**8. Conclusion**

Is well justified that CV2par seems to be higher than CV3par and CV4par. CV3par and CV4par better represent the relationship between "*SS-tlim*" due to its better fit. CV3par and CV4par are similar and probably are located below the lower boundary of the severe intensity domain. However, its applicability to swimming training is questioned because of the need to conduct many maximum efforts to obtain the CV.

In this sense, obtaining vVO2max through the T400 seems to be an interesting ecological noninvasive protocol. tlim-vVO2max relationship should be considered during swimming training, specifically in the evaluation sessions of the training status. This parameter, together with other indicators, such as LT, MLSS, PE and general biomechanical parameters allow improving the assessment and intensity prescription of training programs. In this sense, assuming some limitations that bring non-invasive tests, vVO2max can be obtained through a single effort of 400 m front *crawl* at maximum intensity (T400), with the advantage of being easy to use, low cost, and have great ecological validity (i.e., reflect the real swimming condition, as it is applied in the training environment. Thus, evaluations and prescriptions for training swimmers would be more practical and accessible, not only for the shortest time spent (i.e, collected even in a competitive situation) but also because do not impact cost. The ability to prescribe more than one training zone through T400 still deserves further studies.

#### **9. Acknowledgment**

Thanks to Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano (http://www.esef.ufrgs.br/pos/), Grupo de Pesquisa em Esportes Aquáticos (http://www.geeaufrgs.wordpress.com), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (http://www.capes.gov.br), Grêmio Náutico União Swim Team (www.gnu.com.br), Caixeiros Viajantes Swim Team (www.caixeirosviajantes.com.br/), Grêmio Náutico Gaúcho Swim Team (www.gngaucho.com.br/gng/home.php) and Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group – UFRGS (www.esef.ufrgs.br/pos/gruposdepesquisa/gpbic.php). Also thanks to the Graduate Student Rodrigo Carlet. We would like to leave here a special thanks to Coach Marcelo Diniz da Costa for his great contribution to this topic.

#### **10. References**

Alberty M, Sidney M, Hout-Marchand F, Dekerle J, Gorce P, Lensel G, Pelayo P. *Effects of stroking parameters changes on time to exhaustion.* In: Vilas–Boas JP, Alves F, Marques A. (Eds). Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X: proceedings of the Xth Internacional Syposium on Biomechanics and medicine in swimming; Port J Sports Sci. 2006;6:287-289.

b. Higher vVO2max in best swimmers require more strenuous levels of exercise, more

Is well justified that CV2par seems to be higher than CV3par and CV4par. CV3par and CV4par better represent the relationship between "*SS-tlim*" due to its better fit. CV3par and CV4par are similar and probably are located below the lower boundary of the severe intensity domain. However, its applicability to swimming training is questioned because of the need to

In this sense, obtaining vVO2max through the T400 seems to be an interesting ecological noninvasive protocol. tlim-vVO2max relationship should be considered during swimming training, specifically in the evaluation sessions of the training status. This parameter, together with other indicators, such as LT, MLSS, PE and general biomechanical parameters allow improving the assessment and intensity prescription of training programs. In this sense, assuming some limitations that bring non-invasive tests, vVO2max can be obtained through a single effort of 400 m front *crawl* at maximum intensity (T400), with the advantage of being easy to use, low cost, and have great ecological validity (i.e., reflect the real swimming condition, as it is applied in the training environment. Thus, evaluations and prescriptions for training swimmers would be more practical and accessible, not only for the shortest time spent (i.e, collected even in a competitive situation) but also because do not impact cost. The ability to prescribe more than one training zone through T400 still deserves

Thanks to Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano (http://www.esef.ufrgs.br/pos/), Grupo de Pesquisa em Esportes Aquáticos (http://www.geeaufrgs.wordpress.com), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (http://www.capes.gov.br), Grêmio Náutico União Swim Team (www.gnu.com.br), Caixeiros Viajantes Swim Team (www.caixeirosviajantes.com.br/), Grêmio Náutico Gaúcho Swim Team (www.gngaucho.com.br/gng/home.php) and Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group – UFRGS (www.esef.ufrgs.br/pos/gruposdepesquisa/gpbic.php). Also thanks to the Graduate Student Rodrigo Carlet. We would like to leave here a special thanks

Alberty M, Sidney M, Hout-Marchand F, Dekerle J, Gorce P, Lensel G, Pelayo P. *Effects of* 

*stroking parameters changes on time to exhaustion.* In: Vilas–Boas JP, Alves F, Marques A. (Eds). Biomechanics and medicine in swimming X: proceedings of the Xth Internacional Syposium on Biomechanics and medicine in swimming; Port J Sports

to Coach Marcelo Diniz da Costa for his great contribution to this topic.

a. Higher SS imply higher energy cost (Fernandes et al. 2008);

anaerobic system request (Fernandes et al. 2008).

conduct many maximum efforts to obtain the CV.

**8. Conclusion** 

further studies.

**10. References** 

Sci. 2006;6:287-289.

**9. Acknowledgment** 


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 *Mexico* 

**Invertebrates Mitochondrial Function** 

Fernando Garcia-Carreño3, Laura Jimenez-Gutierrez1,

*3Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas* 

*1Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion* 

*2Laboratorio de Sanidad Acuicola, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas* 

Ma. de los Angeles Navarrete del Toro3 and Adriana Muhlia-Almazan1

The term "invertebrate" recalls all animal species lacking a backbone or a bony skeleton. Although "invertebrate" is not a scientific term that encloses a taxonomic rank, this group includes animal species represented by over 30 phyla and it includes the first animals that successfully inhabited the earth, an event that – according to the fossil evidence – dates back to around 600 million years ago. This group is composed of several different phyla, such as annelids, molluscs, sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms, and all species from the phylum Arthropoda – which is the largest among invertebrates and is comprised by insects,

Since they appeared for the first time during the Cambrian period, invertebrates have played an important ecological role since they are frequently the key constituents of many trophic chains and they occupy virtually every available ecosystem on Earth, being characterised by notable variations in temperature, oxygen concentrations, food availability and food quality. Also, many species occupy highly specific and important roles in nature as pollinators, parasites or vectors for parasitic diseases affecting human and animal health. It is clear that the ability of invertebrates to inhabit almost every ecosystem – as well as the diverse array of morphological and behavioural strategies used to obtain nutrients from the environment – is an accurate reflection of the enormous ability of these organisms to solve their most basic energetic requirements. From blood-suckers such as mosquitoes, intestinal nematodes and leeches (hirudin), to small plankton marine feeders such as cnidarians and marine benthic bivalves, all species face changes in food availability throughout their life cycle which affect their energy stores and growth rates (Peck, 2002; Popova-Butler & Dean, 2009). A beautiful example of highly specific energy stores – crucial during invertebrates' life cycle and important to human health – is that of the female mosquito (*Anopheles gambiae*), which usually feeds on sugar to gain energy to fly and to cope with metabolic

arachnids and crustaceans (nearly reaching 1,033,160 species).

**1. Introduction** 

 **and Energetic Challenges** 

 *y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora,* 

 *del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz,* 

 *del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Hermosillo, Sonora,* 

Oliviert Martinez-Cruz1, Arturo Sanchez-Paz2,

