**3. Deployment of super-broadband services**

Globally the evolution of internet video services will be in the three following phases: 1) experiencing a growth of internet video as viewed on the PC, 2) internet delivery of video to the TV, and 3) interactive video communications, Fig. 4. Considering the future ultra high, super high and high definition resolution of end-user demanded and generated data traffic, each phase will impact on a different aspect of the end-to-end delivery network such as bandwidth, spectral efficiency, cost, power consumption, architecture, and technology. In addition to internet video, there is very high growth in the internet protocol (IP) transport of cable and mobile IPTV, and video on-demand services, (OASE, 2010).

Fig. 4. Three waves of consumer Internet traffic growth.

Mobile voice services are already considered a necessity by many end-users, and mobile data, video, and TV are now becoming an essential part of some end-users' lives. The number of mobile subscribers' is growing rapidly and is expected to reach over 6.2 billion subscribers by 2015. Mobile users' bandwidth demand due to video services is increasing. Therefore, there is an essential need to increase the capacity of delivery networks for mobile broadband, data access, and video services to retain subscribers as well as keep cost in check.

Major considerations in planning the deployment of next-generation mobile networks are an increasing need for service portability and interoperability driven by the proliferation of mobile and portable digital devices and an accompanying need for the networks to enable

Definition Television (SHDTV). UHDTV consists of extremely high-resolution imagery and multi-channel 3D video and sound to give viewers a stronger sensation of presence. The UHDTV project's commercializing outlook is to become available in domestic homes over the period 2016 to 2020. For example, in 2005, NHK demonstrated a live relay of a UHDTV program using dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) with 24 Gbit/s speed over a distance of 260 km on a fiber optic network. In 2006 NHK demonstrated a solution for bandwidth efficient delivery of UHDTV, utilizing a codec developed by NHK the video was compressed from 24 Gbit/s to 180–600 Mbit/s and the audio was compressed from 28

Globally the evolution of internet video services will be in the three following phases: 1) experiencing a growth of internet video as viewed on the PC, 2) internet delivery of video to the TV, and 3) interactive video communications, Fig. 4. Considering the future ultra high, super high and high definition resolution of end-user demanded and generated data traffic, each phase will impact on a different aspect of the end-to-end delivery network such as bandwidth, spectral efficiency, cost, power consumption, architecture, and technology. In addition to internet video, there is very high growth in the internet protocol (IP) transport of cable and mobile IPTV, and video on-demand services,

Mobile voice services are already considered a necessity by many end-users, and mobile data, video, and TV are now becoming an essential part of some end-users' lives. The number of mobile subscribers' is growing rapidly and is expected to reach over 6.2 billion subscribers by 2015. Mobile users' bandwidth demand due to video services is increasing. Therefore, there is an essential need to increase the capacity of delivery networks for mobile broadband, data access, and video services to retain subscribers as well as keep cost in

Major considerations in planning the deployment of next-generation mobile networks are an increasing need for service portability and interoperability driven by the proliferation of mobile and portable digital devices and an accompanying need for the networks to enable

Mbit/s to 7–28 Mbit/s, (Sugawara et al., 2007; Kudo, 2005).

**3. Deployment of super-broadband services** 

Fig. 4. Three waves of consumer Internet traffic growth.

(OASE, 2010).

check.

such devices, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and non-smartphones, to connect to them seamlessly. The expansion of wireless ubiquity will result in increasing numbers of consumers depending on mobile networks creating a need for increasing economies of scale to deliver lower cost per-bit. According to a prediction of future combined consumer and advertiser spend on mobile media and associated data, which includes handset browsing, mobile applications, mobile games, mobile music, mobile TV, ringtones, wall papers and alerts, spend will rise from just under \$75 billion at the end of 2010 to \$138 billion by 2015, at a 13.17 CAGR, (MacQueen, 2010). Moreover, it is predicted (RNCOS Industry Research Solution, 2011) that the number of mobile TV subscribers worldwide will grow at a CAGR of around 43% during 2011-2014 to reach about 792.5 million by the end 2014.

In response to this remarkable development, core and metro networks have experienced a tremendous growth in bandwidth and capacity with the widespread deployment of fibreoptic technology over the past decade, (OASE, 2010). Fiber optic transmission has become one of the most exciting and rapidly changing fields in telecommunication engineering. Fiber optic communication systems have many advantages over more conventional transmission systems. They are less affected by noise, are completely unaffected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI), do not conduct electricity and therefore, provide electrical isolation, are completely unaffected by lightning and high voltage switching, and carry extremely high data transmission rates over very long distances, ( Guo et al., 2007). As shown in Fig. 1, data speeds in metro and long-haul systems are evolving from 10 Gbps to 40 Gbps transmission. A 100 Gbps per wavelength channel system is taking shape as a next step for core and metro networks, (FP7, 2010). Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques, such as: dense WDM (DWDM), and highly DWDM (HDWDM) offer the potential for huge bandwidth fiber optic networks with alloptical switching and routing in the future.

