Network and computing consortium was established with the aim to coalescing the interests and efforts to use it anywhere such as academic area and industry and so on. And in order to apply this technology to application ranging for the Home Wireless (HW) to wide area peer to remote networking and communications. And it does will certainly pave the way for commercially viable MANETs and their new and exciting applications, which began to appear in all fields in this life. More recently, the computer has became spread significantly in the all the place and after a pervasive computing environment can be expected based on the recent progresses and advances in computing and communication technologies. Next generation of mobile communications will include both prestigious infrastructure wireless networks and novel infrastructureless MANETs.

#### **1.2.2 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks**

MANET is a collection of two or more devices or terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it's an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at the same time. All nodes in a wireless ad hoc network act as a router and host as well as the network topology is in dynamically, because the connectivity between the nodes may vary with time due to some of the node departures and new node arrivals. The special features of MANET bring this technology great opportunity together with high challenges. All the nodes or devises responsible to organize themselves dynamically to communication between each other and to provide the necessary network functionality in the absence of fixed infrastructure or can call it ventral administration. It implies that maintenance, routing and management, etc, have to be done between all the nodes. This case called peer level multi hopping and that is the main building block for ad hoc network. In the end, conclude that the ad hoc nodes or devices are difficult and more complex than other wireless networks. Therefore, ad hoc networks form sort of clusters to the effective implementation of such a complex process. In Figure 4 shows some nodes forming ad hoc networks, and there are some nodes more randomly in different directions and different speeds.

In the past few years, the people became realized to use all the technology so widely and the people's future living environments are emerging, based on information resource provided by the connections of different communication networks for clients also have seen a rapid expansion in the field of mobile computing because the proliferation not expensive, widely available wireless devices. A new small devices such as personal communication like cell phones, laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), handhelds, and there are a lot of traditional home appliances such as a digital cameras, cooking ovens, washing machines, refrigerators and thermostats, with computing and communicating powers attached. Expand this area to became a fully pervasive and so widely. With all of this, the technologies must be

Fig. 4. Illustrates some of the nodes moves randomly in different direction and different speeds

formed the good and new standard of pervasive computing, that including the new standards, new tools, services, devices, protocols and a new architectures.As well as the people in this time, or the users of internet users in ad hoc network through increase in the use of its advantage is that not involve any connection link and the wiring needed to save space, and building low cost, and improve the use, and can be used in mobile phone, because of these advantage local wireless network architecture readily. And beads in these advantages the wireless network can be used in the local area network terminal part of the wireless (Liu and Chang, 2009).

#### 1.2.2.1 Wireless mobile network approaches

6 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

specific concerns begin raised relative to adaptation of existing routing protocols to support IP network in dynamic environments, as well as they make the charter of the MANET Working Group (MANETWG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) also the work inside the MANETs relies on other existing IETF standard such as Mobile IP and IP addressing. Most of the currently available solutions are not designed to scale to more than a few hundred nodes. Currently, the research in MANET became so active and vibrant area and the efforts this research community together with the current and future (MANET) enabling radio

Recently, the Ad Hoc Wireless Network and computing consortium was established with the aim to coalescing the interests and efforts to use it anywhere such as academic area and industry and so on. And in order to apply this technology to application ranging for the Home Wireless (HW) to wide area peer to remote networking and communications. And it does will certainly pave the way for commercially viable MANETs and their new and exciting applications, which began to appear in all fields in this life. More recently, the computer has became spread significantly in the all the place and after a pervasive computing environment can be expected based on the recent progresses and advances in computing and communication technologies. Next generation of mobile communications will include both

MANET is a collection of two or more devices or terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it's an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at the same time. All nodes in a wireless ad hoc network act as a router and host as well as the network topology is in dynamically, because the connectivity between the nodes may vary with time due to some of the node departures and new node arrivals. The special features of MANET bring this technology great opportunity together with high challenges. All the nodes or devises responsible to organize themselves dynamically to communication between each other and to provide the necessary network functionality in the absence of fixed infrastructure or can call it ventral administration. It implies that maintenance, routing and management, etc, have to be done between all the nodes. This case called peer level multi hopping and that is the main building block for ad hoc network. In the end, conclude that the ad hoc nodes or devices are difficult and more complex than other wireless networks. Therefore, ad hoc networks form sort of clusters to the effective implementation of such a complex process. In Figure 4 shows some nodes forming ad hoc networks, and there are some nodes more randomly in different directions and different

In the past few years, the people became realized to use all the technology so widely and the people's future living environments are emerging, based on information resource provided by the connections of different communication networks for clients also have seen a rapid expansion in the field of mobile computing because the proliferation not expensive, widely available wireless devices. A new small devices such as personal communication like cell phones, laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), handhelds, and there are a lot of traditional home appliances such as a digital cameras, cooking ovens, washing machines, refrigerators and thermostats, with computing and communicating powers attached. Expand this area to became a fully pervasive and so widely. With all of this, the technologies must be

prestigious infrastructure wireless networks and novel infrastructureless MANETs.

technology.

speeds.