In the recent years wireless services have been taking a steadily increasing share of the telecommunications market. End users not only benefit from their main virtue, mobility, but are also demanding ever larger bandwidth. Larger wireless capacity per user requires the reduction of the wireless cell size, i.e. establishing pico-cells. These can be realised using Wi-Fi systems based on the wireless Local Area Network (LAN) IEEE 802.11n standard which offers data rates of up to 600 Mbit/s. Furthermore, the Wi-Fi Alliance and the Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig) announced that they will cooperate on multi-gigabit wireless schemes that are likely to bring robust wireless networking from the 60 GHz frequency band to consumers whose devices are equipped with Wi-Fi. The partnership will pave the way for new wireless devices that will operate in the 2.4, 5 and 60 GHz bands. It is anticipated that data transfer rates up to 7 Gbps can be achieved, although the highest data rates are is likely to be available only over short distances within living room-sized areas. Nevertheless, the highest rates will be more than 10 times faster than 802.11n (Anthony, 2011). Furthermore, Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access second generation (WiMAX 2), the marketing name for systems based on the IEEE 802.16m standard, is expected to expand capacity to 300 Mbps peak rates via advances in antennas, channel stacking and frequency re-use over the period 2012 to 2013, (Schwarz, 2011). Looking further ahead the recently ratified IEEE 802.15.3c standard has been defined for the frequency band of 57.0–66.0 GHz, allocated by regulatory agencies in Europe, Japan, Canada, and the United States. According to this standard, single carrier mode in millimeter wave PHY supports a variety of modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) that support up to 5 Gb/s, (Guo and Kuo, 2007).

Super-broadband access not only provides faster web surfing and quicker file download, but also enables several multimedia applications such as real-time high definition audio and video streaming, multimedia conferencing, and interactive gaming. Broadband connections are currently being used for voice telephony using Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (VoIP) technology. More advanced broadband access systems, such as fiber to the home (FTTH) and very high data rate digital subscriber line (VDSL), enable applications such as entertainment–quality video, including HDTV, and Video on Demand (VoD) to be provided, but for SHDTV and UHDTV services a super-broadband network is essential. As the broadband market continues to grow, several new applications are likely to emerge and it is difficult to predict which ones will succeed in the future.

Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience. There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of connectivity in mobility. Mobile broadband attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience scenarios and hence can offer the end-user a very different value proposition.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a new radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than High Speed Packet Access evolution (HSPA+) in higher spectrum bandwidth. Furthermore, the overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high performance radio-access technology that offers full vehicular mobility and can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE easily over time. LTE assumes a full IP network architecture, (Rysavy Research, 2007).

Fig. 5 shows the evolution of the 3GPP family of standards towards LTE Advanced (Chang et al., 2007; Rodrigo et al., 2009). LTE uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) on the downlink and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) on the uplink for better power performance of the end-user's handset, which is well suited to achieving high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth, achieving peak rates in the 1 Gbps range with wider radio channels. However, wider channels would result in highly complex terminals and is not simply achievable with the conventional communication infrastructure. Moreover, access bandwidth requirements for delivering multi-channel HDTV, SHDTV, and UHDTV signals and online gaming services are expected to grow beyond several Gbps in the near future and the current subscriber access networks have not been scaled up commensurately. To avoid being the bottleneck in the last miles and last meters, and exploit the benefits of both wired and wireless technologies, mobile and wireless communication service providers and operators are actively seeking convergent network architecture to deliver multiple super-broadband services to serve both fixed and mobile users, (Nokia, 2009; PIANO+, 2010).

States. According to this standard, single carrier mode in millimeter wave PHY supports a variety of modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) that support up to 5 Gb/s, (Guo and

Super-broadband access not only provides faster web surfing and quicker file download, but also enables several multimedia applications such as real-time high definition audio and video streaming, multimedia conferencing, and interactive gaming. Broadband connections are currently being used for voice telephony using Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (VoIP) technology. More advanced broadband access systems, such as fiber to the home (FTTH) and very high data rate digital subscriber line (VDSL), enable applications such as entertainment–quality video, including HDTV, and Video on Demand (VoD) to be provided, but for SHDTV and UHDTV services a super-broadband network is essential. As the broadband market continues to grow, several new applications are likely to emerge and

Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience. There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of connectivity in mobility. Mobile broadband attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience scenarios and hence can

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a new radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than High Speed Packet Access evolution (HSPA+) in higher spectrum bandwidth. Furthermore, the overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high performance radio-access technology that offers full vehicular mobility and can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE easily over

Fig. 5 shows the evolution of the 3GPP family of standards towards LTE Advanced (Chang et al., 2007; Rodrigo et al., 2009). LTE uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) on the downlink and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) on the uplink for better power performance of the end-user's handset, which is well suited to achieving high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth, achieving peak rates in the 1 Gbps range with wider radio channels. However, wider channels would result in highly complex terminals and is not simply achievable with the conventional communication infrastructure. Moreover, access bandwidth requirements for delivering multi-channel HDTV, SHDTV, and UHDTV signals and online gaming services are expected to grow beyond several Gbps in the near future and the current subscriber access networks have not been scaled up commensurately. To avoid being the bottleneck in the last miles and last meters, and exploit the benefits of both wired and wireless technologies, mobile and wireless communication service providers and operators are actively seeking convergent network architecture to deliver multiple super-broadband services to serve both fixed and

time. LTE assumes a full IP network architecture, (Rysavy Research, 2007).

it is difficult to predict which ones will succeed in the future.

offer the end-user a very different value proposition.

mobile users, (Nokia, 2009; PIANO+, 2010).

Kuo, 2007).

Fig. 5. Evolution of the 3GPP family of standards.

In this regard, optical-wireless access technologies have been considered the most promising solution to increase the capacity, coverage, bandwidth, and mobility in environments such as conference centers, airports, hotels, shopping malls, and ultimately to homes and small offices. As a result, research activity in the field of optical networks and converged optical and wireless communication technologies has grown rapidly and steadily over the last several years. This is because optical communication is a promising choice to fulfill the everincreasing demand on bandwidth via the vast available capacity of optical fiber and its economic cost. Wireless communication technology on the other hand can provide mobility during communication periods and it is entering a new phase where the focus is shifting from voice to high definition multimedia services. Present consumers are no longer interested in the underlying technology; they simply need reliable and cost effective communication systems that can support end-users' demanded services anytime, anywhere, any media, that they want.