**1.2.2 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks**

The past decade, the mobile network is the only one much important computational techniques to support computing and widespread, also advances in both software techniques and the hardware techniques have resulted in mobile hosts and wireless networking common and miscellaneous. Now will discuss about to distinct approaches very important to enabling mobile wireless network or IEEE 802.11 to make a communication between each other (part-11, 1997) (part-12, 1999). Firstly infrastructure wireless networks and secondly, infrastructureless wireless networks (ad hoc networks) and will clarify both in bottom.

#### 1.2.2.2 Infrastructure wireless networks

In this architecture that allow the wireless station to make a communication between each other through the Base Station (BS) as shown in Figure 5, and that will handover the offered traffic from the station to another, the same entity will regulate or organize the allocation of radio resources. When a source node likes to communicate with a destination node, the former notifies the BS. At this point, the communicating nodes do not need to know anything about the route from one to another. All that matters is that the both source and destination nodes are within the transmission range for the BS and then if there is any one loses this condition, the communication will frustration or abort.

#### 1.2.2.3 Infrastructureless wireless networks

The mobile wireless network is known as Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). As has been previously defined in the bidder is a collection of two or more devices or nodes or

Fig. 5. Illustrates of the infrastructure network

terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it's an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at the same time (Frodigh et al., 2000). The infrastructureless is important approaches in this technique to communication technology that supports truly pervasive computing widely duo to there is a lot of context information need to exchange between mobile nodes but can not rely on the fixed network infrastructure, but in this time the communication wireless became develops very fast (IETF-manet). In Figure 6 shown a small example for the ad hoc networks, to explain how mobile ad hoc network working.

Fig. 6. Illustration of the infrastructureless networks (ad hoc networks)

This figure illustrates the modus operandi of ad hoc networks, there are a three ad hoc network nodes (S, A, L), the source node (S) need to make a communication with the destination node (L) and both of them (S, L) not in the same transmission range of each others, here both they must use the node (A ) to send and receive or forewords the packets from source to the destination that means from node to another node.(R) is a node work as host and router in the same time. Additionally, the definition for the router is an entity that determines the path to be used, in order to forward a packet towards the last destination, and then the router chooses the next node to which a packet should be forwarded according to its current understanding of the state of the network.

## **1.2.3 Characteristics of MANET**

8 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. And it's an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to be dynamically and some time act as routers at the same time (Frodigh et al., 2000). The infrastructureless is important approaches in this technique to communication technology that supports truly pervasive computing widely duo to there is a lot of context information need to exchange between mobile nodes but can not rely on the fixed network infrastructure, but in this time the communication wireless became develops very fast (IETF-manet). In Figure 6 shown a small example for the ad hoc networks, to explain

Fig. 5. Illustrates of the infrastructure network

how mobile ad hoc network working.

of the state of the network.

Fig. 6. Illustration of the infrastructureless networks (ad hoc networks)

This figure illustrates the modus operandi of ad hoc networks, there are a three ad hoc network nodes (S, A, L), the source node (S) need to make a communication with the destination node (L) and both of them (S, L) not in the same transmission range of each others, here both they must use the node (A ) to send and receive or forewords the packets from source to the destination that means from node to another node.(R) is a node work as host and router in the same time. Additionally, the definition for the router is an entity that determines the path to be used, in order to forward a packet towards the last destination, and then the router chooses the next node to which a packet should be forwarded according to its current understanding Request For Comments (RFC) 2501 document (IETF, 1999) which is published by MANET working group within the IETF describes the main characteristics of MANET which differs from the characteristics of traditional wireless local area networks such as WLANs due to the dynamic and the infrastructureless natures of MANETs (Hekmat, 2006). According to the IETF RFC 2501, MANET has characteristics can be divided into the following:


Mobile networking and MANETs are considered to be of good candidates due to many reasons: its simplicity for usage, robustness, speedy deployment and low cost. Its disadvantages comprise the complexity of routing due to the consistent move of nodes, mobility and dynamic topology, vulnerability of security due to the cooperation principle in MANETs, and the low computing power due to small devices used in MANETs.

#### **1.2.4 Types of mobile ad hoc network**

The wireless ad hoc network divided into three main types. Firstly, the quasi-static ad hoc network the nodes may be portable or static, because the power controls and link failures, the resulting network topology may be so active. The sensor network is an example for the quasi-static ad hoc network (Estrin et al., 1999). Secondly, the MANET the entire network may be mobile and the nodes may move fast relative to each other.thirdly, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a kind of network useful for offering traffic information interchange in a collaborative way between vehicles.
